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Economy of Kazakhstan vs Madagascar compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Kazakhstan has a GDP of $288B compared to $17.4B for Madagascar, ranking 50/197 and 136/197 by economy size, respectively.

Kazakhstan has $71.5B in government debt (25.4% of GDP), compared to $8.78B (51.3% of GDP) in Madagascar.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Kazakhstan
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Madagascar
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Kazakhstan Madagascar
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 - - $673,081,725 $4,151,435,155
1961 - - $699,161,945 $4,236,482,815
1962 - - $739,286,908 $4,332,696,293
1963 - - $759,345,864 $4,292,428,143
1964 - - $802,482,184 $4,462,516,417
1965 - - $833,563,473 $4,442,334,514
1966 - - $900,264,585 $4,534,048,838
1967 - - $956,436,932 $4,784,716,703
1968 - - $1,031,669,637 $5,111,454,772
1969 - - $1,056,391,056 $5,301,663,360
1970 - - $1,111,859,571 $5,581,403,272
1971 - - $1,199,507,631 $5,800,716,981
1972 - - $1,341,590,690 $5,726,895,808
1973 - - $1,653,062,335 $5,576,938,282
1974 - - $1,917,508,190 $5,688,860,706
1975 - - $2,283,049,215 $5,760,465,920
1976 - - $2,181,844,179 $5,583,685,378
1977 - - $2,358,930,406 $5,715,683,721
1978 - - $2,669,755,115 $5,563,543,311
1979 - - $3,463,565,854 $6,111,811,048
1980 - - $5,201,818,348 $6,170,038,735
1981 - - $4,759,333,998 $5,565,374,939
1982 - - $4,784,977,326 $5,459,632,815
1983 - - $4,686,457,031 $5,508,769,511
1984 - - $3,905,938,481 $5,605,733,877
1985 - - $3,802,557,895 $5,670,555,452
1986 - - $4,347,989,788 $5,781,711,091
1987 - - $3,212,900,556 $5,849,641,181
1988 - - $3,189,456,965 $6,048,934,315
1989 - - $3,175,638,333 $6,295,421,170
1990 $26,932,016,270 $95,326,487,410 $3,931,334,875 $6,492,398,920
1991 $24,923,076,923 $84,840,573,793 $3,254,713,056 $6,082,965,418
1992 $24,917,355,372 $80,344,023,383 $3,714,966,678 $6,154,798,241
1993 $23,409,260,880 $72,952,373,230 $4,063,298,919 $6,284,044,276
1994 $21,250,792,886 $63,760,374,204 $3,522,227,092 $6,281,398,611
1995 $20,374,302,652 $58,532,023,519 $3,838,100,904 $6,386,837,686
1996 $21,035,357,937 $58,824,683,638 $4,931,861,039 $6,524,423,229
1997 $22,165,932,063 $59,824,703,259 $4,262,965,420 $6,765,402,319
1998 $22,135,245,507 $58,688,033,898 $4,401,967,633 $7,030,408,176
1999 $16,870,817,182 $60,272,610,812 $4,277,903,780 $7,360,783,017
2000 $18,291,990,662 $66,179,326,673 $4,629,247,204 $7,688,842,733
2001 $22,152,689,180 $75,113,535,772 $5,438,332,602 $8,148,653,657
2002 $24,636,598,527 $82,474,662,278 $5,351,701,663 $7,137,571,065
2003 $30,833,692,900 $90,144,805,870 $6,372,498,890 $7,835,974,695
2004 $43,151,647,003 $98,798,707,234 $5,064,732,626 $8,247,912,168
2005 $57,123,671,734 $108,382,181,835 $5,859,269,753 $8,640,170,094
2006 $81,003,864,630 $119,979,075,292 $6,395,712,491 $9,106,610,407
2007 $104,849,915,058 $130,657,212,993 $8,524,620,890 $9,626,649,241
2008 $133,441,648,852 $134,968,901,022 $10,725,137,724 $10,272,850,830
2009 $115,308,686,941 $136,588,527,833 $9,616,879,409 $9,864,124,029
2010 $148,047,348,241 $146,559,490,370 $9,982,711,338 $9,925,206,606
2011 $192,626,464,617 $157,404,892,659 $11,551,819,618 $10,081,868,752
2012 $207,998,568,866 $164,960,327,499 $11,578,975,062 $10,385,448,753
2013 $236,634,603,409 $174,857,947,144 $12,423,555,455 $10,624,353,147
2014 $221,415,613,595 $182,201,980,934 $12,522,957,399 $10,979,121,878
2015 $184,388,404,706 $184,388,404,706 $11,323,020,701 $11,323,020,701
2016 $137,278,320,084 $186,416,677,156 $11,848,613,858 $11,775,165,457
2017 $166,805,788,827 $194,059,760,924 $13,176,313,594 $12,238,318,934
2018 $179,339,977,690 $202,016,211,109 $13,760,033,282 $12,629,254,472
2019 $181,667,184,855 $211,106,940,611 $14,104,664,679 $13,186,360,203
2020 $171,082,365,861 $205,829,267,103 $13,051,441,204 $12,245,161,113
2021 $197,112,255,361 $214,679,925,583 $14,354,731,964 $12,814,644,792
2022 $225,496,328,925 $221,549,683,201 $15,325,603,273 $13,347,233,960
2023 $261,840,101,060 $232,848,717,044 $15,869,945,478 $13,908,224,365
2024 $288,406,138,231 $244,025,455,462 $17,420,814,801 $14,492,369,788

Economic indicators

Kazakhstan Madagascar
Gross domestic product
$288B
2024
$17.4B
2024
GDP rank
50/197
2024
136/197
2024
GDP growth
10.1%
2023-2024
9.77%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$14,005
2024
$545
2024
GDP per capita rank
72/197
2024
193/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$40,813
2024
$1,884
2024
Government debt
$71.5B
2024
$8.78B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
25.4%
2025
51.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$3,474
2024
$274.7
2024
Government debt per person rank
96/185
2024
180/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,117
2025
$1,489
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$62.8B
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
44,307
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
6
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2021
29.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.3%
2021
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.6%
2025
15.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
11.4%
2024-2025
9.87%
2022-2023
Central bank interest rate
16.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.86%
2022
3.19%
2022
Population
21036432
33368335

GDP per capita in Kazakhstan vs Madagascar

Kazakhstan's GDP per capita is $14,005, ranking 72/197, compared to $545 in Madagascar, ranking 193/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kazakhstan ranks 58th at $40,813, while Madagascar ranks 188th at $1,884.

Kazakhstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Madagascar
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Kazakhstan Madagascar
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 - - $131.7 -
1961 - - $133.3 -
1962 - - $137.3 -
1963 - - $137.4 -
1964 - - $141.5 -
1965 - - $143.2 -
1966 - - $150.7 -
1967 - - $155.9 -
1968 - - $163.6 -
1969 - - $162.9 -
1970 - - $166.6 -
1971 - - $174.6 -
1972 - - $189.6 -
1973 - - $226.8 -
1974 - - $255.3 -
1975 - - $295 -
1976 - - $273.5 -
1977 - - $286.9 -
1978 - - $315 -
1979 - - $396 -
1980 - - $578 -
1981 - - $513 -
1982 - - $501 -
1983 - - $476 -
1984 - - $385 -
1985 - - $364 -
1986 - - $405 -
1987 - - $290.8 -
1988 - - $280.5 -
1989 - - $271.3 -
1990 $1,570 $7,874 $326 $1,166
1991 $1,442 $7,193 $262 $1,096
1992 $1,438 $6,945 $290.2 $1,101
1993 $1,355 $6,477 $308 $1,116
1994 $1,247 $5,860 $258.7 $1,104
1995 $1,218 $5,595 $273.1 $1,111
1996 $1,281 $5,836 $340 $1,119
1997 $1,382 $6,178 $284.4 $1,142
1998 $1,415 $6,284 $284.2 $1,162
1999 $1,092 $6,626 $267.4 $1,194
2000 $1,180 $7,418 $280.3 $1,236
2001 $1,422 $8,568 $319 $1,299
2002 $1,574 $9,504 $305 $1,121
2003 $1,958 $10,532 $353 $1,219
2004 $2,722 $11,777 $272.2 $1,280
2005 $3,577 $13,226 $306 $1,343
2006 $5,030 $14,966 $324 $1,416
2007 $6,449 $16,581 $420 $1,493
2008 $8,124 $17,278 $513 $1,577
2009 $6,938 $17,389 $446 $1,480
2010 $8,793 $18,642 $450 $1,464
2011 $11,287 $20,160 $506 $1,475
2012 $12,019 $21,367 $494 $1,464
2013 $13,478 $23,754 $515 $1,473
2014 $12,428 $23,958 $506 $1,499
2015 $10,196 $22,484 $445 $1,497
2016 $7,476 $23,023 $454 $1,562
2017 $8,943 $23,973 $492 $1,547
2018 $9,472 $25,096 $500 $1,547
2019 $9,457 $28,689 $500 $1,612
2020 $8,782 $29,040 $451 $1,490
2021 $9,984 $32,946 $483 $1,577
2022 $11,255 $35,895 $504 $1,717
2023 $12,879 $38,515 $509 $1,808
2024 $14,005 $40,813 $545 $1,884

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Kazakhstan's government spending was $60.7B, accounting for 20.6% of its GDP, while Madagascar's spent $2.86B, or 15.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 25.4% in Kazakhstan and 51.3% in Madagascar, ranking 169/185 and 107/185, respectively.

Kazakhstan
Government spending

Government debt
Madagascar
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Kazakhstan Madagascar
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1980 - - 22.7% 37.7%
1981 - - 18.2% 51.5%
1982 - - 14.3% 56.1%
1983 - - 13.4% 57.5%
1984 - - 13.9% 70.9%
1985 - - 11.8% 82.7%
1986 - - 11.1% 84.9%
1987 - - 10.4% 127.5%
1988 - - 11.4% 126.6%
1989 - - 15.5% 122%
1990 - - 13.3% 92.7%
1991 - - 13.5% 113.8%
1992 - - 16.2% 110.9%
1993 - - 17.1% 105.2%
1994 - - 16.7% 96%
1995 - - 14.5% 95.8%
1996 - - 14.4% 98.7%
1997 - - 14.5% 89.7%
1998 - - 16.9% 108.5%
1999 - - 15.5% 104.1%
2000 - - 15.3% 90.2%
2001 - - 15.3% 82.1%
2002 20.5% 17.6% 12.4% 86.7%
2003 21.4% 15% 16.6% 85.9%
2004 21.3% 11.4% 21.7% 81.9%
2005 22% 8.1% 18.4% 74.4%
2006 19.8% 6.68% 18.5% 32.2%
2007 23.7% 4.09% 16.1% 28.2%
2008 27.1% 6.77% 15.7% 31%
2009 23.5% 10.2% 12.5% 34.9%
2010 22.5% 10.7% 12.3% 32.3%
2011 21.2% 10.2% 12% 29.9%
2012 21.9% 12.1% 11.5% 30.4%
2013 19.8% 12.6% 12.7% 36.2%
2014 21.3% 14.5% 12.6% 37.8%
2015 22.9% 21.9% 13% 44.1%
2016 21.5% 19.7% 13.5% 40.3%
2017 24.1% 19.9% 14.9% 40.1%
2018 18.8% 20.3% 14.4% 42.9%
2019 20.2% 19.9% 15.4% 41.3%
2020 24.5% 26.4% 16.4% 52.1%
2021 22.1% 25.1% 13.9% 49.5%
2022 21.7% 23.5% 16.2% 50%
2023 23.4% 23% 17.9% 52.7%
2024 21% 24.8% 16.4% 50.4%
2025 20.6% 25.4% 15.7% 51.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Kazakhstan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$4.68B, equivalent to -1.62% of GDP. This compares to Madagascar's deficit of -$486M, or -2.79% of GDP.

Over the past 23 years, Kazakhstan recorded a fiscal deficit in 9 of those years, while Madagascar ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Kazakhstan posted an annual surplus equal to +0.83% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.81% of GDP for Madagascar.

Deficit/surplus
Kazakhstan

Madagascar
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Kazakhstan Madagascar
1980 - -11%
1981 - -9.97%
1982 - -6.97%
1983 - -6.04%
1984 - -6.09%
1985 - -2.39%
1986 - -2.24%
1987 - -2.12%
1988 - -0.57%
1989 - -3.35%
1990 - -0.49%
1991 - -4.4%
1992 - -5%
1993 - -6.34%
1994 - -7.23%
1995 - -5.09%
1996 - -3.97%
1997 - -2%
1998 - -5.31%
1999 - -2.42%
2000 - -2.35%
2001 - -3.61%
2002 1.92% -4.09%
2003 4% -3.32%
2004 3.29% -4.23%
2005 6.08% -2.47%
2006 7.65% -5.71%
2007 5.13% -2.31%
2008 1.23% -1.72%
2009 -1.33% -2.26%
2010 1.47% -0.76%
2011 5.81% -2.04%
2012 4.43% -2.24%
2013 4.95% -3.4%
2014 2.48% -1.96%
2015 -6.26% -2.85%
2016 -4.5% -1.11%
2017 -4.27% -2.1%
2018 2.58% -1.34%
2019 -0.57% -1.42%
2020 -7.04% -3.96%
2021 -4.97% -2.83%
2022 0.11% -5.46%
2023 -1.52% -4.19%
2024 -1.62% -2.79%
2025 -3.15% -3.88%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, Kazakhstan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 10.1%, compared with 8.83% in Madagascar. In 2023, inflation was 11.4% in Kazakhstan and 9.87% in Madagascar.

Inflation
Kazakhstan

Madagascar
Year Inflation
Kazakhstan Madagascar Kazakhstan Madagascar
1996 39.2% 19.8%
1997 17.4% 4.49%
1998 7.1% 6.21%
1999 8.3% 9.93%
2000 13.2% 11.9%
2001 8.4% 7.92%
2002 6% 16.5%
2003 6.4% -1.7%
2004 7% 14%
2005 7.4% 18.4%
2006 8.6% 10.8%
2007 10.8% 10.3%
2008 17.2% 9.3%
2009 7.3% 8.95%
2010 7.1% 9.25%
2011 8.4% 9.48%
2012 5.1% 5.71%
2013 5.8% 5.83%
2014 6.6% 6.08%
2015 6.8% 7.4%
2016 14.6% 6.04%
2017 7.5% 8.61%
2018 6% 8.59%
2019 5.3% 5.61%
2020 6.8% 4.2%
2021 8% 5.81%
2022 15% 8.16%
2023 14.5% 9.87%
2024 8.7% -
2025 11.4% -

Top exports between countries

Kazakhstan
Export category Export value
Madagascar
Export category Export value
Miscellaneous $2K
Textiles & consumer goods $2K

Balance of trade

Kazakhstan Madagascar
Current account balance
-$4.98B
2024
-$829M
2022
Current account balance ranking
166/189
2024
117/189
2022
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.73%
2024
-5.41%
2022
Goods imports
$61.2B
2024
$4.52B
2022
Goods exports
$78.8B
2024
$3.55B
2022
Service imports
$13B
2024
$1.52B
2022
Service exports
$11.8B
2024
$1.14B
2022
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
27.5%
2023
31.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.5%
2023
23.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Kazakhstan Madagascar
Economic freedom 63.8 57
Economic freedom ranking 74/197 115/197
Property rights 54.7 40.8
Government integrity 39.9 25.5
Judicial effectiveness 34.8 34.5
Tax burden 91.7 91.1
Government spending 85.1 92.3
Fiscal health 91.8 66.3
Business freedom 69.3 38.1
Labor freedom 63.2 56.1
Monetary freedom 61.3 70.9
Trade freedom 73.2 68.8
Investment freedom 50 50
Financial freedom 50 50

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Kazakhstan is 63.8, ranking 74/197, compared to 57 for Madagascar, ranking 115/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Kazakhstan
Madagascar
Year Economic freedom index
Kazakhstan Madagascar
1995 - 51.6
1996 - 52.2
1997 - 53.8
1998 41.7 51.8
1999 47.3 52.8
2000 50.4 54.4
2001 51.8 53.9
2002 52.4 56.8
2003 52.3 62.8
2004 49.7 60.9
2005 53.9 63.1
2006 60.2 61
2007 59.6 61.1
2008 61.1 62.4
2009 60.1 62.2
2010 61 63.2
2011 62.1 61.2
2012 63.6 62.4
2013 63 62
2014 63.7 61.7
2015 63.3 61.7
2016 63.6 61.1
2017 69 57.4
2018 69.1 56.8
2019 65.4 56.6
2020 69.6 60.5
2021 71.1 57.7
2022 64.4 58.9
2023 62.1 58.9
2024 62 57.3
2025 63.8 57

More economic indicators

Kazakhstan Madagascar
Services, % of GDP
58.2%
2024
46.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.4%
2024
22.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.94%
2024
22.5%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$250B
2024
$16.4B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$37,870
2024
$1,830
2024
Total reserves including gold
$45.8B
2024
$2.78B
2024
Total reserves ranking
43/177
2024
120/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.21B
2024
-$326M
2022
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$682M
2024
$413M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.89B
2024
$125M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
19%
2023
1.72%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
5%
2024
75.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.8%
2023
22.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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Economy comparisons

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.