Panama has a GDP of $86.3B compared to $383B for Romania, ranking 77/197 and 43/197 by economy size, respectively.
Panama has $48.8B in government debt (58.1% of GDP), compared to $219B (61.6% of GDP) in Romania.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | $537,147,100 | $3,163,056,542 | - | - |
| 1961 | $599,026,300 | $3,508,670,914 | - | - |
| 1962 | $652,120,900 | $3,797,951,597 | - | - |
| 1963 | $722,784,500 | $4,122,250,662 | - | - |
| 1964 | $776,137,500 | $4,304,954,186 | - | - |
| 1965 | $852,485,300 | $4,699,289,550 | - | - |
| 1966 | $928,833,000 | $5,055,561,577 | - | - |
| 1967 | $1,034,376,400 | $5,487,960,279 | - | - |
| 1968 | $1,112,791,100 | $5,870,876,596 | - | - |
| 1969 | $1,221,305,700 | $6,366,460,137 | - | - |
| 1970 | $1,351,006,400 | $6,809,516,493 | - | - |
| 1971 | $1,523,917,200 | $7,464,328,967 | - | - |
| 1972 | $1,673,411,700 | $7,806,405,169 | - | - |
| 1973 | $1,913,793,400 | $8,225,164,958 | - | - |
| 1974 | $2,188,307,600 | $8,426,543,281 | - | - |
| 1975 | $2,435,304,100 | $8,573,242,611 | - | - |
| 1976 | $2,588,106,000 | $8,715,940,922 | - | - |
| 1977 | $2,738,261,900 | $8,811,295,572 | - | - |
| 1978 | $3,244,558,600 | $9,674,154,373 | - | - |
| 1979 | $3,704,551,600 | $10,110,918,361 | - | - |
| 1980 | $4,614,086,400 | $11,433,879,627 | - | - |
| 1981 | $5,222,421,500 | $12,486,575,137 | - | - |
| 1982 | $5,769,767,900 | $13,154,414,169 | - | - |
| 1983 | $5,923,755,900 | $12,563,601,501 | - | - |
| 1984 | $6,183,387,100 | $12,904,008,989 | - | - |
| 1985 | $6,541,517,100 | $13,541,755,263 | - | - |
| 1986 | $6,797,834,200 | $14,024,896,413 | - | - |
| 1987 | $6,827,665,300 | $13,771,178,256 | $38,067,567,568 | - |
| 1988 | $5,902,783,400 | $11,928,616,118 | $40,424,528,302 | - |
| 1989 | $5,918,469,800 | $12,114,970,567 | $41,450,777,202 | - |
| 1990 | $6,433,967,000 | $13,096,161,186 | $38,247,882,300 | $116,460,149,705 |
| 1991 | $7,074,675,500 | $14,329,689,364 | $28,850,634,900 | $101,415,582,149 |
| 1992 | $8,042,337,700 | $15,504,964,654 | $25,121,666,667 | $92,524,246,376 |
| 1993 | $8,782,585,400 | $16,350,875,888 | $26,361,160,450 | $93,938,788,973 |
| 1994 | $9,365,289,800 | $16,816,899,903 | $30,072,805,104 | $97,632,408,356 |
| 1995 | $9,573,813,700 | $17,111,477,972 | $37,430,162,103 | $103,718,335,743 |
| 1996 | $9,197,503,300 | $16,124,998,545 | $36,937,074,278 | $107,771,339,314 |
| 1997 | $10,058,854,400 | $17,368,081,133 | $35,575,214,078 | $102,545,439,457 |
| 1998 | $11,019,557,700 | $18,824,824,096 | $41,696,091,974 | $100,463,958,893 |
| 1999 | $11,660,704,800 | $19,805,907,259 | $35,953,156,754 | $100,085,550,636 |
| 2000 | $11,966,497,000 | $20,639,538,981 | $37,253,739,511 | $102,548,872,692 |
| 2001 | $12,252,906,300 | $20,835,595,644 | $40,395,116,581 | $107,900,062,083 |
| 2002 | $12,800,851,300 | $21,358,328,178 | $46,065,502,703 | $114,053,593,614 |
| 2003 | $13,603,456,000 | $22,446,932,329 | $57,806,384,143 | $116,723,756,275 |
| 2004 | $15,100,203,400 | $24,282,115,702 | $74,973,656,852 | $128,895,841,499 |
| 2005 | $16,623,906,700 | $26,291,748,117 | $98,454,380,120 | $134,912,890,211 |
| 2006 | $18,659,721,500 | $28,883,388,489 | $122,023,735,993 | $145,744,791,283 |
| 2007 | $21,717,433,800 | $32,682,439,460 | $174,588,782,939 | $156,287,689,281 |
| 2008 | $25,721,328,000 | $36,015,209,193 | $214,315,932,061 | $170,834,114,653 |
| 2009 | $27,791,215,500 | $36,595,725,406 | $174,110,532,659 | $161,409,698,529 |
| 2010 | $30,231,009,500 | $38,818,327,826 | $170,064,350,672 | $155,105,339,844 |
| 2011 | $35,687,738,300 | $43,441,154,828 | $192,623,977,894 | $162,078,238,595 |
| 2012 | $41,595,439,700 | $47,623,362,287 | $179,117,323,107 | $165,163,587,446 |
| 2013 | $46,949,496,500 | $50,635,232,251 | $189,798,603,751 | $165,624,017,080 |
| 2014 | $51,427,104,900 | $52,977,523,790 | $199,722,319,676 | $172,441,103,432 |
| 2015 | $55,767,806,100 | $55,767,806,100 | $177,885,131,240 | $177,885,131,240 |
| 2016 | $59,760,858,700 | $58,317,491,836 | $185,290,759,249 | $182,972,525,962 |
| 2017 | $64,327,688,800 | $61,667,283,244 | $210,147,385,855 | $197,967,999,561 |
| 2018 | $67,316,471,200 | $64,083,529,549 | $243,468,683,030 | $210,085,482,251 |
| 2019 | $69,778,991,200 | $66,072,084,975 | $251,677,082,534 | $218,327,690,029 |
| 2020 | $57,059,846,500 | $54,297,226,766 | $252,033,792,712 | $210,305,491,426 |
| 2021 | $67,396,392,500 | $63,238,418,925 | $286,578,196,368 | $221,968,423,308 |
| 2022 | $76,276,116,700 | $70,048,985,345 | $296,354,358,293 | $230,770,154,207 |
| 2023 | $83,318,176,900 | $75,232,121,008 | $350,775,856,415 | $236,318,495,899 |
| 2024 | $86,260,400,000 | $77,385,013,513 | $382,767,571,329 | $238,241,389,260 |
Economic indicators
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$86.3B
2024 |
$383B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
77/197
2024 |
43/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.53%
2023-2024 |
9.12%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$19,103
2024 |
$20,072
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
61/197
2024 |
58/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$41,405
2024 |
$48,712
2024 |
| Government debt |
$48.8B
2024 |
$219B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
58.1%
2025 |
61.6%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$10,816
2024 |
$11,490
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
55/185
2024 |
49/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$10,503
2025 |
$13,200
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$18.3B
2024 |
$47.4B
2024 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
6
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
37.6%
2024 |
21.8%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
1.2%
2024 |
2.4%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
21.8%
2025 |
39.2%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
0.69%
2023-2024 |
7.3%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
6.5%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
8.61%
2024 |
5.43%
2024 |
| Population |
4614993
|
18962595
|
GDP per capita in Panama vs Romania
Panama's GDP per capita is $19,103, ranking 61/197, compared to $20,072 in Romania, ranking 58/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Panama ranks 55th at $41,405, while Romania ranks 46th at $48,712.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | $477 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $516 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $546 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $587 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $611 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $651 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $689 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $745 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $778 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $830 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $893 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $979 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $1,046 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $1,164 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $1,296 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $1,406 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $1,457 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $1,503 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $1,738 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $1,938 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $2,357 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $2,605 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $2,811 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $2,819 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $2,875 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $2,972 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $3,019 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $2,966 | - | $1,659 | - |
| 1988 | $2,509 | - | $1,753 | - |
| 1989 | $2,462 | - | $1,790 | - |
| 1990 | $2,620 | $5,137 | $1,648 | $5,277 |
| 1991 | $2,821 | $5,688 | $1,254 | $4,792 |
| 1992 | $3,140 | $6,165 | $1,102 | $4,512 |
| 1993 | $3,358 | $6,518 | $1,158 | $4,696 |
| 1994 | $3,508 | $6,708 | $1,323 | $4,992 |
| 1995 | $3,514 | $6,828 | $1,650 | $5,425 |
| 1996 | $3,308 | $6,421 | $1,633 | $5,744 |
| 1997 | $3,546 | $6,895 | $1,577 | $5,563 |
| 1998 | $3,808 | $7,408 | $1,853 | $5,544 |
| 1999 | $3,950 | $7,749 | $1,600 | $5,596 |
| 2000 | $3,975 | $8,097 | $1,660 | $5,849 |
| 2001 | $3,992 | $8,197 | $1,825 | $6,521 |
| 2002 | $4,091 | $8,370 | $2,120 | $7,162 |
| 2003 | $4,265 | $8,801 | $2,679 | $7,560 |
| 2004 | $4,645 | $9,592 | $3,495 | $8,991 |
| 2005 | $5,018 | $10,511 | $4,618 | $9,602 |
| 2006 | $5,529 | $11,685 | $5,758 | $11,557 |
| 2007 | $6,318 | $13,333 | $8,360 | $13,703 |
| 2008 | $7,348 | $14,705 | $10,435 | $16,782 |
| 2009 | $7,797 | $14,766 | $8,548 | $16,632 |
| 2010 | $8,331 | $15,573 | $8,400 | $17,357 |
| 2011 | $9,662 | $17,474 | $9,561 | $18,804 |
| 2012 | $11,065 | $19,473 | $8,930 | $19,807 |
| 2013 | $12,273 | $21,924 | $9,498 | $19,678 |
| 2014 | $13,213 | $24,376 | $10,032 | $20,633 |
| 2015 | $14,083 | $27,245 | $8,977 | $21,630 |
| 2016 | $14,832 | $30,277 | $9,405 | $23,905 |
| 2017 | $15,695 | $33,533 | $10,728 | $26,943 |
| 2018 | $16,151 | $32,464 | $12,502 | $29,586 |
| 2019 | $16,478 | $33,240 | $12,992 | $33,638 |
| 2020 | $13,291 | $27,017 | $13,082 | $34,386 |
| 2021 | $15,510 | $30,933 | $14,987 | $37,733 |
| 2022 | $17,332 | $36,245 | $15,558 | $42,218 |
| 2023 | $18,686 | $39,803 | $18,404 | $45,777 |
| 2024 | $19,103 | $41,405 | $20,072 | $48,712 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Panama's government spending was $19.7B, accounting for 21.8% of its GDP, while Romania's spent $152B, or 39.2% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.1% in Panama and 61.6% in Romania, ranking 91/185 and 74/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1960 | 16.6% | 21% | - | - |
| 1961 | 18.9% | 20.5% | - | - |
| 1962 | 16.4% | 19.8% | 43.4% | - |
| 1963 | 19.1% | 22.6% | 23.1% | - |
| 1964 | 14.1% | 20% | 25.1% | - |
| 1965 | 13.2% | 18.7% | 25.6% | - |
| 1966 | 14% | 17.9% | 27.3% | - |
| 1967 | 14.9% | 17.8% | 30.6% | - |
| 1968 | 14.2% | 18% | 31.8% | - |
| 1969 | 20.5% | 23.2% | 32.1% | - |
| 1970 | 22.4% | 25.7% | 28.1% | - |
| 1971 | 15% | 26.2% | 27.2% | - |
| 1972 | 15.6% | 29.5% | 29.9% | - |
| 1973 | 14.4% | 32.6% | 32.6% | - |
| 1974 | 15.3% | 37.6% | 37.6% | - |
| 1975 | 15.3% | 52.6% | 40.6% | - |
| 1976 | 15.9% | 69.7% | 37.5% | - |
| 1977 | 16.9% | 77.7% | 39.9% | - |
| 1978 | 27.6% | 83.1% | 42.1% | - |
| 1979 | 35% | 78.9% | 42% | - |
| 1980 | 30.5% | 69.4% | 33.6% | - |
| 1981 | 30.7% | 68.7% | 30.4% | - |
| 1982 | 48% | 80.9% | 28.5% | - |
| 1983 | 44.6% | 86.6% | 25.8% | - |
| 1984 | 44% | 82.5% | 28.6% | - |
| 1985 | 39.7% | 82.5% | 41.6% | - |
| 1986 | 38.6% | 84% | 42.5% | - |
| 1987 | 40.1% | 92.2% | 40.7% | - |
| 1988 | 41.8% | 105% | 36.6% | - |
| 1989 | 43% | 104.4% | 40.1% | - |
| 1990 | 41.5% | 112.7% | 38.4% | - |
| 1991 | 20.9% | 103.7% | 38.3% | - |
| 1992 | 27.8% | 91.2% | 41.5% | - |
| 1993 | 33.8% | 83.6% | 33.5% | - |
| 1994 | 25.2% | 78.4% | 33.1% | - |
| 1995 | 25.9% | 76.7% | 34.4% | 6.91% |
| 1996 | 21.5% | 65% | 33.5% | 11% |
| 1997 | 22.2% | 60.2% | 33.5% | 15% |
| 1998 | 23.4% | 58.1% | 34.7% | 16.5% |
| 1999 | 23% | 55.1% | 35.1% | 21.7% |
| 2000 | 22.8% | 53.6% | 35% | 29.6% |
| 2001 | 23.4% | 57.8% | 33.2% | 27.4% |
| 2002 | 23.5% | 57% | 32.1% | 27.4% |
| 2003 | 24.2% | 56.5% | 31.8% | 24.9% |
| 2004 | 23.3% | 58.8% | 33.7% | 21.3% |
| 2005 | 22.4% | 59.3% | 32.3% | 17.8% |
| 2006 | 21.9% | 54.7% | 33.9% | 12.7% |
| 2007 | 21.8% | 47.4% | 34.6% | 12.4% |
| 2008 | 22.7% | 40% | 35.3% | 13% |
| 2009 | 22.7% | 39.1% | 36.3% | 22.5% |
| 2010 | 24.2% | 38.1% | 37.4% | 30.2% |
| 2011 | 23.5% | 35.6% | 35% | 32.6% |
| 2012 | 22.8% | 34% | 33.5% | 36.2% |
| 2013 | 23.4% | 33.7% | 34.2% | 39.3% |
| 2014 | 23% | 34.7% | 33.8% | 40.5% |
| 2015 | 21.4% | 34.3% | 34.2% | 39.4% |
| 2016 | 21.3% | 33.6% | 31.8% | 39.5% |
| 2017 | 21.2% | 33.6% | 31% | 37.1% |
| 2018 | 21.8% | 35.6% | 31.7% | 36.2% |
| 2019 | 20.7% | 39.9% | 33.2% | 36.5% |
| 2020 | 27.5% | 61.5% | 38.1% | 49.3% |
| 2021 | 23.8% | 54.4% | 37% | 51.5% |
| 2022 | 21.3% | 52.7% | 37.4% | 51.7% |
| 2023 | 21.5% | 51.5% | 36.6% | 52.1% |
| 2024 | 22.8% | 56.6% | 39.8% | 57.2% |
| 2025 | 21.8% | 58.1% | 39.2% | 61.6% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Panama's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$6.31B, equivalent to -7.32% of GDP. This compares to Romania's deficit of -$33.1B, or -8.65% of GDP.
Over the past 38 years, Panama recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Romania ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Panama posted an annual deficit equal to -2.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.06% of GDP for Romania.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|
| 1946 | -3.19% | - |
| 1947 | -1.94% | - |
| 1948 | -1.21% | - |
| 1949 | -1% | - |
| 1950 | -3.89% | - |
| 1951 | -2.54% | - |
| 1952 | -3.84% | - |
| 1953 | -0.55% | - |
| 1954 | -0.2% | - |
| 1955 | -1.33% | - |
| 1956 | -3.69% | - |
| 1957 | -0.89% | - |
| 1958 | -1.62% | - |
| 1959 | -3.79% | - |
| 1960 | -3.05% | - |
| 1961 | -5.45% | - |
| 1962 | -3.01% | -4.86% |
| 1963 | -6.71% | -1.61% |
| 1964 | -2.51% | -3.11% |
| 1965 | -1.17% | -1.29% |
| 1966 | -1.18% | 0.91% |
| 1967 | -1.97% | 1.23% |
| 1968 | -1.5% | 1.65% |
| 1969 | -7.56% | 0.93% |
| 1970 | -8.02% | 0.52% |
| 1971 | -0.51% | 0.89% |
| 1972 | -1.17% | 1.21% |
| 1973 | -0.01% | 1.53% |
| 1974 | -0.6% | 0.51% |
| 1975 | -0.74% | 0.41% |
| 1976 | -2.65% | 0.66% |
| 1977 | -1.61% | 0.23% |
| 1978 | -5.21% | 0% |
| 1979 | -12.1% | 0% |
| 1980 | -5.17% | -1.95% |
| 1981 | -6.77% | 0.61% |
| 1982 | -13.3% | 0.36% |
| 1983 | -7.62% | 9.35% |
| 1984 | -7.56% | 15.2% |
| 1985 | -2.57% | 6.36% |
| 1986 | -1% | 5.72% |
| 1987 | -1.7% | 2.37% |
| 1988 | -13.5% | 8.4% |
| 1989 | -13.6% | -2.87% |
| 1990 | -3.65% | 1.03% |
| 1991 | -0.6% | 3.23% |
| 1992 | -2.62% | -4.55% |
| 1993 | -9.4% | -0.35% |
| 1994 | 2.12% | -2.2% |
| 1995 | 2.31% | -3.32% |
| 1996 | 2.48% | -4.74% |
| 1997 | 1.25% | -5.19% |
| 1998 | -1.11% | -5.33% |
| 1999 | -0.65% | -3.58% |
| 2000 | 2.05% | -3.99% |
| 2001 | -0.42% | -3.2% |
| 2002 | -0.96% | -2.59% |
| 2003 | -2.27% | -2.29% |
| 2004 | -4.33% | -3.39% |
| 2005 | -2.21% | -0.69% |
| 2006 | 0.51% | -1.36% |
| 2007 | 3.12% | -3.05% |
| 2008 | 0.38% | -4.6% |
| 2009 | -0.9% | -6.86% |
| 2010 | -1.68% | -6.22% |
| 2011 | -1.96% | -4.14% |
| 2012 | -1.31% | -2.39% |
| 2013 | -2.38% | -2.44% |
| 2014 | -3.21% | -1.76% |
| 2015 | -2.3% | -1.35% |
| 2016 | -1.89% | -2.5% |
| 2017 | -1.92% | -2.86% |
| 2018 | -2.88% | -2.74% |
| 2019 | -2.89% | -4.55% |
| 2020 | -10.2% | -9.54% |
| 2021 | -6.48% | -6.7% |
| 2022 | -3.98% | -5.83% |
| 2023 | -3.92% | -5.61% |
| 2024 | -7.32% | -8.65% |
| 2025 | -3.95% | -7.83% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Panama has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.99%, compared with 18.2% in Romania. In 2024, inflation was 0.69% in Panama and 7.3% in Romania.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
| 1996 | 1.26% | 38.8% | |
| 1997 | 1.32% | 154.8% | |
| 1998 | 0.56% | 59.1% | |
| 1999 | 1.25% | 45.8% | |
| 2000 | 1.5% | 45.7% | |
| 2001 | 0.31% | 34.5% | |
| 2002 | 1.01% | 22.5% | |
| 2003 | 0.39% | 15.4% | |
| 2004 | 0.47% | 11.9% | |
| 2005 | 2.86% | 9% | |
| 2006 | 2.46% | 6.6% | |
| 2007 | 4.17% | 4.8% | |
| 2008 | 8.76% | 7.8% | |
| 2009 | 2.41% | 5.6% | |
| 2010 | 3.49% | 6.1% | |
| 2011 | 5.88% | 5.8% | |
| 2012 | 5.7% | 3.3% | |
| 2013 | 4.03% | 4% | |
| 2014 | 2.63% | 1.1% | |
| 2015 | 0.14% | -0.6% | |
| 2016 | 0.74% | -1.6% | |
| 2017 | 0.88% | 1.3% | |
| 2018 | 0.76% | 4.6% | |
| 2019 | -0.36% | 3.8% | |
| 2020 | -1.55% | 2.6% | |
| 2021 | 1.63% | 5% | |
| 2022 | 2.86% | 13.8% | |
| 2023 | 1.49% | 10.4% | |
| 2024 | 0.69% | 5.6% | |
| 2025 | - | 7.3% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Panama
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $57K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $30K |
| Metals | $21K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $12K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $1K |
| Machinery & equipment | $1K |
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $2.67M |
| Wood & paper products | $383K |
| Machinery & equipment | $322K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $158K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $84K |
| Metals | $51K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $32K |
| Miscellaneous | $22K |
Balance of trade
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$1.67B
2024 |
-$32B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
49/189
2024 |
184/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+1.94%
2024 |
-8.36%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$25.1B
2024 |
$129B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$19.1B
2024 |
$93.3B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$5.75B
2024 |
$30.6B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$18.3B
2024 |
$42.9B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
43.1%
2023 |
41.7%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
46.5%
2023 |
35.6%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 65.5 | 66.5 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 62/197 | 57/197 |
| Property rights | 56 | 81.7 |
| Government integrity | 37 | 49.1 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 49.4 | 67 |
| Tax burden | 86.9 | 93.7 |
| Government spending | 85.2 | 59.1 |
| Fiscal health | 62.4 | 36.1 |
| Business freedom | 73.4 | 75.1 |
| Labor freedom | 60.7 | 67.8 |
| Monetary freedom | 76.4 | 69.2 |
| Trade freedom | 78.6 | 79.6 |
| Investment freedom | 60 | 70 |
| Financial freedom | 60 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Panama is 65.5, ranking 62/197, compared to 66.5 for Romania, ranking 57/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|
| 1995 | 71.6 | 42.9 |
| 1996 | 71.8 | 46.2 |
| 1997 | 72.4 | 50.8 |
| 1998 | 72.6 | 54.4 |
| 1999 | 72.6 | 50.1 |
| 2000 | 71.6 | 52.1 |
| 2001 | 70.6 | 50 |
| 2002 | 68.5 | 48.7 |
| 2003 | 68.4 | 50.6 |
| 2004 | 65.3 | 50 |
| 2005 | 64.3 | 52.1 |
| 2006 | 65.6 | 58.2 |
| 2007 | 64.6 | 61.2 |
| 2008 | 64.7 | 61.7 |
| 2009 | 64.7 | 63.2 |
| 2010 | 64.8 | 64.2 |
| 2011 | 64.9 | 64.7 |
| 2012 | 65.2 | 64.4 |
| 2013 | 62.5 | 65.1 |
| 2014 | 63.4 | 65.5 |
| 2015 | 64.1 | 66.6 |
| 2016 | 64.8 | 65.6 |
| 2017 | 66.3 | 69.7 |
| 2018 | 67 | 69.4 |
| 2019 | 67.2 | 68.6 |
| 2020 | 67.2 | 69.7 |
| 2021 | 66.2 | 69.5 |
| 2022 | 65.4 | 67.1 |
| 2023 | 63.8 | 64.5 |
| 2024 | 64.1 | 64.4 |
| 2025 | 65.5 | 66.5 |
More economic indicators
|
Panama
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
68.8%
2024 |
62.5%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
26.3%
2024 |
25%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.58%
2024 |
3.28%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$81.1B
2024 |
$336B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$39,290
2024 |
$47,420
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$6.86B
2024 |
$73.4B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
88/177
2024 |
35/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$2.38B
2024 |
-$6.21B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$3.24B
2024 |
$7.35B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$865M
2024 |
$1.15B
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
21.7%
2023 |
19%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
37.7%
2023 |
24.3%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.