The latest officially reported population of Lebanon was 5,805,962 in 2024 vs 5,169,395 people in Mauritania in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Lebanon's population is 5,906,622 people compared to 5,505,206 in Mauritania.
Population statistics:
- Lebanon's population is 1.07 times bigger than Mauritania's.
- Lebanon is ranked the 115th most populous country in the world, while Mauritania is the 122nd.
- The countries together account for 0.14% of the world: 0.07% for Lebanon vs 0.07% for Mauritania.
- For the last 10 years, Lebanon has had an average growth rate of +0.16% per year vs +3% in Mauritania.
- Since 2006, the population of Lebanon has increased from 4.75M people to 5.91M (24.3% growth), while Mauritania has grown from 3.01M to 5.51M (82.7% growth).
Lebanon vs Mauritania: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Lebanon
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 7,229,611 | 17,309,980 |
| 2099 | 7,252,189 | 17,202,690 |
| 2098 | 7,273,846 | 17,090,030 |
| 2097 | 7,298,208 | 16,975,270 |
| 2096 | 7,322,265 | 16,857,252 |
| 2095 | 7,343,287 | 16,739,240 |
| 2094 | 7,365,719 | 16,617,272 |
| 2093 | 7,386,532 | 16,492,589 |
| 2092 | 7,403,314 | 16,366,098 |
| 2091 | 7,420,036 | 16,235,771 |
| 2090 | 7,433,603 | 16,103,700 |
| 2089 | 7,444,239 | 15,969,059 |
| 2088 | 7,454,263 | 15,831,339 |
| 2087 | 7,465,163 | 15,690,143 |
| 2086 | 7,468,994 | 15,547,605 |
| 2085 | 7,477,406 | 15,403,967 |
| 2084 | 7,476,483 | 15,257,740 |
| 2083 | 7,482,841 | 15,108,271 |
| 2082 | 7,482,980 | 14,958,279 |
| 2081 | 7,484,110 | 14,805,332 |
| 2080 | 7,484,392 | 14,651,508 |
| 2079 | 7,482,168 | 14,496,397 |
| 2078 | 7,480,962 | 14,337,117 |
| 2077 | 7,474,272 | 14,175,812 |
| 2076 | 7,470,260 | 14,013,255 |
| 2075 | 7,464,057 | 13,849,027 |
| 2074 | 7,446,862 | 13,684,146 |
| 2073 | 7,432,591 | 13,517,681 |
| 2072 | 7,420,911 | 13,349,376 |
| 2071 | 7,408,401 | 13,178,237 |
| 2070 | 7,394,163 | 13,007,812 |
| 2069 | 7,382,479 | 12,835,311 |
| 2068 | 7,373,962 | 12,662,862 |
| 2067 | 7,361,021 | 12,487,379 |
| 2066 | 7,348,605 | 12,311,503 |
| 2065 | 7,332,917 | 12,136,616 |
| 2064 | 7,316,835 | 11,958,955 |
| 2063 | 7,299,642 | 11,783,144 |
| 2062 | 7,279,937 | 11,606,044 |
| 2061 | 7,262,112 | 11,428,738 |
| 2060 | 7,239,759 | 11,251,427 |
| 2059 | 7,219,520 | 11,072,236 |
| 2058 | 7,199,035 | 10,892,076 |
| 2057 | 7,176,342 | 10,713,858 |
| 2056 | 7,152,803 | 10,536,935 |
| 2055 | 7,131,059 | 10,358,532 |
| 2054 | 7,107,641 | 10,179,658 |
| 2053 | 7,085,759 | 9,999,712 |
| 2052 | 7,063,172 | 9,819,098 |
| 2051 | 7,036,781 | 9,639,209 |
| 2050 | 7,010,541 | 9,461,249 |
| 2049 | 6,983,849 | 9,283,353 |
| 2048 | 6,952,958 | 9,104,299 |
| 2047 | 6,913,262 | 8,926,851 |
| 2046 | 6,878,209 | 8,748,845 |
| 2045 | 6,839,423 | 8,572,397 |
| 2044 | 6,795,984 | 8,397,189 |
| 2043 | 6,759,252 | 8,222,194 |
| 2042 | 6,716,445 | 8,048,139 |
| 2041 | 6,668,251 | 7,876,803 |
| 2040 | 6,618,567 | 7,706,696 |
| 2039 | 6,565,787 | 7,537,689 |
| 2038 | 6,512,143 | 7,369,184 |
| 2037 | 6,456,654 | 7,202,472 |
| 2036 | 6,403,370 | 7,036,729 |
| 2035 | 6,356,407 | 6,871,981 |
| 2034 | 6,305,239 | 6,708,364 |
| 2033 | 6,257,900 | 6,546,168 |
| 2032 | 6,206,916 | 6,385,827 |
| 2031 | 6,152,022 | 6,227,564 |
| 2030 | 6,098,153 | 6,070,865 |
| 2029 | 6,044,795 | 5,916,516 |
| 2028 | 5,992,721 | 5,764,060 |
| 2027 | 5,942,870 | 5,613,919 |
| 2026 | 5,893,183 | 5,464,898 |
| 2025 | 5,846,443 | 5,317,228 |
| 2024 | 5,805,962 | 5,169,395 |
| 2023 | 5,773,493 | 5,022,441 |
| 2022 | 5,744,489 | 4,875,637 |
| 2021 | 5,718,122 | 4,734,874 |
| 2020 | 5,702,398 | 4,600,131 |
| 2019 | 5,794,594 | 4,467,708 |
| 2018 | 5,984,119 | 4,337,685 |
| 2017 | 6,160,128 | 4,210,600 |
| 2016 | 6,323,060 | 4,086,657 |
| 2015 | 6,472,469 | 3,965,959 |
| 2014 | 6,346,990 | 3,848,514 |
| 2013 | 5,743,436 | 3,734,318 |
| 2012 | 5,235,742 | 3,619,034 |
| 2011 | 5,096,020 | 3,502,811 |
| 2010 | 5,041,288 | 3,390,965 |
| 2009 | 4,992,287 | 3,284,448 |
| 2008 | 4,925,354 | 3,183,269 |
| 2007 | 4,844,118 | 3,093,059 |
| 2006 | 4,751,136 | 3,013,660 |
| 2005 | 4,671,102 | 2,939,059 |
| 2004 | 4,599,279 | 2,868,664 |
| 2003 | 4,525,508 | 2,802,046 |
| 2002 | 4,463,504 | 2,738,655 |
| 2001 | 4,401,918 | 2,678,760 |
| 2000 | 4,329,340 | 2,613,441 |
| 1999 | 4,255,277 | 2,541,698 |
| 1998 | 4,181,281 | 2,474,651 |
| 1997 | 4,108,405 | 2,411,306 |
| 1996 | 4,034,781 | 2,358,188 |
| 1995 | 3,960,735 | 2,312,017 |
| 1994 | 3,889,799 | 2,249,454 |
| 1993 | 3,820,647 | 2,174,328 |
| 1992 | 3,747,371 | 2,088,135 |
| 1991 | 3,668,912 | 2,009,738 |
| 1990 | 3,595,175 | 1,951,878 |
| 1989 | 3,525,285 | 1,903,048 |
| 1988 | 3,454,649 | 1,855,859 |
| 1987 | 3,385,555 | 1,803,014 |
| 1986 | 3,300,365 | 1,751,835 |
| 1985 | 3,217,376 | 1,702,107 |
| 1984 | 3,152,744 | 1,653,693 |
| 1983 | 3,094,996 | 1,606,746 |
| 1982 | 3,054,931 | 1,561,176 |
| 1981 | 3,008,981 | 1,516,877 |
| 1980 | 2,944,763 | 1,474,043 |
| 1979 | 2,882,635 | 1,432,758 |
| 1978 | 2,822,682 | 1,392,713 |
| 1977 | 2,762,155 | 1,353,768 |
| 1976 | 2,726,469 | 1,315,336 |
| 1975 | 2,693,191 | 1,277,330 |
| 1974 | 2,635,185 | 1,240,188 |
| 1973 | 2,572,935 | 1,203,838 |
| 1972 | 2,509,729 | 1,168,355 |
| 1971 | 2,446,314 | 1,133,702 |
| 1970 | 2,386,114 | 1,099,806 |
| 1969 | 2,328,159 | 1,066,754 |
| 1968 | 2,266,368 | 1,034,739 |
| 1967 | 2,206,731 | 1,003,843 |
| 1966 | 2,148,260 | 974,157 |
| 1965 | 2,088,831 | 945,838 |
| 1964 | 2,030,543 | 918,955 |
| 1963 | 1,970,316 | 893,423 |
| 1962 | 1,909,578 | 869,184 |
| 1961 | 1,850,084 | 846,167 |
| 1960 | 1,794,406 | 824,298 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/lebanon/mauritania | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Lebanon increased by 1,571,924 people (a 33.1% growth), while Mauritania gained 1,072,997 people (a 35.6% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Lebanon lost 416,438 people (a 6.59% decline), while Mauritania's population increased by 1,418,549 people (a 34.7% growth).
Lebanon was ranked 115th most populous country in 2006 and is still 115th in 2026. Mauritania was ranked 132nd in 2006 and ranked 122nd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Lebanon's population will grow by 18.7% to 7,010,541 people and will still be ranked 115th. The population of Mauritania will increase by 71.9% to 9,461,249 people and rank change from 122nd to 102nd.
Lebanon is projected to reach its peak in 2080 at 7.48M people compared to the peak of 17.3M people in 2100 for Mauritania.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Lebanon
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | -0.31% | 0.62% |
| 2099 | -0.3% | 0.66% |
| 2098 | -0.33% | 0.68% |
| 2097 | -0.33% | 0.7% |
| 2096 | -0.29% | 0.7% |
| 2095 | -0.3% | 0.73% |
| 2094 | -0.28% | 0.76% |
| 2093 | -0.23% | 0.77% |
| 2092 | -0.23% | 0.8% |
| 2091 | -0.18% | 0.82% |
| 2090 | -0.14% | 0.84% |
| 2089 | -0.13% | 0.87% |
| 2088 | -0.15% | 0.9% |
| 2087 | -0.05% | 0.92% |
| 2086 | -0.11% | 0.93% |
| 2085 | 0.01% | 0.96% |
| 2084 | -0.08% | 0.99% |
| 2083 | -0.002% | 1% |
| 2082 | -0.02% | 1.03% |
| 2081 | -0.004% | 1.05% |
| 2080 | 0.03% | 1.07% |
| 2079 | 0.02% | 1.11% |
| 2078 | 0.09% | 1.14% |
| 2077 | 0.05% | 1.16% |
| 2076 | 0.08% | 1.19% |
| 2075 | 0.23% | 1.2% |
| 2074 | 0.19% | 1.23% |
| 2073 | 0.16% | 1.26% |
| 2072 | 0.17% | 1.3% |
| 2071 | 0.19% | 1.31% |
| 2070 | 0.16% | 1.34% |
| 2069 | 0.12% | 1.36% |
| 2068 | 0.18% | 1.41% |
| 2067 | 0.17% | 1.43% |
| 2066 | 0.21% | 1.44% |
| 2065 | 0.22% | 1.49% |
| 2064 | 0.24% | 1.49% |
| 2063 | 0.27% | 1.53% |
| 2062 | 0.25% | 1.55% |
| 2061 | 0.31% | 1.58% |
| 2060 | 0.28% | 1.62% |
| 2059 | 0.28% | 1.65% |
| 2058 | 0.32% | 1.66% |
| 2057 | 0.33% | 1.68% |
| 2056 | 0.3% | 1.72% |
| 2055 | 0.33% | 1.76% |
| 2054 | 0.31% | 1.8% |
| 2053 | 0.32% | 1.84% |
| 2052 | 0.38% | 1.87% |
| 2051 | 0.37% | 1.88% |
| 2050 | 0.38% | 1.92% |
| 2049 | 0.44% | 1.97% |
| 2048 | 0.57% | 1.99% |
| 2047 | 0.51% | 2.03% |
| 2046 | 0.57% | 2.06% |
| 2045 | 0.64% | 2.09% |
| 2044 | 0.54% | 2.13% |
| 2043 | 0.64% | 2.16% |
| 2042 | 0.72% | 2.18% |
| 2041 | 0.75% | 2.21% |
| 2040 | 0.8% | 2.24% |
| 2039 | 0.82% | 2.29% |
| 2038 | 0.86% | 2.31% |
| 2037 | 0.83% | 2.36% |
| 2036 | 0.74% | 2.4% |
| 2035 | 0.81% | 2.44% |
| 2034 | 0.76% | 2.48% |
| 2033 | 0.82% | 2.51% |
| 2032 | 0.89% | 2.54% |
| 2031 | 0.88% | 2.58% |
| 2030 | 0.88% | 2.61% |
| 2029 | 0.87% | 2.64% |
| 2028 | 0.84% | 2.67% |
| 2027 | 0.84% | 2.73% |
| 2026 | 0.8% | 2.78% |
| 2025 | 0.7% | 2.86% |
| 2024 | 0.56% | 2.93% |
| 2023 | 0.5% | 3.01% |
| 2022 | 0.46% | 2.97% |
| 2021 | 0.28% | 2.93% |
| 2020 | -1.59% | 2.96% |
| 2019 | -3.17% | 3% |
| 2018 | -2.86% | 3.02% |
| 2017 | -2.58% | 3.03% |
| 2016 | -2.31% | 3.04% |
| 2015 | 1.98% | 3.05% |
| 2014 | 10.5% | 3.06% |
| 2013 | 9.7% | 3.19% |
| 2012 | 2.74% | 3.32% |
| 2011 | 1.09% | 3.3% |
| 2010 | 0.98% | 3.24% |
| 2009 | 1.36% | 3.18% |
| 2008 | 1.68% | 2.92% |
| 2007 | 1.96% | 2.63% |
| 2006 | 1.71% | 2.54% |
| 2005 | 1.56% | 2.45% |
| 2004 | 1.63% | 2.38% |
| 2003 | 1.39% | 2.31% |
| 2002 | 1.4% | 2.24% |
| 2001 | 1.68% | 2.5% |
| 2000 | 1.74% | 2.82% |
| 1999 | 1.77% | 2.71% |
| 1998 | 1.77% | 2.63% |
| 1997 | 1.82% | 2.25% |
| 1996 | 1.87% | 2% |
| 1995 | 1.82% | 2.78% |
| 1994 | 1.81% | 3.46% |
| 1993 | 1.96% | 4.13% |
| 1992 | 2.14% | 3.9% |
| 1991 | 2.05% | 2.96% |
| 1990 | 1.98% | 2.57% |
| 1989 | 2.04% | 2.54% |
| 1988 | 2.04% | 2.93% |
| 1987 | 2.58% | 2.92% |
| 1986 | 2.58% | 2.92% |
| 1985 | 2.05% | 2.93% |
| 1984 | 1.87% | 2.92% |
| 1983 | 1.31% | 2.92% |
| 1982 | 1.53% | 2.92% |
| 1981 | 2.18% | 2.91% |
| 1980 | 2.16% | 2.88% |
| 1979 | 2.12% | 2.88% |
| 1978 | 2.19% | 2.88% |
| 1977 | 1.31% | 2.92% |
| 1976 | 1.24% | 2.98% |
| 1975 | 2.2% | 2.99% |
| 1974 | 2.42% | 3.02% |
| 1973 | 2.52% | 3.04% |
| 1972 | 2.59% | 3.06% |
| 1971 | 2.52% | 3.08% |
| 1970 | 2.49% | 3.1% |
| 1969 | 2.73% | 3.09% |
| 1968 | 2.7% | 3.08% |
| 1967 | 2.72% | 3.05% |
| 1966 | 2.85% | 2.99% |
| 1965 | 2.87% | 2.93% |
| 1964 | 3.06% | 2.86% |
| 1963 | 3.18% | 2.79% |
| 1962 | 3.22% | 2.72% |
| 1961 | 3.1% | 2.65% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/lebanon/mauritania | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Lebanon grew by 0.56%, while Mauritania's population grew by 2.93%.
Live population counters
|
Lebanon
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
5906622
|
5505206
|
| Population rank | 115/197 | 122/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.07% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
16.2 minutes
|
3.58 minutes
|
| One birth every |
5.64 minutes
|
3.04 minutes
|
| One death every |
15.3 minutes
|
19 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +89 | +403 |
| Annual growth/decline | +32,469 | +146,954 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.56% | +2.93% |
| Population growth rate rank | 129/197 | 17/197 |
| One migration net change every |
51.5 minutes
|
1.74 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -10,230 | -5,044 |
| Net migration rank | 133/196 | 115/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,422,583 | 195,937 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 47/195 | 113/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 24.5% | 3.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 24/195 | 107/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Lebanon
|
Mauritania
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -10,230 | - | -5,044 |
| 2024 | - | -17,267 | - | -2,185 |
| 2023 | 58,786 | -34,193 | 145,164 | 2,999 |
| 2022 | 60,909 | -27,507 | 142,451 | 2,999 |
| 2021 | 46,614 | -27,290 | 137,557 | -1,483 |
| 2020 | 59,903 | -47,787 | 134,899 | -1,483 |
| 2019 | 70,486 | -266,992 | 134,460 | -3,019 |
| 2018 | 77,165 | -259,700 | 131,584 | -2,987 |
| 2017 | 84,172 | -253,664 | 128,562 | -3,001 |
| 2016 | 91,551 | -247,921 | 125,342 | -3,008 |
| 2015 | 97,385 | -239,829 | 122,092 | -3,019 |
| 2014 | 92,285 | 301,111 | 118,792 | -2,980 |
| 2013 | 80,218 | 733,500 | 115,558 | -2,987 |
| 2012 | 77,248 | 124,427 | 113,489 | 4,515 |
| 2011 | 75,523 | 2,246 | 111,165 | 3,272 |
| 2010 | 72,605 | -40,915 | 108,121 | 1,128 |
| 2009 | 69,004 | -2,700 | 105,273 | -1,481 |
| 2008 | 67,132 | 430 | 102,432 | -3,860 |
| 2007 | 66,965 | 27,944 | 98,895 | -17,048 |
| 2006 | 65,932 | 25,126 | 94,991 | -18,033 |
| 2005 | 67,778 | 1,224 | 90,940 | -18,693 |
| 2004 | 69,675 | 4,974 | 87,578 | -19,042 |
| 2003 | 71,232 | 1,674 | 83,804 | -19,104 |
| 2002 | 72,648 | -21,543 | 80,993 | -18,903 |
| 2001 | 73,160 | -1,094 | 78,769 | -21,067 |
| 2000 | 72,642 | 455 | 75,929 | -2,997 |
| 1999 | 72,437 | 2,589 | 73,554 | -2,999 |
| 1998 | 71,889 | 1,062 | 72,045 | -8,504 |
| 1997 | 71,486 | 1,313 | 71,327 | -8,187 |
| 1996 | 71,286 | 3,164 | 71,939 | -28,840 |
| 1995 | 71,016 | 2,634 | 72,244 | -22,997 |
| 1994 | 73,069 | -4,850 | 70,570 | 5,304 |
| 1993 | 75,278 | -5,196 | 68,167 | 6,217 |
| 1992 | 77,447 | -970 | 63,501 | 34,505 |
| 1991 | 79,274 | 1,159 | 61,782 | -2,997 |
| 1990 | 73,629 | -6,595 | 59,934 | -3,000 |
| 1989 | 74,577 | -1,827 | 58,666 | -17,941 |
| 1988 | 70,444 | -1,916 | 56,654 | -2,997 |
| 1987 | 69,058 | 607 | 55,037 | -2,998 |
| 1986 | 67,162 | 33,549 | 53,313 | -2,998 |
| 1985 | 66,368 | -1,108 | 52,125 | -2,998 |
| 1984 | 66,785 | -2,785 | 50,705 | -2,998 |
| 1983 | 66,056 | -14,558 | 49,187 | -2,998 |
| 1982 | 41,602 | -12,981 | 47,947 | -2,998 |
| 1981 | 65,084 | -1,799 | 46,641 | -2,998 |
| 1980 | 63,053 | 2,104 | 45,026 | -2,997 |
| 1979 | 61,184 | -2,103 | 43,537 | -2,997 |
| 1978 | 60,829 | 0 | 42,539 | -2,998 |
| 1977 | 60,232 | 0 | 41,352 | -2,999 |
| 1976 | 11,138 | 0 | 40,149 | -1,645 |
| 1975 | 55,423 | 0 | 38,975 | -1,472 |
| 1974 | 64,425 | -3,831 | 38,106 | -1,321 |
| 1973 | 63,420 | 482 | 37,122 | -1,201 |
| 1972 | 62,216 | 294 | 36,184 | -1,139 |
| 1971 | 61,278 | 3,042 | 35,279 | -1,014 |
| 1970 | 60,593 | -4,508 | 34,382 | -855 |
| 1969 | 59,829 | 0 | 33,252 | -688 |
| 1968 | 59,247 | 4,506 | 32,029 | -565 |
| 1967 | 58,957 | -3,434 | 30,853 | -514 |
| 1966 | 58,546 | 2,864 | 29,502 | -466 |
| 1965 | 58,195 | -742 | 28,028 | -434 |
| 1964 | 57,808 | 1,311 | 26,565 | -390 |
| 1963 | 57,054 | 4,269 | 25,250 | -362 |
| 1962 | 55,585 | 4,569 | 23,927 | -342 |
| 1961 | 53,995 | 4,844 | 22,781 | -332 |
| 1960 | 52,515 | 0 | 21,604 | -318 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/lebanon/mauritania | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 40.1% of the population change in Lebanon is from natural causes (a gain of 739,256 people) and 59.9% is from migration (a loss of 1,103,772 people). In Mauritania 98.9% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,320,903 people) and 1.12% is from migration (a loss of 14,982 people).
As of 2024, 1,422,583 residents or 24.5% of the population were not native-born in Lebanon, compared to 195,937 people or 3.8% in Mauritania.
Biggest cities by population
|
Lebanon
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Beirut | 2.42M |
| Tripoli | 863K |
| Sidon | 164K |
| Tyre | 160K |
| Jounieh | 102K |
| Zahle | 100K |
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Nouakchott | 1.45M |
| Rosso | 61.2K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Lebanon and Mauritania
|
Lebanon
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 78.2 years | 69.2 years |
| Average age | 33.2 years | 23 years |
| Median age | 29.6 years | 18.4 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.6:51.4 | 49.1:50.9 |
| Fertility rate | 2.24 births per woman | 4.7 births per woman |
| Population density | 1,492 ppl/mi² | 13.7 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/lebanon/mauritania | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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