Kazakhstan has a GDP of $291B compared to $383B for Romania, ranking 48/197 and 42/197 by economy size, respectively.
Kazakhstan has $71.1B in government debt (24.4% of GDP), compared to $220B (57.4% of GDP) in Romania.
Kazakhstan vs Romania GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
| 2024 | $291,480,274,649 | $382,564,217,989 |
| 2023 | $261,840,101,060 | $347,757,995,759 |
| 2022 | $225,496,328,925 | $295,319,437,557 |
| 2021 | $197,112,255,361 | $285,071,280,114 |
| 2020 | $171,082,365,861 | $250,625,048,304 |
| 2019 | $181,667,184,855 | $250,080,428,512 |
| 2018 | $179,339,977,690 | $241,791,427,224 |
| 2017 | $166,805,788,827 | $210,147,385,855 |
| 2016 | $137,278,320,084 | $185,290,759,249 |
| 2015 | $184,388,404,706 | $177,885,131,240 |
| 2014 | $221,415,613,595 | $199,722,319,676 |
| 2013 | $236,634,603,409 | $189,798,603,751 |
| 2012 | $207,998,568,866 | $179,117,323,107 |
| 2011 | $192,626,464,617 | $192,623,977,894 |
| 2010 | $148,047,348,241 | $170,064,350,672 |
| 2009 | $115,308,686,941 | $174,110,532,659 |
| 2008 | $133,441,648,852 | $214,315,932,061 |
| 2007 | $104,849,915,058 | $174,588,782,939 |
| 2006 | $81,003,864,630 | $122,023,735,993 |
| 2005 | $57,123,671,734 | $98,454,380,120 |
| 2004 | $43,151,647,003 | $74,973,656,852 |
| 2003 | $30,833,692,900 | $57,806,384,143 |
| 2002 | $24,636,598,527 | $46,065,502,703 |
| 2001 | $22,152,689,180 | $40,395,116,581 |
| 2000 | $18,291,990,662 | $37,253,739,511 |
| 1999 | $16,870,817,182 | $35,953,156,754 |
| 1998 | $22,135,245,507 | $41,696,091,974 |
| 1997 | $22,165,932,063 | $35,575,214,078 |
| 1996 | $21,035,357,937 | $36,937,074,278 |
| 1995 | $20,374,302,652 | $37,430,162,103 |
| 1994 | $21,250,792,886 | $30,072,805,104 |
| 1993 | $23,409,260,880 | $26,361,160,450 |
| 1992 | $24,917,355,372 | $25,121,666,667 |
| 1991 | $24,923,076,923 | $28,850,634,900 |
| 1990 | $26,932,016,270 | $38,247,882,300 |
| 1989 | - | $41,450,777,202 |
| 1988 | - | $40,424,528,302 |
| 1987 | - | $38,067,567,568 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1987–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/kazakhstan/romania | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Kazakhstan vs Romania by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $14,155 | $40,891 | $20,080 | $49,077 |
| 2023 | $12,879 | $38,515 | $18,244 | $45,982 |
| 2022 | $11,255 | $35,895 | $15,504 | $41,979 |
| 2021 | $9,984 | $32,946 | $14,908 | $37,534 |
| 2020 | $8,782 | $29,040 | $13,009 | $34,194 |
| 2019 | $9,457 | $28,689 | $12,910 | $33,425 |
| 2018 | $9,472 | $25,096 | $12,416 | $29,383 |
| 2017 | $8,943 | $23,973 | $10,728 | $26,943 |
| 2016 | $7,476 | $23,023 | $9,405 | $23,905 |
| 2015 | $10,196 | $22,484 | $8,977 | $21,625 |
| 2014 | $12,428 | $23,958 | $10,032 | $20,633 |
| 2013 | $13,478 | $23,754 | $9,498 | $19,678 |
| 2012 | $12,019 | $21,367 | $8,930 | $19,808 |
| 2011 | $11,287 | $20,160 | $9,561 | $18,804 |
| 2010 | $8,793 | $18,642 | $8,400 | $17,355 |
| 2009 | $6,938 | $17,389 | $8,548 | $16,641 |
| 2008 | $8,124 | $17,278 | $10,435 | $16,782 |
| 2007 | $6,449 | $16,581 | $8,360 | $13,703 |
| 2006 | $5,030 | $14,966 | $5,758 | $11,554 |
| 2005 | $3,577 | $13,226 | $4,618 | $9,602 |
| 2004 | $2,722 | $11,777 | $3,495 | $8,989 |
| 2003 | $1,958 | $10,532 | $2,679 | $7,559 |
| 2002 | $1,574 | $9,504 | $2,120 | $7,162 |
| 2001 | $1,422 | $8,568 | $1,825 | $6,520 |
| 2000 | $1,180 | $7,418 | $1,660 | $5,850 |
| 1999 | $1,092 | $6,626 | $1,600 | $5,596 |
| 1998 | $1,415 | $6,284 | $1,853 | $5,545 |
| 1997 | $1,382 | $6,178 | $1,577 | $5,564 |
| 1996 | $1,281 | $5,836 | $1,633 | $5,746 |
| 1995 | $1,218 | $5,595 | $1,650 | $5,429 |
| 1994 | $1,247 | $5,860 | $1,323 | $4,995 |
| 1993 | $1,355 | $6,477 | $1,158 | $4,699 |
| 1992 | $1,438 | $6,945 | $1,102 | $4,515 |
| 1991 | $1,442 | $7,193 | $1,254 | $4,795 |
| 1990 | $1,570 | $7,874 | $1,648 | $5,280 |
| 1989 | - | - | $1,790 | - |
| 1988 | - | - | $1,753 | - |
| 1987 | - | - | $1,659 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1987–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/kazakhstan/romania | CC BY
Kazakhstan's GDP per capita is $14,155, ranking 71/197, compared to $20,080 in Romania, ranking 58/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kazakhstan ranks 58th at $40,891, while Romania ranks 47th at $49,077.
Economic indicators
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$291B
2024 |
$383B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
48/197
2024 |
42/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
5%
2023-2024 |
0.92%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$14,155
2024 |
$20,080
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
71/197
2024 |
58/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$40,891
2024 |
$49,077
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
58/197
2024 |
47/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$71.1B
2024 |
$220B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
24.4%
2024 |
57.4%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$3,450
2024 |
$11,533
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
95/185
2024 |
48/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$7,486
2026 |
$13,912
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$62.8B
2024 |
$47.4B
2024 |
| Number of millionaires |
44,307
2025 |
n/a |
| Number of billionaires |
6
2025 |
6
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
24.8%
2021 |
21.8%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
4.3%
2021 |
2.4%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
20.7%
2024 |
39.9%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
8.7%
2023-2024 |
5.6%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
18%
2025 |
6.5%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
4.86%
2022 |
5.43%
2024 |
| Population |
21161809
|
18839108
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 20.7% | 24.4% | 39.9% | 57.4% |
| 2023 | 23.4% | 23% | 36.6% | 52.1% |
| 2022 | 21.7% | 23.5% | 37.4% | 51.7% |
| 2021 | 22.1% | 25.1% | 37% | 51.5% |
| 2020 | 24.5% | 26.4% | 38.1% | 49.3% |
| 2019 | 20.2% | 19.9% | 33.2% | 36.5% |
| 2018 | 18.8% | 20.3% | 31.7% | 36.2% |
| 2017 | 24.1% | 19.9% | 31% | 37.1% |
| 2016 | 21.5% | 19.7% | 31.8% | 39.5% |
| 2015 | 22.9% | 21.9% | 34.2% | 39.4% |
| 2014 | 21.3% | 14.5% | 33.8% | 40.5% |
| 2013 | 19.8% | 12.6% | 34.2% | 39.3% |
| 2012 | 21.9% | 12.1% | 33.5% | 36.2% |
| 2011 | 21.2% | 10.2% | 35% | 32.6% |
| 2010 | 22.5% | 10.7% | 37.4% | 30.2% |
| 2009 | 23.5% | 10.2% | 36.3% | 22.5% |
| 2008 | 27.1% | 6.77% | 35.3% | 13% |
| 2007 | 23.7% | 4.09% | 34.6% | 12.4% |
| 2006 | 19.8% | 6.68% | 33.9% | 12.7% |
| 2005 | 22% | 8.1% | 32.3% | 17.8% |
| 2004 | 21.3% | 11.4% | 33.7% | 21.3% |
| 2003 | 21.4% | 15% | 31.8% | 24.9% |
| 2002 | 20.5% | 17.6% | 32.1% | 27.4% |
| 2001 | - | - | 33.2% | 27.4% |
| 2000 | - | - | 35% | 29.6% |
| 1999 | - | - | 35.1% | 21.7% |
| 1998 | - | - | 34.7% | 16.5% |
| 1997 | - | - | 33.5% | 15% |
| 1996 | - | - | 33.5% | 11% |
| 1995 | - | - | 34.4% | 6.91% |
| 1994 | - | - | 33.1% | - |
| 1993 | - | - | 33.5% | - |
| 1992 | - | - | 41.5% | - |
| 1991 | - | - | 38.3% | - |
| 1990 | - | - | 38.4% | - |
| 1989 | - | - | 40.1% | - |
| 1988 | - | - | 36.6% | - |
| 1987 | - | - | 40.7% | - |
| 1986 | - | - | 42.5% | - |
| 1985 | - | - | 41.6% | - |
| 1984 | - | - | 28.6% | - |
| 1983 | - | - | 25.8% | - |
| 1982 | - | - | 28.5% | - |
| 1981 | - | - | 30.4% | - |
| 1980 | - | - | 33.6% | - |
| 1979 | - | - | 42% | - |
| 1978 | - | - | 42.1% | - |
| 1977 | - | - | 39.9% | - |
| 1976 | - | - | 37.5% | - |
| 1975 | - | - | 40.6% | - |
| 1974 | - | - | 37.6% | - |
| 1973 | - | - | 32.6% | - |
| 1972 | - | - | 29.9% | - |
| 1971 | - | - | 27.2% | - |
| 1970 | - | - | 28.1% | - |
| 1969 | - | - | 32.1% | - |
| 1968 | - | - | 31.8% | - |
| 1967 | - | - | 30.6% | - |
| 1966 | - | - | 27.3% | - |
| 1965 | - | - | 25.6% | - |
| 1964 | - | - | 25.1% | - |
| 1963 | - | - | 23.1% | - |
| 1962 | - | - | 43.4% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/kazakhstan/romania | CC BY
In 2024, Kazakhstan's government spending was $60.3B, accounting for 20.7% of its GDP, while Romania spent $153B, or 39.9% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 24.4% in Kazakhstan and 57.4% in Romania, ranking 167/185 and 87/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
| 2024 | -1.6% | -8.68% |
| 2023 | -1.52% | -5.61% |
| 2022 | 0.11% | -5.83% |
| 2021 | -4.97% | -6.7% |
| 2020 | -7.04% | -9.54% |
| 2019 | -0.57% | -4.55% |
| 2018 | 2.58% | -2.74% |
| 2017 | -4.27% | -2.86% |
| 2016 | -4.5% | -2.5% |
| 2015 | -6.26% | -1.35% |
| 2014 | 2.48% | -1.76% |
| 2013 | 4.95% | -2.44% |
| 2012 | 4.43% | -2.39% |
| 2011 | 5.81% | -4.14% |
| 2010 | 1.47% | -6.22% |
| 2009 | -1.33% | -6.86% |
| 2008 | 1.23% | -4.6% |
| 2007 | 5.13% | -3.05% |
| 2006 | 7.65% | -1.36% |
| 2005 | 6.08% | -0.69% |
| 2004 | 3.29% | -3.39% |
| 2003 | 4% | -2.29% |
| 2002 | 1.92% | -2.59% |
| 2001 | - | -3.2% |
| 2000 | - | -3.99% |
| 1999 | - | -3.58% |
| 1998 | - | -5.33% |
| 1997 | - | -5.19% |
| 1996 | - | -4.74% |
| 1995 | - | -3.32% |
| 1994 | - | -2.2% |
| 1993 | - | -0.35% |
| 1992 | - | -4.55% |
| 1991 | - | 3.23% |
| 1990 | - | 1.03% |
| 1989 | - | -2.87% |
| 1988 | - | 8.4% |
| 1987 | - | 2.37% |
| 1986 | - | 5.72% |
| 1985 | - | 6.36% |
| 1984 | - | 15.2% |
| 1983 | - | 9.35% |
| 1982 | - | 0.36% |
| 1981 | - | 0.61% |
| 1980 | - | -1.95% |
| 1979 | - | 0% |
| 1978 | - | 0% |
| 1977 | - | 0.23% |
| 1976 | - | 0.66% |
| 1975 | - | 0.41% |
| 1974 | - | 0.51% |
| 1973 | - | 1.53% |
| 1972 | - | 1.21% |
| 1971 | - | 0.89% |
| 1970 | - | 0.52% |
| 1969 | - | 0.93% |
| 1968 | - | 1.65% |
| 1967 | - | 1.23% |
| 1966 | - | 0.91% |
| 1965 | - | -1.29% |
| 1964 | - | -3.11% |
| 1963 | - | -1.61% |
| 1962 | - | -4.86% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/kazakhstan/romania | CC BY
In 2024, Kazakhstan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.66B, equivalent to 1.6% of GDP. This compares to Romania's deficit of $33.2B, or 8.68% of GDP.
Over the past 23 years, Kazakhstan recorded a fiscal deficit in 9 of those years, while Romania ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Kazakhstan posted an annual surplus equal to 0.83% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.01% of GDP for Romania.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
| 2024 | 8.7% | 5.6% |
| 2023 | 14.5% | 10.4% |
| 2022 | 15% | 13.8% |
| 2021 | 8% | 5% |
| 2020 | 6.8% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 5.3% | 3.8% |
| 2018 | 6% | 4.6% |
| 2017 | 7.5% | 1.3% |
| 2016 | 14.6% | -1.6% |
| 2015 | 6.8% | -0.6% |
| 2014 | 6.6% | 1.1% |
| 2013 | 5.8% | 4% |
| 2012 | 5.1% | 3.3% |
| 2011 | 8.4% | 5.8% |
| 2010 | 7.1% | 6.1% |
| 2009 | 7.3% | 5.6% |
| 2008 | 17.2% | 7.8% |
| 2007 | 10.8% | 4.8% |
| 2006 | 8.6% | 6.6% |
| 2005 | 7.4% | 9% |
| 2004 | 7% | 11.9% |
| 2003 | 6.4% | 15.4% |
| 2002 | 6% | 22.5% |
| 2001 | 8.4% | 34.5% |
| 2000 | 13.2% | 45.7% |
| 1999 | 8.3% | 45.8% |
| 1998 | 7.1% | 59.1% |
| 1997 | 17.4% | 154.8% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/kazakhstan/romania | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Kazakhstan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.98%, compared with 17.5% in Romania. In 2024, inflation was 8.7% in Kazakhstan and 5.6% in Romania.
Top exports between countries
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $2.78B |
| Machinery & equipment | $1.54M |
| Metals | $1.21M |
| Wood & paper products | $1.09M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $883K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $242K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $228K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $194K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $133K |
| Animal & marine products | $60K |
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $77.2M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $27.7M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $17.6M |
| Metals | $7.7M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $7.22M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $2.99M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $2.79M |
| Wood & paper products | $183K |
| Miscellaneous | $56K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $10K |
Balance of trade
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$7.94B
2024 |
-$31.2B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
173/190
2024 |
185/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-2.72%
2024 |
-8.16%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$61.8B
2024 |
$129B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$79B
2024 |
$93.3B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$13B
2024 |
$30.2B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$11.8B
2024 |
$42.9B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
25.6%
2024 |
41.6%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
31.6%
2024 |
35.6%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 64.2 | 65.4 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 75/197 | 64/197 |
| Property rights | 54.9 | 81 |
| Government integrity | 40.7 | 50 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 33.8 | 67 |
| Tax burden | 91.2 | 89.1 |
| Government spending | 85.6 | 56.7 |
| Fiscal health | 97.2 | 21.4 |
| Business freedom | 64.9 | 74.4 |
| Labor freedom | 63.5 | 63.6 |
| Monetary freedom | 64.3 | 72.7 |
| Trade freedom | 74.4 | 79.4 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 70 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 60 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
| 2026 | 64.2 | 65.4 |
| 2025 | 63.8 | 66.5 |
| 2024 | 62 | 64.4 |
| 2023 | 62.1 | 64.5 |
| 2022 | 64.4 | 67.1 |
| 2021 | 71.1 | 69.5 |
| 2020 | 69.6 | 69.7 |
| 2019 | 65.4 | 68.6 |
| 2018 | 69.1 | 69.4 |
| 2017 | 69 | 69.7 |
| 2016 | 63.6 | 65.6 |
| 2015 | 63.3 | 66.6 |
| 2014 | 63.7 | 65.5 |
| 2013 | 63 | 65.1 |
| 2012 | 63.6 | 64.4 |
| 2011 | 62.1 | 64.7 |
| 2010 | 61 | 64.2 |
| 2009 | 60.1 | 63.2 |
| 2008 | 61.1 | 61.7 |
| 2007 | 59.6 | 61.2 |
| 2006 | 60.2 | 58.2 |
| 2005 | 53.9 | 52.1 |
| 2004 | 49.7 | 50 |
| 2003 | 52.3 | 50.6 |
| 2002 | 52.4 | 48.7 |
| 2001 | 51.8 | 50 |
| 2000 | 50.4 | 52.1 |
| 1999 | 47.3 | 50.1 |
| 1998 | 41.7 | 54.4 |
| 1997 | - | 50.8 |
| 1996 | - | 46.2 |
| 1995 | - | 42.9 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).
GeoRank.org/economy/kazakhstan/romania | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Kazakhstan is 64.2, ranking 75/197, compared to 65.4 for Romania, ranking 64/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Kazakhstan
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
57.9%
2024 |
62.6%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
32.1%
2024 |
25.3%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
3.88%
2024 |
2.81%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$249B
2024 |
$335B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$37,590
2024 |
$47,920
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$45.8B
2024 |
$73.4B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
43/177
2024 |
35/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$3.9B
2024 |
-$5.17B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.98B
2024 |
$7.16B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$1.92B
2024 |
$1.99B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
17.3%
2024 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
5%
2024 |
19%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
27.2%
2024 |
25%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/kazakhstan/romania | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.