The latest officially reported population of the DR Congo was 109,276,265 in 2024 vs 3,524,788 people in Mongolia in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current DR Congo's population is 117,507,801 people compared to 3,620,317 in Mongolia.
Population statistics:
- The DR Congo's population is 32.5 times bigger than Mongolia's.
- The DR Congo is ranked the 15th most populous country in the world, while Mongolia is the 132nd.
- The countries together account for 1.46% of the world: 1.42% for the DR Congo vs 0.04% for Mongolia.
- For the last 10 years, the DR Congo has had an average growth rate of +3.38% per year vs +1.79% in Mongolia.
- Since 2006, the population of the DR Congo has increased from 60.6M people to 118M (93.9% growth), while Mongolia has grown from 2.57M to 3.62M (41% growth).
DR Congo vs Mongolia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
DR Congo
|
Mongolia
|
|
| 2100 | 436,320,913 | 5,629,299 |
| 2099 | 433,372,904 | 5,623,066 |
| 2098 | 430,335,169 | 5,615,212 |
| 2097 | 427,231,271 | 5,606,511 |
| 2096 | 424,043,303 | 5,597,140 |
| 2095 | 420,759,430 | 5,585,917 |
| 2094 | 417,384,609 | 5,574,522 |
| 2093 | 413,946,692 | 5,562,381 |
| 2092 | 410,440,733 | 5,549,290 |
| 2091 | 406,841,757 | 5,535,819 |
| 2090 | 403,166,901 | 5,521,210 |
| 2089 | 399,411,004 | 5,505,877 |
| 2088 | 395,583,655 | 5,490,024 |
| 2087 | 391,688,383 | 5,474,226 |
| 2086 | 387,713,874 | 5,458,465 |
| 2085 | 383,678,330 | 5,441,196 |
| 2084 | 379,568,054 | 5,423,740 |
| 2083 | 375,402,379 | 5,405,563 |
| 2082 | 371,195,818 | 5,387,443 |
| 2081 | 366,948,626 | 5,368,417 |
| 2080 | 362,644,227 | 5,348,645 |
| 2079 | 358,295,825 | 5,328,073 |
| 2078 | 353,888,897 | 5,306,120 |
| 2077 | 349,435,210 | 5,285,225 |
| 2076 | 344,932,895 | 5,263,067 |
| 2075 | 340,403,800 | 5,240,553 |
| 2074 | 335,826,108 | 5,217,755 |
| 2073 | 331,220,816 | 5,194,484 |
| 2072 | 326,568,298 | 5,171,399 |
| 2071 | 321,892,514 | 5,147,939 |
| 2070 | 317,165,418 | 5,123,730 |
| 2069 | 312,409,702 | 5,100,078 |
| 2068 | 307,625,941 | 5,075,923 |
| 2067 | 302,820,577 | 5,051,712 |
| 2066 | 297,989,401 | 5,026,451 |
| 2065 | 293,137,514 | 5,001,559 |
| 2064 | 288,267,282 | 4,977,095 |
| 2063 | 283,369,365 | 4,952,721 |
| 2062 | 278,452,605 | 4,928,284 |
| 2061 | 273,517,380 | 4,903,616 |
| 2060 | 268,572,331 | 4,877,808 |
| 2059 | 263,620,905 | 4,851,900 |
| 2058 | 258,672,397 | 4,825,704 |
| 2057 | 253,733,756 | 4,798,069 |
| 2056 | 248,796,045 | 4,770,106 |
| 2055 | 243,861,631 | 4,741,145 |
| 2054 | 238,931,249 | 4,710,703 |
| 2053 | 234,016,357 | 4,678,720 |
| 2052 | 229,117,369 | 4,645,641 |
| 2051 | 224,240,788 | 4,611,080 |
| 2050 | 219,397,034 | 4,575,698 |
| 2049 | 214,588,560 | 4,538,221 |
| 2048 | 209,814,694 | 4,499,652 |
| 2047 | 205,079,870 | 4,459,534 |
| 2046 | 200,379,842 | 4,418,220 |
| 2045 | 195,731,078 | 4,375,263 |
| 2044 | 191,124,003 | 4,332,061 |
| 2043 | 186,569,843 | 4,288,836 |
| 2042 | 182,068,630 | 4,244,827 |
| 2041 | 177,617,360 | 4,200,917 |
| 2040 | 173,224,822 | 4,157,409 |
| 2039 | 168,878,834 | 4,114,122 |
| 2038 | 164,583,465 | 4,071,754 |
| 2037 | 160,347,349 | 4,029,761 |
| 2036 | 156,129,049 | 3,988,994 |
| 2035 | 151,953,443 | 3,949,374 |
| 2034 | 147,811,138 | 3,910,459 |
| 2033 | 143,712,496 | 3,872,505 |
| 2032 | 139,669,159 | 3,835,471 |
| 2031 | 135,660,570 | 3,799,194 |
| 2030 | 131,710,378 | 3,762,550 |
| 2029 | 127,818,130 | 3,725,673 |
| 2028 | 123,980,695 | 3,687,959 |
| 2027 | 120,212,011 | 3,649,213 |
| 2026 | 116,505,117 | 3,609,604 |
| 2025 | 112,854,120 | 3,568,196 |
| 2024 | 109,276,265 | 3,524,788 |
| 2023 | 105,789,731 | 3,481,145 |
| 2022 | 102,396,968 | 3,433,748 |
| 2021 | 99,148,932 | 3,383,741 |
| 2020 | 95,989,998 | 3,327,204 |
| 2019 | 92,947,442 | 3,267,673 |
| 2018 | 90,047,644 | 3,208,189 |
| 2017 | 87,083,398 | 3,148,917 |
| 2016 | 83,956,415 | 3,088,856 |
| 2015 | 81,035,531 | 3,026,864 |
| 2014 | 78,403,242 | 2,963,113 |
| 2013 | 75,789,395 | 2,899,011 |
| 2012 | 73,254,618 | 2,839,705 |
| 2011 | 70,849,311 | 2,786,317 |
| 2010 | 68,563,038 | 2,738,622 |
| 2009 | 66,412,044 | 2,691,115 |
| 2008 | 64,390,664 | 2,643,201 |
| 2007 | 62,477,752 | 2,601,850 |
| 2006 | 60,615,908 | 2,567,168 |
| 2005 | 58,775,724 | 2,536,407 |
| 2004 | 56,997,741 | 2,508,412 |
| 2003 | 55,343,867 | 2,480,374 |
| 2002 | 53,750,524 | 2,449,027 |
| 2001 | 52,132,646 | 2,417,751 |
| 2000 | 50,507,442 | 2,388,299 |
| 1999 | 48,912,971 | 2,356,813 |
| 1998 | 47,297,600 | 2,323,809 |
| 1997 | 46,029,902 | 2,291,750 |
| 1996 | 45,296,124 | 2,259,507 |
| 1995 | 44,433,704 | 2,224,945 |
| 1994 | 42,626,876 | 2,189,395 |
| 1993 | 40,656,336 | 2,165,130 |
| 1992 | 39,228,910 | 2,167,790 |
| 1991 | 37,925,817 | 2,165,342 |
| 1990 | 36,684,063 | 2,098,710 |
| 1989 | 35,486,866 | 2,124,185 |
| 1988 | 34,382,752 | 2,076,322 |
| 1987 | 33,298,904 | 2,022,800 |
| 1986 | 32,265,196 | 1,970,965 |
| 1985 | 31,264,816 | 1,921,514 |
| 1984 | 30,245,081 | 1,874,349 |
| 1983 | 29,250,963 | 1,829,092 |
| 1982 | 28,338,190 | 1,785,364 |
| 1981 | 27,500,515 | 1,742,857 |
| 1980 | 26,711,099 | 1,701,335 |
| 1979 | 25,886,782 | 1,660,659 |
| 1978 | 24,992,689 | 1,619,468 |
| 1977 | 24,229,061 | 1,576,245 |
| 1976 | 23,624,031 | 1,531,945 |
| 1975 | 23,021,101 | 1,488,296 |
| 1974 | 22,418,878 | 1,446,050 |
| 1973 | 21,827,665 | 1,405,502 |
| 1972 | 21,251,160 | 1,366,821 |
| 1971 | 20,695,569 | 1,330,071 |
| 1970 | 20,137,436 | 1,295,272 |
| 1969 | 19,570,445 | 1,262,284 |
| 1968 | 19,012,189 | 1,229,930 |
| 1967 | 18,462,782 | 1,196,996 |
| 1966 | 17,931,929 | 1,163,754 |
| 1965 | 17,427,802 | 1,131,177 |
| 1964 | 16,955,327 | 1,100,234 |
| 1963 | 16,507,599 | 1,071,362 |
| 1962 | 16,075,724 | 1,041,444 |
| 1961 | 15,662,374 | 1,009,284 |
| 1960 | 15,264,846 | 977,595 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/mongolia | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the DR Congo increased by 23,340,507 people (a 38.5% growth), while Mongolia gained 521,688 people (a 20.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the DR Congo gained 33,551,386 people (a 40% growth), while Mongolia's population increased by 531,461 people (a 17.2% growth).
The DR Congo was ranked 22nd most populous country in 2006 and is 15th in 2026. Mongolia was ranked 137th in 2006 and ranked 132nd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the DR Congo's population will grow by 86.7% to 219,397,034 people with a rank change from 15th to 8th. The population of Mongolia will increase by 26.4% to 4,575,698 people and rank change from 132nd to 130th.
The DR Congo is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 436M people compared to the peak of 5.63M people in 2100 for Mongolia.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Mongolia
|
|
| 2100 | 0.68% | 0.11% |
| 2099 | 0.71% | 0.14% |
| 2098 | 0.73% | 0.16% |
| 2097 | 0.75% | 0.17% |
| 2096 | 0.78% | 0.2% |
| 2095 | 0.81% | 0.2% |
| 2094 | 0.83% | 0.22% |
| 2093 | 0.85% | 0.24% |
| 2092 | 0.88% | 0.24% |
| 2091 | 0.91% | 0.26% |
| 2090 | 0.94% | 0.28% |
| 2089 | 0.97% | 0.29% |
| 2088 | 0.99% | 0.29% |
| 2087 | 1.03% | 0.29% |
| 2086 | 1.05% | 0.32% |
| 2085 | 1.08% | 0.32% |
| 2084 | 1.11% | 0.34% |
| 2083 | 1.13% | 0.34% |
| 2082 | 1.16% | 0.35% |
| 2081 | 1.19% | 0.37% |
| 2080 | 1.21% | 0.39% |
| 2079 | 1.25% | 0.41% |
| 2078 | 1.27% | 0.4% |
| 2077 | 1.31% | 0.42% |
| 2076 | 1.33% | 0.43% |
| 2075 | 1.36% | 0.44% |
| 2074 | 1.39% | 0.45% |
| 2073 | 1.42% | 0.45% |
| 2072 | 1.45% | 0.46% |
| 2071 | 1.49% | 0.47% |
| 2070 | 1.52% | 0.46% |
| 2069 | 1.56% | 0.48% |
| 2068 | 1.59% | 0.48% |
| 2067 | 1.62% | 0.5% |
| 2066 | 1.66% | 0.5% |
| 2065 | 1.69% | 0.49% |
| 2064 | 1.73% | 0.49% |
| 2063 | 1.77% | 0.5% |
| 2062 | 1.8% | 0.5% |
| 2061 | 1.84% | 0.53% |
| 2060 | 1.88% | 0.53% |
| 2059 | 1.91% | 0.54% |
| 2058 | 1.95% | 0.58% |
| 2057 | 1.98% | 0.59% |
| 2056 | 2.02% | 0.61% |
| 2055 | 2.06% | 0.65% |
| 2054 | 2.1% | 0.68% |
| 2053 | 2.14% | 0.71% |
| 2052 | 2.17% | 0.75% |
| 2051 | 2.21% | 0.77% |
| 2050 | 2.24% | 0.83% |
| 2049 | 2.28% | 0.86% |
| 2048 | 2.31% | 0.9% |
| 2047 | 2.35% | 0.94% |
| 2046 | 2.38% | 0.98% |
| 2045 | 2.41% | 1% |
| 2044 | 2.44% | 1.01% |
| 2043 | 2.47% | 1.04% |
| 2042 | 2.51% | 1.05% |
| 2041 | 2.54% | 1.05% |
| 2040 | 2.57% | 1.05% |
| 2039 | 2.61% | 1.04% |
| 2038 | 2.64% | 1.04% |
| 2037 | 2.7% | 1.02% |
| 2036 | 2.75% | 1% |
| 2035 | 2.8% | 1% |
| 2034 | 2.85% | 0.98% |
| 2033 | 2.89% | 0.97% |
| 2032 | 2.95% | 0.95% |
| 2031 | 3% | 0.97% |
| 2030 | 3.05% | 0.99% |
| 2029 | 3.1% | 1.02% |
| 2028 | 3.14% | 1.06% |
| 2027 | 3.18% | 1.1% |
| 2026 | 3.24% | 1.16% |
| 2025 | 3.27% | 1.23% |
| 2024 | 3.3% | 1.25% |
| 2023 | 3.31% | 1.38% |
| 2022 | 3.28% | 1.48% |
| 2021 | 3.29% | 1.7% |
| 2020 | 3.27% | 1.82% |
| 2019 | 3.22% | 1.85% |
| 2018 | 3.4% | 1.88% |
| 2017 | 3.72% | 1.94% |
| 2016 | 3.6% | 2.05% |
| 2015 | 3.36% | 2.15% |
| 2014 | 3.45% | 2.21% |
| 2013 | 3.46% | 2.09% |
| 2012 | 3.39% | 1.92% |
| 2011 | 3.33% | 1.74% |
| 2010 | 3.24% | 1.77% |
| 2009 | 3.14% | 1.81% |
| 2008 | 3.06% | 1.59% |
| 2007 | 3.07% | 1.35% |
| 2006 | 3.13% | 1.21% |
| 2005 | 3.12% | 1.12% |
| 2004 | 2.99% | 1.13% |
| 2003 | 2.96% | 1.28% |
| 2002 | 3.1% | 1.29% |
| 2001 | 3.22% | 1.23% |
| 2000 | 3.26% | 1.34% |
| 1999 | 3.42% | 1.42% |
| 1998 | 2.75% | 1.4% |
| 1997 | 1.62% | 1.43% |
| 1996 | 1.94% | 1.55% |
| 1995 | 4.24% | 1.62% |
| 1994 | 4.85% | 1.12% |
| 1993 | 3.64% | -0.12% |
| 1992 | 3.44% | 0.11% |
| 1991 | 3.38% | 3.17% |
| 1990 | 3.37% | -1.2% |
| 1989 | 3.21% | 2.31% |
| 1988 | 3.25% | 2.65% |
| 1987 | 3.2% | 2.63% |
| 1986 | 3.2% | 2.57% |
| 1985 | 3.37% | 2.52% |
| 1984 | 3.4% | 2.47% |
| 1983 | 3.22% | 2.45% |
| 1982 | 3.05% | 2.44% |
| 1981 | 2.96% | 2.44% |
| 1980 | 3.18% | 2.45% |
| 1979 | 3.58% | 2.54% |
| 1978 | 3.15% | 2.74% |
| 1977 | 2.56% | 2.89% |
| 1976 | 2.62% | 2.93% |
| 1975 | 2.69% | 2.92% |
| 1974 | 2.71% | 2.88% |
| 1973 | 2.71% | 2.83% |
| 1972 | 2.68% | 2.76% |
| 1971 | 2.77% | 2.69% |
| 1970 | 2.9% | 2.61% |
| 1969 | 2.94% | 2.63% |
| 1968 | 2.98% | 2.75% |
| 1967 | 2.96% | 2.86% |
| 1966 | 2.89% | 2.88% |
| 1965 | 2.79% | 2.81% |
| 1964 | 2.71% | 2.69% |
| 1963 | 2.69% | 2.87% |
| 1962 | 2.64% | 3.19% |
| 1961 | 2.6% | 3.24% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/mongolia | CC BY
In 2024, the population of the DR Congo grew by 3.3%, while Mongolia's population grew by 1.25%.
Live population counters
|
DR Congo
|
Mongolia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
117507801
|
3620317
|
| Population rank | 15/197 | 132/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.42% | 0.04% |
| One net population change |
9.05 seconds
|
12 minutes
|
| One birth every |
7.22 seconds
|
7.95 minutes
|
| One death every |
35 seconds
|
27.5 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +9,552 | +120 |
| Annual growth/decline | +3,486,534 | +43,643 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.3% | +1.25% |
| Population growth rate rank | 11/197 | 86/197 |
| One migration net change every |
19.3 minutes
|
4.63 days
|
| Annual migration change | -27,309 | +79 |
| Net migration rank | 159/196 | 74/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,085,090 | 22,589 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 57/195 | 169/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 152/195 | 171/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Mongolia
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -27,309 | - | 79 |
| 2024 | - | -26,968 | - | 83 |
| 2023 | 3,467,787 | -14,992 | 46,995 | 0 |
| 2022 | 3,347,664 | -14,991 | 47,730 | 0 |
| 2021 | 3,227,992 | -64,639 | 52,109 | 0 |
| 2020 | 3,156,152 | -1,633 | 60,888 | 0 |
| 2019 | 3,075,538 | -144,920 | 61,433 | 8,660 |
| 2018 | 2,993,184 | -124,246 | 60,635 | 7,811 |
| 2017 | 2,883,245 | 176,290 | 57,940 | 6,831 |
| 2016 | 2,753,687 | 440,748 | 62,086 | 5,633 |
| 2015 | 2,665,016 | -17,711 | 64,473 | 4,307 |
| 2014 | 2,580,251 | 36,966 | 66,078 | 2,921 |
| 2013 | 2,489,378 | 121,097 | 62,618 | 1,505 |
| 2012 | 2,405,462 | 53,668 | 55,942 | 351 |
| 2011 | 2,310,679 | 40,891 | 50,711 | -505 |
| 2010 | 2,212,255 | 8,823 | 44,914 | -6,444 |
| 2009 | 2,126,912 | -46,009 | 48,876 | -15,007 |
| 2008 | 2,044,210 | -82,339 | 45,843 | -17,277 |
| 2007 | 1,963,738 | -99,742 | 39,636 | -15,220 |
| 2006 | 1,889,398 | -29,715 | 33,609 | -11,934 |
| 2005 | 1,800,300 | 20,384 | 29,290 | -8,924 |
| 2004 | 1,731,022 | 4,260 | 28,418 | -8,148 |
| 2003 | 1,679,188 | -106,731 | 28,827 | -7,986 |
| 2002 | 1,631,597 | -17,358 | 30,439 | -8,934 |
| 2001 | 1,594,999 | 26,523 | 32,052 | -10,244 |
| 2000 | 1,549,518 | 79,340 | 32,753 | -11,241 |
| 1999 | 1,450,318 | 109,761 | 32,283 | -13,481 |
| 1998 | 1,375,130 | 295,560 | 31,757 | -10,315 |
| 1997 | 1,392,037 | -527,356 | 32,403 | -9,132 |
| 1996 | 1,380,490 | -777,833 | 33,741 | -8,626 |
| 1995 | 1,395,440 | -273,434 | 34,473 | -7,346 |
| 1994 | 1,259,539 | 1,232,105 | 34,711 | -5,449 |
| 1993 | 1,209,242 | 240,176 | 36,924 | -5,429 |
| 1992 | 1,152,781 | 252,666 | 42,437 | -8,404 |
| 1991 | 1,114,033 | 86,721 | 47,884 | -11,427 |
| 1990 | 1,063,508 | 219,270 | 49,443 | -11,881 |
| 1989 | 1,027,238 | 84,415 | 51,420 | -9,757 |
| 1988 | 995,278 | 101,314 | 51,588 | 2,459 |
| 1987 | 959,875 | 111,220 | 51,140 | 1,855 |
| 1986 | 925,334 | 70,988 | 50,329 | 354 |
| 1985 | 885,670 | 118,791 | 49,944 | -1,719 |
| 1984 | 844,956 | 190,045 | 48,562 | -2,452 |
| 1983 | 807,122 | 146,095 | 46,919 | -2,522 |
| 1982 | 774,823 | 97,495 | 45,179 | -2,132 |
| 1981 | 748,371 | 54,656 | 43,588 | -1,615 |
| 1980 | 724,111 | 51,685 | 42,343 | -1,268 |
| 1979 | 691,773 | 181,028 | 41,568 | -1,296 |
| 1978 | 646,411 | 268,974 | 40,276 | 1,833 |
| 1977 | 638,242 | -26,355 | 38,995 | 5,354 |
| 1976 | 624,147 | -25,965 | 37,670 | 6,577 |
| 1975 | 608,655 | -972 | 36,490 | 6,556 |
| 1974 | 593,539 | 3,216 | 35,297 | 6,153 |
| 1973 | 578,280 | 7,414 | 33,993 | 5,647 |
| 1972 | 564,495 | 2,840 | 32,727 | 4,999 |
| 1971 | 549,343 | -5,497 | 31,536 | 4,238 |
| 1970 | 533,300 | 39,116 | 30,558 | 3,263 |
| 1969 | 514,800 | 46,778 | 29,781 | 2,366 |
| 1968 | 497,682 | 57,274 | 29,017 | 3,535 |
| 1967 | 479,552 | 64,307 | 28,178 | 5,139 |
| 1966 | 463,397 | 54,443 | 27,338 | 5,837 |
| 1965 | 429,002 | 61,397 | 26,364 | 5,610 |
| 1964 | 406,334 | 48,207 | 25,317 | 4,599 |
| 1963 | 398,972 | 41,960 | 24,142 | 3,687 |
| 1962 | 383,406 | 39,431 | 22,960 | 9,049 |
| 1961 | 368,207 | 35,654 | 21,873 | 10,440 |
| 1960 | 363,517 | 27,673 | 20,726 | 10,334 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/mongolia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.1% of the population change in the DR Congo is from natural causes (a gain of 30,150,516 people) and 0.89% is from migration (a gain of 270,872 people). In Mongolia 94.1% is from natural causes (a gain of 580,367 people) and 5.87% is from migration (a gain of 36,163 people).
As of 2024, 1,085,090 residents or 1% of the population were not native-born in the DR Congo, compared to 22,589 people or 0.6% in Mongolia.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between the DR Congo and Mongolia
|
DR Congo
|
Mongolia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 62.4 years | 72.5 years |
| Average age | 21.9 years | 29.6 years |
| Median age | 16.9 years | 27.8 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.6:50.4 | 49.9:50.1 |
| Fertility rate | 6.05 births per woman | 2.7 births per woman |
| Population density | 133.1 ppl/mi² | 6 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/mongolia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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