The latest officially reported population of Germany was 83,491,249 in 2025 vs 5,315,065 people in Mauritania in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Germany's population is 82,830,814 people compared to 5,539,189 in Mauritania.
Population statistics:
- Germany's population is 15 times bigger than Mauritania's.
- Germany is ranked the 19th most populous country in the world, while Mauritania is the 123rd.
- The countries together account for 1.06% of the world: 1% for Germany vs 0.07% for Mauritania.
- For the last 10 years, Germany has had an average growth rate of +0.28% per year vs +2.98% in Mauritania.
- Since 2006, the population of Germany has increased from 82.4M people to 82.8M (0.55% growth), while Mauritania has grown from 3.01M to 5.54M (83.8% growth).
Germany vs Mauritania: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Germany
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 70,146,161 | 17,302,938 |
| 2099 | 70,173,117 | 17,195,692 |
| 2098 | 70,190,154 | 17,083,078 |
| 2097 | 70,232,280 | 16,968,365 |
| 2096 | 70,263,255 | 16,850,394 |
| 2095 | 70,283,735 | 16,732,430 |
| 2094 | 70,302,573 | 16,610,512 |
| 2093 | 70,323,445 | 16,485,880 |
| 2092 | 70,348,937 | 16,359,440 |
| 2091 | 70,395,388 | 16,229,167 |
| 2090 | 70,457,276 | 16,097,149 |
| 2089 | 70,511,311 | 15,962,562 |
| 2088 | 70,569,930 | 15,824,899 |
| 2087 | 70,652,555 | 15,683,760 |
| 2086 | 70,750,166 | 15,541,281 |
| 2085 | 70,845,939 | 15,397,701 |
| 2084 | 70,941,592 | 15,251,533 |
| 2083 | 71,048,352 | 15,102,125 |
| 2082 | 71,151,552 | 14,952,194 |
| 2081 | 71,265,511 | 14,799,309 |
| 2080 | 71,391,537 | 14,645,548 |
| 2079 | 71,525,977 | 14,490,500 |
| 2078 | 71,666,350 | 14,331,284 |
| 2077 | 71,822,464 | 14,170,045 |
| 2076 | 71,979,354 | 14,007,555 |
| 2075 | 72,113,812 | 13,843,393 |
| 2074 | 72,269,519 | 13,678,579 |
| 2073 | 72,429,361 | 13,512,182 |
| 2072 | 72,580,006 | 13,343,946 |
| 2071 | 72,741,929 | 13,172,876 |
| 2070 | 72,889,095 | 13,002,521 |
| 2069 | 73,053,471 | 12,830,090 |
| 2068 | 73,219,511 | 12,657,711 |
| 2067 | 73,404,631 | 12,482,299 |
| 2066 | 73,597,022 | 12,306,495 |
| 2065 | 73,789,056 | 12,131,679 |
| 2064 | 73,990,123 | 11,954,090 |
| 2063 | 74,200,211 | 11,778,351 |
| 2062 | 74,428,152 | 11,601,323 |
| 2061 | 74,656,161 | 11,424,089 |
| 2060 | 74,909,139 | 11,246,850 |
| 2059 | 75,164,141 | 11,067,732 |
| 2058 | 75,438,769 | 10,887,645 |
| 2057 | 75,716,088 | 10,709,500 |
| 2056 | 75,990,472 | 10,532,648 |
| 2055 | 76,276,550 | 10,354,318 |
| 2054 | 76,561,146 | 10,175,517 |
| 2053 | 76,832,587 | 9,995,645 |
| 2052 | 77,077,503 | 9,815,104 |
| 2051 | 77,322,326 | 9,635,288 |
| 2050 | 77,564,502 | 9,457,400 |
| 2049 | 77,809,519 | 9,279,576 |
| 2048 | 78,059,456 | 9,100,595 |
| 2047 | 78,290,624 | 8,923,220 |
| 2046 | 78,514,805 | 8,745,286 |
| 2045 | 78,740,357 | 8,568,910 |
| 2044 | 78,965,486 | 8,393,773 |
| 2043 | 79,180,563 | 8,218,850 |
| 2042 | 79,374,934 | 8,044,865 |
| 2041 | 79,569,383 | 7,873,599 |
| 2040 | 79,782,613 | 7,703,561 |
| 2039 | 80,001,183 | 7,534,623 |
| 2038 | 80,225,718 | 7,366,187 |
| 2037 | 80,442,136 | 7,199,542 |
| 2036 | 80,673,787 | 7,033,866 |
| 2035 | 80,890,243 | 6,869,186 |
| 2034 | 81,094,641 | 6,705,635 |
| 2033 | 81,319,735 | 6,543,505 |
| 2032 | 81,537,613 | 6,383,229 |
| 2031 | 81,772,282 | 6,225,030 |
| 2030 | 81,989,677 | 6,068,395 |
| 2029 | 82,216,381 | 5,914,109 |
| 2028 | 82,432,092 | 5,761,715 |
| 2027 | 82,638,983 | 5,611,635 |
| 2026 | 82,830,814 | 5,462,675 |
| 2025 | 83,491,249 | 5,315,065 |
| 2024 | 83,516,593 | 5,169,395 |
| 2023 | 83,287,273 | 5,022,441 |
| 2022 | 83,177,813 | 4,875,637 |
| 2021 | 83,196,078 | 4,734,874 |
| 2020 | 83,160,871 | 4,600,131 |
| 2019 | 83,092,962 | 4,467,708 |
| 2018 | 82,905,782 | 4,337,685 |
| 2017 | 82,657,002 | 4,210,600 |
| 2016 | 82,348,669 | 4,086,657 |
| 2015 | 81,686,611 | 3,965,959 |
| 2014 | 80,982,500 | 3,848,514 |
| 2013 | 80,645,605 | 3,734,318 |
| 2012 | 80,425,823 | 3,619,034 |
| 2011 | 80,274,983 | 3,502,811 |
| 2010 | 81,776,930 | 3,390,965 |
| 2009 | 81,902,307 | 3,284,448 |
| 2008 | 82,110,097 | 3,183,269 |
| 2007 | 82,266,372 | 3,093,059 |
| 2006 | 82,376,451 | 3,013,660 |
| 2005 | 82,469,422 | 2,939,059 |
| 2004 | 82,516,260 | 2,868,664 |
| 2003 | 82,534,176 | 2,802,046 |
| 2002 | 82,488,495 | 2,738,655 |
| 2001 | 82,349,925 | 2,678,760 |
| 2000 | 82,211,508 | 2,613,441 |
| 1999 | 82,100,243 | 2,541,698 |
| 1998 | 82,047,195 | 2,474,651 |
| 1997 | 82,034,771 | 2,411,306 |
| 1996 | 81,914,831 | 2,358,188 |
| 1995 | 81,678,051 | 2,312,017 |
| 1994 | 81,438,348 | 2,249,454 |
| 1993 | 81,156,363 | 2,174,328 |
| 1992 | 80,624,598 | 2,088,135 |
| 1991 | 80,013,896 | 2,009,738 |
| 1990 | 79,433,029 | 1,951,878 |
| 1989 | 78,751,283 | 1,903,048 |
| 1988 | 78,144,619 | 1,855,859 |
| 1987 | 77,839,920 | 1,803,014 |
| 1986 | 77,720,436 | 1,751,835 |
| 1985 | 77,684,873 | 1,702,107 |
| 1984 | 77,858,685 | 1,653,693 |
| 1983 | 78,128,282 | 1,606,746 |
| 1982 | 78,333,366 | 1,561,176 |
| 1981 | 78,407,907 | 1,516,877 |
| 1980 | 78,288,576 | 1,474,043 |
| 1979 | 78,126,350 | 1,432,758 |
| 1978 | 78,091,820 | 1,392,713 |
| 1977 | 78,159,814 | 1,353,768 |
| 1976 | 78,336,950 | 1,315,336 |
| 1975 | 78,673,554 | 1,277,330 |
| 1974 | 78,967,433 | 1,240,188 |
| 1973 | 78,936,666 | 1,203,838 |
| 1972 | 78,688,452 | 1,168,355 |
| 1971 | 78,312,842 | 1,133,702 |
| 1970 | 78,169,289 | 1,099,806 |
| 1969 | 77,909,682 | 1,066,754 |
| 1968 | 77,294,314 | 1,034,739 |
| 1967 | 76,951,336 | 1,003,843 |
| 1966 | 76,600,311 | 974,157 |
| 1965 | 75,963,695 | 945,838 |
| 1964 | 75,318,337 | 918,955 |
| 1963 | 74,714,353 | 893,423 |
| 1962 | 74,025,784 | 869,184 |
| 1961 | 73,377,632 | 846,167 |
| 1960 | 72,814,900 | 824,298 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/germany/mauritania | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Germany decreased by 27,782 people (a 0.03% decline), while Mauritania gained 1,072,997 people (a 35.6% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Germany gained 482,145 people (a 0.59% growth), while Mauritania's population increased by 1,452,532 people (a 35.5% growth).
Germany was ranked 14th most populous country in 2006 and is 19th in 2026. Mauritania was ranked 132nd in 2006 and ranked 123rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Germany's population will shrink by 6.36% to 77,564,502 people with a rank change from 19th to 24th. The population of Mauritania will increase by 70.7% to 9,457,400 people and rank change from 123rd to 103rd.
Mauritania is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 17.3M people, while Germany's population already peaked in 2024 at 83.5M people and is projected to decrease to 70.1M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Germany
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | -0.04% | 0.62% |
| 2099 | -0.02% | 0.66% |
| 2098 | -0.06% | 0.68% |
| 2097 | -0.04% | 0.7% |
| 2096 | -0.03% | 0.7% |
| 2095 | -0.03% | 0.73% |
| 2094 | -0.03% | 0.76% |
| 2093 | -0.04% | 0.77% |
| 2092 | -0.07% | 0.8% |
| 2091 | -0.09% | 0.82% |
| 2090 | -0.08% | 0.84% |
| 2089 | -0.08% | 0.87% |
| 2088 | -0.12% | 0.9% |
| 2087 | -0.14% | 0.92% |
| 2086 | -0.14% | 0.93% |
| 2085 | -0.13% | 0.96% |
| 2084 | -0.15% | 0.99% |
| 2083 | -0.15% | 1% |
| 2082 | -0.16% | 1.03% |
| 2081 | -0.18% | 1.05% |
| 2080 | -0.19% | 1.07% |
| 2079 | -0.2% | 1.11% |
| 2078 | -0.22% | 1.14% |
| 2077 | -0.22% | 1.16% |
| 2076 | -0.19% | 1.19% |
| 2075 | -0.22% | 1.2% |
| 2074 | -0.22% | 1.23% |
| 2073 | -0.21% | 1.26% |
| 2072 | -0.22% | 1.3% |
| 2071 | -0.2% | 1.31% |
| 2070 | -0.23% | 1.34% |
| 2069 | -0.23% | 1.36% |
| 2068 | -0.25% | 1.41% |
| 2067 | -0.26% | 1.43% |
| 2066 | -0.26% | 1.44% |
| 2065 | -0.27% | 1.49% |
| 2064 | -0.28% | 1.49% |
| 2063 | -0.31% | 1.53% |
| 2062 | -0.31% | 1.55% |
| 2061 | -0.34% | 1.58% |
| 2060 | -0.34% | 1.62% |
| 2059 | -0.36% | 1.65% |
| 2058 | -0.37% | 1.66% |
| 2057 | -0.36% | 1.68% |
| 2056 | -0.38% | 1.72% |
| 2055 | -0.37% | 1.76% |
| 2054 | -0.35% | 1.8% |
| 2053 | -0.32% | 1.84% |
| 2052 | -0.32% | 1.87% |
| 2051 | -0.31% | 1.88% |
| 2050 | -0.31% | 1.92% |
| 2049 | -0.32% | 1.97% |
| 2048 | -0.3% | 1.99% |
| 2047 | -0.29% | 2.03% |
| 2046 | -0.29% | 2.06% |
| 2045 | -0.29% | 2.09% |
| 2044 | -0.27% | 2.13% |
| 2043 | -0.24% | 2.16% |
| 2042 | -0.24% | 2.18% |
| 2041 | -0.27% | 2.21% |
| 2040 | -0.27% | 2.24% |
| 2039 | -0.28% | 2.29% |
| 2038 | -0.27% | 2.31% |
| 2037 | -0.29% | 2.36% |
| 2036 | -0.27% | 2.4% |
| 2035 | -0.25% | 2.44% |
| 2034 | -0.28% | 2.48% |
| 2033 | -0.27% | 2.51% |
| 2032 | -0.29% | 2.54% |
| 2031 | -0.27% | 2.58% |
| 2030 | -0.28% | 2.61% |
| 2029 | -0.26% | 2.64% |
| 2028 | -0.25% | 2.67% |
| 2027 | -0.23% | 2.73% |
| 2026 | -0.79% | 2.78% |
| 2025 | -0.03% | 2.82% |
| 2024 | 0.28% | 2.93% |
| 2023 | 0.13% | 3.01% |
| 2022 | -0.02% | 2.97% |
| 2021 | 0.04% | 2.93% |
| 2020 | 0.08% | 2.96% |
| 2019 | 0.23% | 3% |
| 2018 | 0.3% | 3.02% |
| 2017 | 0.37% | 3.03% |
| 2016 | 0.81% | 3.04% |
| 2015 | 0.87% | 3.05% |
| 2014 | 0.42% | 3.06% |
| 2013 | 0.27% | 3.19% |
| 2012 | 0.19% | 3.32% |
| 2011 | -1.84% | 3.3% |
| 2010 | -0.15% | 3.24% |
| 2009 | -0.25% | 3.18% |
| 2008 | -0.19% | 2.92% |
| 2007 | -0.13% | 2.63% |
| 2006 | -0.11% | 2.54% |
| 2005 | -0.06% | 2.45% |
| 2004 | -0.02% | 2.38% |
| 2003 | 0.06% | 2.31% |
| 2002 | 0.17% | 2.24% |
| 2001 | 0.17% | 2.5% |
| 2000 | 0.14% | 2.82% |
| 1999 | 0.06% | 2.71% |
| 1998 | 0.02% | 2.63% |
| 1997 | 0.15% | 2.25% |
| 1996 | 0.29% | 2% |
| 1995 | 0.29% | 2.78% |
| 1994 | 0.35% | 3.46% |
| 1993 | 0.66% | 4.13% |
| 1992 | 0.76% | 3.9% |
| 1991 | 0.73% | 2.96% |
| 1990 | 0.87% | 2.57% |
| 1989 | 0.78% | 2.54% |
| 1988 | 0.39% | 2.93% |
| 1987 | 0.15% | 2.92% |
| 1986 | 0.05% | 2.92% |
| 1985 | -0.22% | 2.93% |
| 1984 | -0.35% | 2.92% |
| 1983 | -0.26% | 2.92% |
| 1982 | -0.1% | 2.92% |
| 1981 | 0.15% | 2.91% |
| 1980 | 0.21% | 2.88% |
| 1979 | 0.04% | 2.88% |
| 1978 | -0.09% | 2.88% |
| 1977 | -0.23% | 2.92% |
| 1976 | -0.43% | 2.98% |
| 1975 | -0.37% | 2.99% |
| 1974 | 0.04% | 3.02% |
| 1973 | 0.32% | 3.04% |
| 1972 | 0.48% | 3.06% |
| 1971 | 0.18% | 3.08% |
| 1970 | 0.33% | 3.1% |
| 1969 | 0.8% | 3.09% |
| 1968 | 0.45% | 3.08% |
| 1967 | 0.46% | 3.05% |
| 1966 | 0.84% | 2.99% |
| 1965 | 0.86% | 2.93% |
| 1964 | 0.81% | 2.86% |
| 1963 | 0.93% | 2.79% |
| 1962 | 0.88% | 2.72% |
| 1961 | 0.77% | 2.65% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/germany/mauritania | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Germany declined by 0.03%, while Mauritania's population grew by 2.82%.
Live population counters
|
Germany
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
82830814
|
5539189
|
| Population rank | 19/197 | 123/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
20.8 minutes
|
3.62 minutes
|
| One birth every |
46.6 seconds
|
2.99 minutes
|
| One death every |
31.2 seconds
|
18.8 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | -69 | +399 |
| Annual growth/decline | -25,344 | +145,670 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.03% | +2.82% |
| Population growth rate rank | 159/197 | 18/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.58 minutes
|
1.74 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -334,072 | -5,044 |
| Net migration rank | 192/196 | 115/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 16,750,084 | 195,937 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 2/195 | 113/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 19.8% | 3.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 31/195 | 107/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Germany
|
Mauritania
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -334,072 | - | -5,044 |
| 2024 | -334,066 | 36,954 | 147,927 | -2,185 |
| 2023 | -333,149 | 609,553 | 145,164 | 2,999 |
| 2022 | -324,394 | 981,552 | 142,451 | 2,999 |
| 2021 | -224,629 | 310,264 | 137,557 | -1,483 |
| 2020 | -216,218 | 203,468 | 134,899 | -1,483 |
| 2019 | -157,877 | 319,082 | 134,460 | -3,019 |
| 2018 | -165,812 | 403,908 | 131,584 | -2,987 |
| 2017 | -148,783 | 452,988 | 128,562 | -3,001 |
| 2016 | -123,523 | 517,480 | 125,342 | -3,008 |
| 2015 | -187,879 | 1,175,283 | 122,092 | -3,019 |
| 2014 | -153,866 | 592,338 | 118,792 | -2,980 |
| 2013 | -209,679 | 462,384 | 115,558 | -2,987 |
| 2012 | -193,022 | 199,143 | 113,489 | 4,515 |
| 2011 | -184,632 | 295,282 | 111,165 | 3,272 |
| 2010 | -179,909 | 130,116 | 108,121 | 1,128 |
| 2009 | -188,375 | 46,533 | 105,273 | -1,481 |
| 2008 | -164,220 | -23,341 | 102,432 | -3,860 |
| 2007 | -148,080 | -24,772 | 98,895 | -17,048 |
| 2006 | -148,278 | -489,056 | 94,991 | -18,033 |
| 2005 | -148,445 | 81,351 | 90,940 | -18,693 |
| 2004 | -107,271 | 81,735 | 87,578 | -19,042 |
| 2003 | -140,309 | 142,009 | 83,804 | -19,104 |
| 2002 | -123,733 | 218,795 | 80,993 | -18,903 |
| 2001 | -98,820 | 272,875 | 78,769 | -21,067 |
| 2000 | -73,990 | 174,594 | 75,929 | -2,997 |
| 1999 | -73,890 | 219,280 | 73,554 | -2,999 |
| 1998 | -65,637 | -754,469 | 72,045 | -8,504 |
| 1997 | -49,221 | 93,281 | 71,327 | -8,187 |
| 1996 | -90,107 | 281,280 | 71,939 | -28,840 |
| 1995 | -114,349 | 398,077 | 72,244 | -22,997 |
| 1994 | -114,013 | 315,585 | 70,570 | 5,304 |
| 1993 | -105,503 | 462,096 | 68,167 | 6,217 |
| 1992 | -80,625 | 811,606 | 63,501 | 34,505 |
| 1991 | -80,014 | 602,638 | 61,782 | -2,997 |
| 1990 | -15,887 | 679,702 | 59,934 | -3,000 |
| 1989 | -23,625 | 761,002 | 58,666 | -17,941 |
| 1988 | -7,815 | 515,962 | 56,654 | -2,997 |
| 1987 | -31,136 | 174,272 | 55,037 | -2,998 |
| 1986 | -77,721 | 212,822 | 53,313 | -2,998 |
| 1985 | -116,527 | 103,556 | 52,125 | -2,998 |
| 1984 | -109,002 | -150,771 | 50,705 | -2,998 |
| 1983 | -109,380 | -81,349 | 49,187 | -2,998 |
| 1982 | -78,333 | -58,121 | 47,947 | -2,998 |
| 1981 | -94,090 | 130,713 | 46,641 | -2,998 |
| 1980 | -86,117 | 324,203 | 45,026 | -2,997 |
| 1979 | -125,002 | 237,705 | 43,537 | -2,997 |
| 1978 | -140,566 | 117,167 | 42,539 | -2,998 |
| 1977 | -125,055 | 33,881 | 41,352 | -2,999 |
| 1976 | -164,508 | -79,761 | 40,149 | -1,645 |
| 1975 | -212,418 | -207,740 | 38,975 | -1,472 |
| 1974 | -150,038 | -15,126 | 38,106 | -1,321 |
| 1973 | -149,980 | 386,881 | 37,122 | -1,201 |
| 1972 | -62,950 | 336,015 | 36,184 | -1,139 |
| 1971 | 46,988 | 450,328 | 35,279 | -1,014 |
| 1970 | 70,352 | -273,498 | 34,382 | -855 |
| 1969 | 155,820 | 584,017 | 33,252 | -688 |
| 1968 | 239,612 | 293,307 | 32,029 | -565 |
| 1967 | 353,977 | -174,155 | 30,853 | -514 |
| 1966 | 405,982 | 134,107 | 29,502 | -466 |
| 1965 | 410,204 | 338,258 | 28,028 | -434 |
| 1964 | 482,038 | 69,825 | 26,565 | -390 |
| 1963 | 455,757 | 205,976 | 25,250 | -362 |
| 1962 | 436,752 | 276,505 | 23,927 | -342 |
| 1961 | 462,279 | 27,534 | 22,781 | -332 |
| 1960 | 385,919 | 212,666 | 21,604 | -318 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/germany/mauritania | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 30.7% of the population change in Germany is from natural causes (a loss of 2,216,330 people) and 69.3% is from migration (a gain of 5,010,532 people). In Mauritania 99% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,350,038 people) and 1.04% is from migration (a loss of 14,187 people).
As of 2024, 16,750,084 residents or 19.8% of the population were not native-born in Germany, compared to 195,937 people or 3.8% in Mauritania.
Biggest cities by population
|
Germany
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Berlin | 3.78M |
| Hamburg | 1.91M |
| Munich | 1.51M |
| Cologne | 1.09M |
| Frankfurt | 776K |
| Stuttgart | 633K |
| Dusseldorf | 631K |
| Leipzig | 620K |
| Dortmund | 595K |
| Essen | 587K |
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Nouakchott | 1.45M |
| Rosso | 61.2K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Germany and Mauritania
|
Germany
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 81.9 years | 69.2 years |
| Average age | 45.2 years | 23.1 years |
| Median age | 46.5 years | 18.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.4:50.6 | 49.1:50.9 |
| Fertility rate | 1.36 births per woman | 4.63 births per woman |
| Population density | 614 ppl/mi² | 13.7 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/germany/mauritania | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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