The latest officially reported population of Malawi was 22,216,120 in 2025 vs 5,315,065 people in Mauritania in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Malawi's population is 23,086,106 people compared to 5,539,189 in Mauritania.
Population statistics:
- Malawi's population is 4.17 times bigger than Mauritania's.
- Malawi is ranked the 61st most populous country in the world, while Mauritania is the 123rd.
- The countries together account for 0.34% of the world: 0.28% for Malawi vs 0.07% for Mauritania.
- For the last 10 years, Malawi has had an average growth rate of +2.67% per year vs +2.98% in Mauritania.
- Since 2006, the population of Malawi has increased from 13.2M people to 23.1M (74.9% growth), while Mauritania has grown from 3.01M to 5.54M (83.8% growth).
Malawi vs Mauritania: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Malawi
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 59,773,923 | 17,302,938 |
| 2099 | 59,515,624 | 17,195,692 |
| 2098 | 59,263,165 | 17,083,078 |
| 2097 | 59,015,654 | 16,968,365 |
| 2096 | 58,749,288 | 16,850,394 |
| 2095 | 58,495,699 | 16,732,430 |
| 2094 | 58,227,933 | 16,610,512 |
| 2093 | 57,954,358 | 16,485,880 |
| 2092 | 57,660,371 | 16,359,440 |
| 2091 | 57,364,786 | 16,229,167 |
| 2090 | 57,048,240 | 16,097,149 |
| 2089 | 56,727,243 | 15,962,562 |
| 2088 | 56,385,237 | 15,824,899 |
| 2087 | 56,041,651 | 15,683,760 |
| 2086 | 55,694,983 | 15,541,281 |
| 2085 | 55,336,839 | 15,397,701 |
| 2084 | 54,985,304 | 15,251,533 |
| 2083 | 54,593,349 | 15,102,125 |
| 2082 | 54,194,853 | 14,952,194 |
| 2081 | 53,783,781 | 14,799,309 |
| 2080 | 53,361,334 | 14,645,548 |
| 2079 | 52,936,889 | 14,490,500 |
| 2078 | 52,510,645 | 14,331,284 |
| 2077 | 52,052,767 | 14,170,045 |
| 2076 | 51,589,339 | 14,007,555 |
| 2075 | 51,130,762 | 13,843,393 |
| 2074 | 50,673,499 | 13,678,579 |
| 2073 | 50,218,991 | 13,512,182 |
| 2072 | 49,759,232 | 13,343,946 |
| 2071 | 49,276,570 | 13,172,876 |
| 2070 | 48,787,471 | 13,002,521 |
| 2069 | 48,291,287 | 12,830,090 |
| 2068 | 47,782,059 | 12,657,711 |
| 2067 | 47,267,335 | 12,482,299 |
| 2066 | 46,741,998 | 12,306,495 |
| 2065 | 46,218,226 | 12,131,679 |
| 2064 | 45,692,044 | 11,954,090 |
| 2063 | 45,169,634 | 11,778,351 |
| 2062 | 44,629,192 | 11,601,323 |
| 2061 | 44,067,259 | 11,424,089 |
| 2060 | 43,499,372 | 11,246,850 |
| 2059 | 42,907,491 | 11,067,732 |
| 2058 | 42,335,782 | 10,887,645 |
| 2057 | 41,753,105 | 10,709,500 |
| 2056 | 41,175,330 | 10,532,648 |
| 2055 | 40,576,247 | 10,354,318 |
| 2054 | 39,986,120 | 10,175,517 |
| 2053 | 39,369,178 | 9,995,645 |
| 2052 | 38,758,577 | 9,815,104 |
| 2051 | 38,145,141 | 9,635,288 |
| 2050 | 37,537,814 | 9,457,400 |
| 2049 | 36,928,354 | 9,279,576 |
| 2048 | 36,332,040 | 9,100,595 |
| 2047 | 35,717,466 | 8,923,220 |
| 2046 | 35,099,651 | 8,745,286 |
| 2045 | 34,484,520 | 8,568,910 |
| 2044 | 33,855,018 | 8,393,773 |
| 2043 | 33,240,675 | 8,218,850 |
| 2042 | 32,629,513 | 8,044,865 |
| 2041 | 32,012,581 | 7,873,599 |
| 2040 | 31,395,572 | 7,703,561 |
| 2039 | 30,775,878 | 7,534,623 |
| 2038 | 30,160,239 | 7,366,187 |
| 2037 | 29,521,489 | 7,199,542 |
| 2036 | 28,890,318 | 7,033,866 |
| 2035 | 28,261,909 | 6,869,186 |
| 2034 | 27,637,439 | 6,705,635 |
| 2033 | 27,012,311 | 6,543,505 |
| 2032 | 26,398,409 | 6,383,229 |
| 2031 | 25,790,366 | 6,225,030 |
| 2030 | 25,176,420 | 6,068,395 |
| 2029 | 24,561,210 | 5,914,109 |
| 2028 | 23,962,931 | 5,761,715 |
| 2027 | 23,369,575 | 5,611,635 |
| 2026 | 22,786,713 | 5,462,675 |
| 2025 | 22,216,120 | 5,315,065 |
| 2024 | 21,655,286 | 5,169,395 |
| 2023 | 21,104,482 | 5,022,441 |
| 2022 | 20,568,728 | 4,875,637 |
| 2021 | 20,047,258 | 4,734,874 |
| 2020 | 19,533,888 | 4,600,131 |
| 2019 | 19,025,752 | 4,467,708 |
| 2018 | 18,528,081 | 4,337,685 |
| 2017 | 18,039,715 | 4,210,600 |
| 2016 | 17,557,739 | 4,086,657 |
| 2015 | 17,085,587 | 3,965,959 |
| 2014 | 16,621,538 | 3,848,514 |
| 2013 | 16,161,816 | 3,734,318 |
| 2012 | 15,709,577 | 3,619,034 |
| 2011 | 15,265,022 | 3,502,811 |
| 2010 | 14,826,463 | 3,390,965 |
| 2009 | 14,395,788 | 3,284,448 |
| 2008 | 13,976,417 | 3,183,269 |
| 2007 | 13,576,343 | 3,093,059 |
| 2006 | 13,198,701 | 3,013,660 |
| 2005 | 12,840,031 | 2,939,059 |
| 2004 | 12,500,737 | 2,868,664 |
| 2003 | 12,181,574 | 2,802,046 |
| 2002 | 11,880,440 | 2,738,655 |
| 2001 | 11,593,058 | 2,678,760 |
| 2000 | 11,315,942 | 2,613,441 |
| 1999 | 11,047,804 | 2,541,698 |
| 1998 | 10,792,876 | 2,474,651 |
| 1997 | 10,562,035 | 2,411,306 |
| 1996 | 10,352,228 | 2,358,188 |
| 1995 | 10,150,117 | 2,312,017 |
| 1994 | 10,164,894 | 2,249,454 |
| 1993 | 10,284,024 | 2,174,328 |
| 1992 | 10,135,079 | 2,088,135 |
| 1991 | 9,844,227 | 2,009,738 |
| 1990 | 9,545,852 | 1,951,878 |
| 1989 | 9,176,220 | 1,903,048 |
| 1988 | 8,753,262 | 1,855,859 |
| 1987 | 8,293,174 | 1,803,014 |
| 1986 | 7,906,480 | 1,751,835 |
| 1985 | 7,620,508 | 1,702,107 |
| 1984 | 7,332,810 | 1,653,693 |
| 1983 | 7,051,709 | 1,606,746 |
| 1982 | 6,778,879 | 1,561,176 |
| 1981 | 6,516,454 | 1,516,877 |
| 1980 | 6,265,529 | 1,474,043 |
| 1979 | 6,028,749 | 1,432,758 |
| 1978 | 5,810,132 | 1,392,713 |
| 1977 | 5,614,983 | 1,353,768 |
| 1976 | 5,443,384 | 1,315,336 |
| 1975 | 5,287,367 | 1,277,330 |
| 1974 | 5,141,337 | 1,240,188 |
| 1973 | 5,003,938 | 1,203,838 |
| 1972 | 4,874,475 | 1,168,355 |
| 1971 | 4,751,434 | 1,133,702 |
| 1970 | 4,633,944 | 1,099,806 |
| 1969 | 4,521,184 | 1,066,754 |
| 1968 | 4,411,054 | 1,034,739 |
| 1967 | 4,303,012 | 1,003,843 |
| 1966 | 4,197,926 | 974,157 |
| 1965 | 4,096,157 | 945,838 |
| 1964 | 3,997,305 | 918,955 |
| 1963 | 3,900,506 | 893,423 |
| 1962 | 3,806,307 | 869,184 |
| 1961 | 3,715,534 | 846,167 |
| 1960 | 3,628,134 | 824,298 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/malawi/mauritania | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Malawi increased by 4,359,038 people (a 33% growth), while Mauritania gained 1,072,997 people (a 35.6% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Malawi gained 5,528,367 people (a 31.5% growth), while Mauritania's population increased by 1,452,532 people (a 35.5% growth).
Malawi was ranked 69th most populous country in 2006 and is 61st in 2026. Mauritania was ranked 132nd in 2006 and ranked 123rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Malawi's population will grow by 62.6% to 37,537,814 people with a rank change from 61st to 55th. The population of Mauritania will increase by 70.7% to 9,457,400 people and rank change from 123rd to 103rd.
Malawi is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 59.8M people compared to the peak of 17.3M people in 2100 for Mauritania.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Malawi
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 0.43% | 0.62% |
| 2099 | 0.43% | 0.66% |
| 2098 | 0.42% | 0.68% |
| 2097 | 0.45% | 0.7% |
| 2096 | 0.43% | 0.7% |
| 2095 | 0.46% | 0.73% |
| 2094 | 0.47% | 0.76% |
| 2093 | 0.51% | 0.77% |
| 2092 | 0.52% | 0.8% |
| 2091 | 0.55% | 0.82% |
| 2090 | 0.57% | 0.84% |
| 2089 | 0.61% | 0.87% |
| 2088 | 0.61% | 0.9% |
| 2087 | 0.62% | 0.92% |
| 2086 | 0.65% | 0.93% |
| 2085 | 0.64% | 0.96% |
| 2084 | 0.72% | 0.99% |
| 2083 | 0.74% | 1% |
| 2082 | 0.76% | 1.03% |
| 2081 | 0.79% | 1.05% |
| 2080 | 0.8% | 1.07% |
| 2079 | 0.81% | 1.11% |
| 2078 | 0.88% | 1.14% |
| 2077 | 0.9% | 1.16% |
| 2076 | 0.9% | 1.19% |
| 2075 | 0.9% | 1.2% |
| 2074 | 0.91% | 1.23% |
| 2073 | 0.92% | 1.26% |
| 2072 | 0.98% | 1.3% |
| 2071 | 1% | 1.31% |
| 2070 | 1.03% | 1.34% |
| 2069 | 1.07% | 1.36% |
| 2068 | 1.09% | 1.41% |
| 2067 | 1.12% | 1.43% |
| 2066 | 1.13% | 1.44% |
| 2065 | 1.15% | 1.49% |
| 2064 | 1.16% | 1.49% |
| 2063 | 1.21% | 1.53% |
| 2062 | 1.28% | 1.55% |
| 2061 | 1.31% | 1.58% |
| 2060 | 1.38% | 1.62% |
| 2059 | 1.35% | 1.65% |
| 2058 | 1.4% | 1.66% |
| 2057 | 1.4% | 1.68% |
| 2056 | 1.48% | 1.72% |
| 2055 | 1.48% | 1.76% |
| 2054 | 1.57% | 1.8% |
| 2053 | 1.58% | 1.84% |
| 2052 | 1.61% | 1.87% |
| 2051 | 1.62% | 1.88% |
| 2050 | 1.65% | 1.92% |
| 2049 | 1.64% | 1.97% |
| 2048 | 1.72% | 1.99% |
| 2047 | 1.76% | 2.03% |
| 2046 | 1.78% | 2.06% |
| 2045 | 1.86% | 2.09% |
| 2044 | 1.85% | 2.13% |
| 2043 | 1.87% | 2.16% |
| 2042 | 1.93% | 2.18% |
| 2041 | 1.97% | 2.21% |
| 2040 | 2.01% | 2.24% |
| 2039 | 2.04% | 2.29% |
| 2038 | 2.16% | 2.31% |
| 2037 | 2.18% | 2.36% |
| 2036 | 2.22% | 2.4% |
| 2035 | 2.26% | 2.44% |
| 2034 | 2.31% | 2.48% |
| 2033 | 2.33% | 2.51% |
| 2032 | 2.36% | 2.54% |
| 2031 | 2.44% | 2.58% |
| 2030 | 2.5% | 2.61% |
| 2029 | 2.5% | 2.64% |
| 2028 | 2.54% | 2.67% |
| 2027 | 2.56% | 2.73% |
| 2026 | 2.57% | 2.78% |
| 2025 | 2.59% | 2.82% |
| 2024 | 2.61% | 2.93% |
| 2023 | 2.6% | 3.01% |
| 2022 | 2.6% | 2.97% |
| 2021 | 2.63% | 2.93% |
| 2020 | 2.67% | 2.96% |
| 2019 | 2.69% | 3% |
| 2018 | 2.71% | 3.02% |
| 2017 | 2.75% | 3.03% |
| 2016 | 2.76% | 3.04% |
| 2015 | 2.79% | 3.05% |
| 2014 | 2.84% | 3.06% |
| 2013 | 2.88% | 3.19% |
| 2012 | 2.91% | 3.32% |
| 2011 | 2.96% | 3.3% |
| 2010 | 2.99% | 3.24% |
| 2009 | 3% | 3.18% |
| 2008 | 2.95% | 2.92% |
| 2007 | 2.86% | 2.63% |
| 2006 | 2.79% | 2.54% |
| 2005 | 2.71% | 2.45% |
| 2004 | 2.62% | 2.38% |
| 2003 | 2.53% | 2.31% |
| 2002 | 2.48% | 2.24% |
| 2001 | 2.45% | 2.5% |
| 2000 | 2.43% | 2.82% |
| 1999 | 2.36% | 2.71% |
| 1998 | 2.19% | 2.63% |
| 1997 | 2.03% | 2.25% |
| 1996 | 1.99% | 2% |
| 1995 | -0.15% | 2.78% |
| 1994 | -1.16% | 3.46% |
| 1993 | 1.47% | 4.13% |
| 1992 | 2.95% | 3.9% |
| 1991 | 3.13% | 2.96% |
| 1990 | 4.03% | 2.57% |
| 1989 | 4.83% | 2.54% |
| 1988 | 5.55% | 2.93% |
| 1987 | 4.89% | 2.92% |
| 1986 | 3.75% | 2.92% |
| 1985 | 3.92% | 2.93% |
| 1984 | 3.99% | 2.92% |
| 1983 | 4.02% | 2.92% |
| 1982 | 4.03% | 2.92% |
| 1981 | 4% | 2.91% |
| 1980 | 3.93% | 2.88% |
| 1979 | 3.76% | 2.88% |
| 1978 | 3.48% | 2.88% |
| 1977 | 3.15% | 2.92% |
| 1976 | 2.95% | 2.98% |
| 1975 | 2.84% | 2.99% |
| 1974 | 2.75% | 3.02% |
| 1973 | 2.66% | 3.04% |
| 1972 | 2.59% | 3.06% |
| 1971 | 2.54% | 3.08% |
| 1970 | 2.49% | 3.1% |
| 1969 | 2.5% | 3.09% |
| 1968 | 2.51% | 3.08% |
| 1967 | 2.5% | 3.05% |
| 1966 | 2.48% | 2.99% |
| 1965 | 2.47% | 2.93% |
| 1964 | 2.48% | 2.86% |
| 1963 | 2.47% | 2.79% |
| 1962 | 2.44% | 2.72% |
| 1961 | 2.41% | 2.65% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/malawi/mauritania | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Malawi grew by 2.59%, while Mauritania's population grew by 2.82%.
Live population counters
|
Malawi
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
23086106
|
5539189
|
| Population rank | 61/197 | 123/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.28% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
56.4 seconds
|
3.62 minutes
|
| One birth every |
46.8 seconds
|
2.99 minutes
|
| One death every |
4.59 minutes
|
18.8 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +1,537 | +399 |
| Annual growth/decline | +560,834 | +145,670 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.59% | +2.82% |
| Population growth rate rank | 23/197 | 18/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.56 hours
|
1.74 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -5,628 | -5,044 |
| Net migration rank | 118/196 | 115/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 186,719 | 195,937 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 117/195 | 113/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.9% | 3.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 158/195 | 107/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Malawi
|
Mauritania
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -5,628 | - | -5,044 |
| 2024 | 559,811 | -1,507 | 147,927 | -2,185 |
| 2023 | 549,096 | -5,811 | 145,164 | 2,999 |
| 2022 | 533,450 | -5,231 | 142,451 | 2,999 |
| 2021 | 517,400 | -2,666 | 137,557 | -1,483 |
| 2020 | 514,659 | -2,655 | 134,899 | -1,483 |
| 2019 | 506,104 | -1,837 | 134,460 | -3,019 |
| 2018 | 494,348 | -3,267 | 131,584 | -2,987 |
| 2017 | 484,655 | 982 | 128,562 | -3,001 |
| 2016 | 474,779 | 3,505 | 125,342 | -3,008 |
| 2015 | 472,484 | -6,471 | 122,092 | -3,019 |
| 2014 | 472,418 | -10,317 | 118,792 | -2,980 |
| 2013 | 470,293 | -12,934 | 115,558 | -2,987 |
| 2012 | 460,684 | -13,561 | 113,489 | 4,515 |
| 2011 | 454,149 | -12,170 | 111,165 | 3,272 |
| 2010 | 444,468 | -9,327 | 108,121 | 1,128 |
| 2009 | 434,811 | -8,590 | 105,273 | -1,481 |
| 2008 | 421,781 | -9,264 | 102,432 | -3,860 |
| 2007 | 410,290 | -22,680 | 98,895 | -17,048 |
| 2006 | 397,123 | -29,450 | 94,991 | -18,033 |
| 2005 | 381,130 | -31,462 | 90,940 | -18,693 |
| 2004 | 361,133 | -32,221 | 87,578 | -19,042 |
| 2003 | 341,133 | -31,729 | 83,804 | -19,104 |
| 2002 | 322,863 | -30,013 | 80,993 | -18,903 |
| 2001 | 310,833 | -28,933 | 78,769 | -21,067 |
| 2000 | 300,439 | -28,098 | 75,929 | -2,997 |
| 1999 | 295,629 | -31,686 | 73,554 | -2,999 |
| 1998 | 285,407 | -39,491 | 72,045 | -8,504 |
| 1997 | 277,433 | -61,646 | 71,327 | -8,187 |
| 1996 | 270,048 | -66,212 | 71,939 | -28,840 |
| 1995 | 266,745 | -66,366 | 72,244 | -22,997 |
| 1994 | 275,439 | -505,365 | 70,570 | 5,304 |
| 1993 | 276,538 | -284,867 | 68,167 | 6,217 |
| 1992 | 269,066 | 37,142 | 63,501 | 34,505 |
| 1991 | 260,193 | 15,291 | 61,782 | -2,997 |
| 1990 | 250,159 | 71,111 | 59,934 | -3,000 |
| 1989 | 237,967 | 180,031 | 58,666 | -17,941 |
| 1988 | 226,911 | 201,011 | 56,654 | -2,997 |
| 1987 | 220,566 | 271,693 | 55,037 | -2,998 |
| 1986 | 218,519 | 62,615 | 53,313 | -2,998 |
| 1985 | 216,179 | 74,625 | 52,125 | -2,998 |
| 1984 | 212,146 | 72,435 | 50,705 | -2,998 |
| 1983 | 209,422 | 68,197 | 49,187 | -2,998 |
| 1982 | 205,386 | 62,661 | 47,947 | -2,998 |
| 1981 | 199,436 | 57,376 | 46,641 | -2,998 |
| 1980 | 192,746 | 52,294 | 45,026 | -2,997 |
| 1979 | 182,123 | 46,388 | 43,537 | -2,997 |
| 1978 | 172,503 | 36,225 | 42,539 | -2,998 |
| 1977 | 161,930 | 19,638 | 41,352 | -2,999 |
| 1976 | 153,422 | 8,206 | 40,149 | -1,645 |
| 1975 | 145,254 | 5,162 | 38,975 | -1,472 |
| 1974 | 137,819 | 3,833 | 38,106 | -1,321 |
| 1973 | 131,529 | 1,623 | 37,122 | -1,201 |
| 1972 | 125,728 | 48 | 36,184 | -1,139 |
| 1971 | 121,015 | -710 | 35,279 | -1,014 |
| 1970 | 116,822 | -2,147 | 34,382 | -855 |
| 1969 | 113,120 | -2,266 | 33,252 | -688 |
| 1968 | 110,329 | -924 | 32,029 | -565 |
| 1967 | 106,668 | 0 | 30,853 | -514 |
| 1966 | 103,512 | 0 | 29,502 | -466 |
| 1965 | 100,040 | 0 | 28,028 | -434 |
| 1964 | 97,658 | 0 | 26,565 | -390 |
| 1963 | 95,933 | 0 | 25,250 | -362 |
| 1962 | 92,463 | 0 | 23,927 | -342 |
| 1961 | 89,091 | 0 | 22,781 | -332 |
| 1960 | 85,718 | 0 | 21,604 | -318 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/malawi/mauritania | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.5% of the population change in Malawi is from natural causes (a gain of 5,106,786 people) and 0.49% is from migration (a loss of 24,958 people). In Mauritania 99% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,350,038 people) and 1.04% is from migration (a loss of 14,187 people).
As of 2024, 186,719 residents or 0.9% of the population were not native-born in Malawi, compared to 195,937 people or 3.8% in Mauritania.
Biggest cities by population
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Lilongwe | 989K |
| Mzimba | 936K |
| Blantyre | 800K |
| Mzuzu | 150K |
| Zomba | 101K |
| Mangochi | 53.5K |
| Mulanje | 14.8K |
| Ntcheu | 14.6K |
| Monkey Bay | 14.6K |
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Nouakchott | 1.45M |
| Rosso | 61.2K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Malawi and Mauritania
|
Malawi
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 67.9 years | 69.2 years |
| Average age | 23 years | 23.1 years |
| Median age | 19.2 years | 18.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.8:51.2 | 49.1:50.9 |
| Fertility rate | 3.59 births per woman | 4.63 births per woman |
| Population density | 626 ppl/mi² | 13.7 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/malawi/mauritania | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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