Brunei has a GDP of $15.5B compared to $42.9B for Nepal, ranking 142/197 and 101/197 by economy size, respectively.
Brunei has $354M in government debt (2.21% of GDP), compared to $20.5B (49.4% of GDP) in Nepal.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | - | - | $508,334,414 | $3,312,007,762 |
| 1961 | - | - | $531,959,562 | $3,375,209,679 |
| 1962 | - | - | $574,091,101 | $3,439,686,985 |
| 1963 | - | - | $496,947,904 | $3,504,872,894 |
| 1964 | - | - | $496,098,775 | $3,768,875,642 |
| 1965 | $114,039,501 | - | $735,267,082 | $3,723,528,944 |
| 1966 | $132,757,528 | - | $906,811,944 | $3,985,689,329 |
| 1967 | $139,029,537 | - | $841,974,025 | $3,923,054,321 |
| 1968 | $160,818,236 | - | $772,231,387 | $3,949,553,904 |
| 1969 | $161,210,236 | - | $788,641,965 | $4,125,839,146 |
| 1970 | $179,078,929 | - | $865,975,309 | $4,232,120,438 |
| 1971 | $197,525,768 | - | $882,765,472 | $4,181,530,377 |
| 1972 | $270,822,782 | - | $1,024,098,400 | $4,311,902,146 |
| 1973 | $433,095,527 | - | $972,101,725 | $4,291,354,369 |
| 1974 | $2,319,576,214 | $9,912,272,228 | $1,217,953,547 | $4,563,151,176 |
| 1975 | $2,496,420,258 | $9,848,309,170 | $1,575,789,254 | $4,629,612,136 |
| 1976 | $3,054,765,590 | $11,904,058,997 | $1,452,788,985 | $4,833,247,301 |
| 1977 | $3,681,242,528 | $13,086,612,366 | $1,382,400,000 | $4,979,065,088 |
| 1978 | $4,100,423,674 | $14,005,179,258 | $1,604,162,497 | $5,198,429,820 |
| 1979 | $6,044,367,628 | $17,413,814,223 | $1,851,250,008 | $5,321,574,269 |
| 1980 | $10,795,432,294 | $15,723,288,076 | $1,945,916,583 | $5,198,145,984 |
| 1981 | $9,367,218,664 | $12,203,657,713 | $2,275,583,317 | $5,631,773,978 |
| 1982 | $8,932,198,186 | $12,484,528,554 | $2,395,423,742 | $5,844,619,816 |
| 1983 | $7,927,590,750 | $12,534,388,934 | $2,447,174,803 | $5,670,601,763 |
| 1984 | $7,632,788,075 | $12,236,497,439 | $2,581,207,388 | $6,219,580,093 |
| 1985 | $6,967,623,884 | $11,880,752,592 | $2,619,913,956 | $6,601,767,395 |
| 1986 | $4,190,280,003 | $11,238,334,124 | $2,850,782,044 | $6,903,181,024 |
| 1987 | $4,918,010,080 | $11,472,489,786 | $2,957,255,380 | $7,020,232,623 |
| 1988 | $4,535,130,305 | $11,296,288,038 | $3,487,009,748 | $7,560,566,499 |
| 1989 | $4,983,622,881 | $10,988,327,005 | $3,525,225,787 | $7,887,912,410 |
| 1990 | $6,039,881,087 | $11,278,756,571 | $3,627,560,239 | $8,253,520,017 |
| 1991 | $6,284,497,300 | $11,607,042,399 | $3,921,476,085 | $8,779,116,585 |
| 1992 | $6,327,966,445 | $11,244,830,849 | $3,401,211,581 | $9,139,622,809 |
| 1993 | $6,203,339,925 | $11,173,577,998 | $3,660,041,667 | $9,491,484,581 |
| 1994 | $6,467,782,521 | $11,284,501,978 | $4,066,775,510 | $10,271,305,209 |
| 1995 | $7,700,144,057 | $11,436,537,377 | $4,401,104,418 | $10,627,560,489 |
| 1996 | $7,663,377,277 | $11,433,413,458 | $4,521,580,381 | $11,193,827,113 |
| 1997 | $7,793,034,390 | $12,158,742,942 | $4,918,691,917 | $11,758,960,073 |
| 1998 | $5,550,846,025 | $11,349,316,036 | $4,856,255,044 | $12,113,656,107 |
| 1999 | $6,309,070,375 | $11,832,878,892 | $5,033,642,384 | $12,648,180,060 |
| 2000 | $6,570,999,060 | $12,244,033,124 | $5,494,252,208 | $13,432,367,221 |
| 2001 | $6,096,155,748 | $12,423,538,059 | $6,007,055,042 | $14,077,106,360 |
| 2002 | $6,333,082,879 | $12,915,688,955 | $6,050,875,807 | $14,094,019,043 |
| 2003 | $7,167,725,265 | $13,378,513,489 | $6,330,473,097 | $14,650,033,416 |
| 2004 | $8,619,178,799 | $13,392,499,179 | $7,273,938,315 | $15,336,036,357 |
| 2005 | $10,547,202,612 | $13,391,973,498 | $8,130,258,378 | $15,869,604,827 |
| 2006 | $12,644,616,446 | $13,940,831,828 | $9,043,715,356 | $16,403,555,897 |
| 2007 | $13,432,029,496 | $13,416,151,409 | $10,325,618,017 | $16,963,173,095 |
| 2008 | $15,926,456,492 | $12,892,826,139 | $12,545,438,605 | $17,998,713,599 |
| 2009 | $11,912,904,529 | $12,647,829,712 | $12,854,985,464 | $18,814,609,456 |
| 2010 | $13,707,121,031 | $12,994,552,805 | $16,002,656,434 | $19,720,799,062 |
| 2011 | $18,524,791,071 | $13,481,121,671 | $21,573,872,421 | $20,395,607,080 |
| 2012 | $19,048,443,340 | $13,604,222,555 | $21,703,100,877 | $21,348,110,877 |
| 2013 | $18,094,148,099 | $13,315,162,321 | $22,162,204,925 | $22,100,664,485 |
| 2014 | $17,097,797,372 | $12,981,233,068 | $22,731,612,922 | $23,429,242,138 |
| 2015 | $12,930,296,852 | $12,930,296,852 | $24,360,801,287 | $24,360,801,287 |
| 2016 | $11,400,266,055 | $12,609,894,730 | $24,524,109,484 | $24,466,311,259 |
| 2017 | $12,128,168,047 | $12,777,445,744 | $28,971,588,940 | $26,662,720,369 |
| 2018 | $13,566,908,401 | $12,784,137,427 | $33,111,525,237 | $28,695,053,195 |
| 2019 | $13,469,235,348 | $13,278,735,782 | $34,186,180,699 | $30,605,298,793 |
| 2020 | $12,005,799,664 | $13,429,260,000 | $33,433,659,301 | $29,880,069,319 |
| 2021 | $14,006,496,614 | $13,215,632,370 | $36,924,841,394 | $31,325,711,777 |
| 2022 | $16,681,536,443 | $13,000,438,060 | $41,182,939,601 | $33,089,761,145 |
| 2023 | $15,095,084,686 | $13,147,036,745 | $41,047,772,331 | $33,745,781,687 |
| 2024 | $15,463,134,387 | $13,699,261,291 | $42,914,268,287 | $34,982,690,898 |
Economic indicators
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$15.5B
2024 |
$42.9B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
142/197
2024 |
101/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
2.44%
2023-2024 |
4.55%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$33,418
2024 |
$1,447
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
35/197
2024 |
164/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$90,007
2024 |
$5,737
2024 |
| Government debt |
$354M
2024 |
$20.5B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
2.21%
2025 |
49.4%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$765
2024 |
$693
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
151/185
2024 |
155/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$22,191
2025 |
$2,569
2025 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
2
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
24.2%
2022 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
3.7%
2022 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
30%
2025 |
23.4%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
-0.39%
2023-2024 |
7.11%
2022-2023 |
| Unemployment rate |
5.3%
2023 |
10.7%
2017 |
| Population |
469088
|
29627185
|
GDP per capita in Brunei vs Nepal
Brunei's GDP per capita is $33,418, ranking 35/197, compared to $1,447 in Nepal, ranking 164/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brunei ranks 9th at $90,007, while Nepal ranks 154th at $5,737.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | - | - | $50.2 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $51.6 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $54.6 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $46.3 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $45.3 | - |
| 1965 | $1,029 | - | $65.8 | - |
| 1966 | $1,146 | - | $79.5 | - |
| 1967 | $1,149 | - | $72.3 | - |
| 1968 | $1,274 | - | $64.9 | - |
| 1969 | $1,226 | - | $64.8 | - |
| 1970 | $1,325 | - | $69.6 | - |
| 1971 | $1,432 | - | $69.5 | - |
| 1972 | $1,905 | - | $78.8 | - |
| 1973 | $2,939 | - | $73.2 | - |
| 1974 | $15,195 | - | $89.8 | - |
| 1975 | $15,793 | - | $113.6 | - |
| 1976 | $18,671 | - | $102.5 | - |
| 1977 | $21,747 | - | $95.3 | - |
| 1978 | $23,447 | - | $108.1 | - |
| 1979 | $33,501 | - | $121.9 | - |
| 1980 | $58,005 | - | $125.1 | - |
| 1981 | $48,793 | - | $142.9 | - |
| 1982 | $45,075 | - | $147 | - |
| 1983 | $38,720 | - | $146.6 | - |
| 1984 | $36,061 | - | $151.1 | - |
| 1985 | $31,827 | - | $149.9 | - |
| 1986 | $18,501 | - | $159.5 | - |
| 1987 | $21,030 | - | $162 | - |
| 1988 | $18,825 | - | $187.1 | - |
| 1989 | $20,090 | - | $185 | - |
| 1990 | $23,659 | $70,201 | $185.8 | $830 |
| 1991 | $23,932 | $72,610 | $195.7 | $889 |
| 1992 | $23,451 | $70,016 | $165 | $920 |
| 1993 | $22,397 | $69,387 | $172.8 | $952 |
| 1994 | $22,767 | $69,779 | $187.3 | $1,026 |
| 1995 | $26,443 | $70,440 | $197.8 | $1,058 |
| 1996 | $25,692 | $70,008 | $198.8 | $1,110 |
| 1997 | $25,522 | $73,980 | $211.8 | $1,162 |
| 1998 | $17,769 | $68,257 | $205.1 | $1,187 |
| 1999 | $19,752 | $70,585 | $208.6 | $1,234 |
| 2000 | $20,130 | $73,087 | $223.8 | $1,317 |
| 2001 | $18,288 | $74,254 | $240.8 | $1,388 |
| 2002 | $18,621 | $76,838 | $238.9 | $1,390 |
| 2003 | $20,678 | $79,632 | $246.4 | $1,453 |
| 2004 | $24,423 | $80,404 | $279.6 | $1,542 |
| 2005 | $29,386 | $81,534 | $309 | $1,628 |
| 2006 | $34,675 | $86,114 | $340 | $1,718 |
| 2007 | $36,217 | $83,693 | $385 | $1,809 |
| 2008 | $42,157 | $80,477 | $465 | $1,942 |
| 2009 | $30,946 | $77,957 | $473 | $2,029 |
| 2010 | $34,938 | $79,543 | $585 | $2,139 |
| 2011 | $46,383 | $82,735 | $786 | $2,248 |
| 2012 | $46,969 | $87,256 | $788 | $2,466 |
| 2013 | $44,003 | $83,237 | $803 | $2,658 |
| 2014 | $41,027 | $81,226 | $821 | $2,901 |
| 2015 | $30,625 | $62,708 | $876 | $2,957 |
| 2016 | $26,663 | $56,680 | $877 | $2,976 |
| 2017 | $28,024 | $61,658 | $1,034 | $3,605 |
| 2018 | $30,988 | $65,149 | $1,179 | $3,956 |
| 2019 | $30,427 | $69,354 | $1,203 | $4,261 |
| 2020 | $26,834 | $69,788 | $1,154 | $4,236 |
| 2021 | $31,007 | $78,249 | $1,253 | $4,546 |
| 2022 | $36,633 | $81,802 | $1,386 | $5,103 |
| 2023 | $32,891 | $85,033 | $1,382 | $5,395 |
| 2024 | $33,418 | $90,007 | $1,447 | $5,737 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Brunei's government spending was $4.6B, accounting for 30% of its GDP, while Nepal's spent $9.39B, or 23.4% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 2.21% in Brunei and 49.4% in Nepal, ranking 185/185 and 111/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1990 | 28.2% | 0% | - | - |
| 1991 | 27.1% | 0% | - | - |
| 1992 | 30.1% | 0% | - | - |
| 1993 | 33.5% | 0% | - | - |
| 1994 | 41.6% | 0% | - | - |
| 1995 | 38.8% | 0% | - | - |
| 1996 | 32.6% | 0% | - | - |
| 1997 | 34.4% | 0% | - | - |
| 1998 | 40.1% | 0% | - | - |
| 1999 | 39% | 0% | - | - |
| 2000 | 37.5% | 0% | 11.4% | 50.8% |
| 2001 | 35.5% | 0% | 12.9% | 50.8% |
| 2002 | 41.4% | 0% | 13% | 51.8% |
| 2003 | 30.9% | 0% | 12% | 53% |
| 2004 | 33.2% | 0% | 11.8% | 51.3% |
| 2005 | 29.1% | 0% | 12% | 45.1% |
| 2006 | 28% | 0.59% | 11.2% | 42.9% |
| 2007 | 29.3% | 0.68% | 13.1% | 37.9% |
| 2008 | 27.2% | 0.94% | 13.4% | 36.8% |
| 2009 | 34.8% | 1.11% | 17% | 39.5% |
| 2010 | 36.2% | 1.11% | 16.5% | 35.4% |
| 2011 | 29.7% | 2.13% | 16.3% | 32.4% |
| 2012 | 31% | 2.1% | 16.8% | 34.5% |
| 2013 | 33.6% | 2.21% | 15.5% | 31.9% |
| 2014 | 34.1% | 3.23% | 16.6% | 27.6% |
| 2015 | 38.7% | 2.95% | 17.7% | 25.7% |
| 2016 | 39.4% | 3% | 19% | 25% |
| 2017 | 36.6% | 2.83% | 23.6% | 25% |
| 2018 | 32.2% | 2.59% | 28% | 31.1% |
| 2019 | 32.4% | 2.58% | 27.3% | 34% |
| 2020 | 33.2% | 2.86% | 27.6% | 43.3% |
| 2021 | 29.3% | 2.51% | 27.2% | 43.3% |
| 2022 | 26.4% | 2.06% | 26.1% | 42.7% |
| 2023 | 29.4% | 2.33% | 25.2% | 47.1% |
| 2024 | 29.8% | 2.29% | 21.9% | 47.9% |
| 2025 | 30% | 2.21% | 23.4% | 49.4% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Brunei's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.57B, equivalent to -10.2% of GDP. This compares to Nepal's deficit of -$1.17B, or -2.73% of GDP.
Over the past 25 years, Brunei recorded a fiscal deficit in 10 of those years, while Nepal ran a deficit in 19 years. On average, Brunei posted an annual surplus equal to +2.78% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.68% of GDP for Nepal.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|
| 1990 | -1.44% | - |
| 1991 | -0.94% | - |
| 1992 | -7.31% | - |
| 1993 | -11.3% | - |
| 1994 | -19.9% | - |
| 1995 | -17.5% | - |
| 1996 | -7.69% | - |
| 1997 | -10.4% | - |
| 1998 | -21.2% | - |
| 1999 | -16.1% | - |
| 2000 | 6.86% | -1.48% |
| 2001 | 2.59% | -2.35% |
| 2002 | -4.61% | -2.46% |
| 2003 | 8.06% | -0.34% |
| 2004 | 8.57% | -0.14% |
| 2005 | 16% | 0.24% |
| 2006 | 19.8% | 0.24% |
| 2007 | 3.12% | -0.67% |
| 2008 | 36.1% | -0.29% |
| 2009 | 3.61% | -2.24% |
| 2010 | 7.61% | -0.67% |
| 2011 | 25.6% | -0.72% |
| 2012 | 15.8% | -1.17% |
| 2013 | 13% | 1.57% |
| 2014 | 3.58% | 1.35% |
| 2015 | -14.5% | 0.58% |
| 2016 | -21.7% | 1.17% |
| 2017 | -10.4% | -2.69% |
| 2018 | -3.59% | -5.83% |
| 2019 | -3.69% | -4.99% |
| 2020 | -15.8% | -5.36% |
| 2021 | -8.16% | -3.98% |
| 2022 | 2.53% | -3.12% |
| 2023 | -10.9% | -5.83% |
| 2024 | -10.2% | -2.73% |
| 2025 | -10.3% | -3.98% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 28 years, Brunei has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.59%, compared with 6.61% in Nepal. In 2023, inflation was -0.39% in Brunei and 7.11% in Nepal.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
| 1996 | 2% | 9.22% | |
| 1997 | 1.71% | 4.01% | |
| 1998 | -0.44% | 11.2% | |
| 1999 | -0.42% | 7.45% | |
| 2000 | 1.56% | 2.48% | |
| 2001 | 0.6% | 2.69% | |
| 2002 | -2.31% | 3.03% | |
| 2003 | 0.3% | 5.71% | |
| 2004 | 0.81% | 2.84% | |
| 2005 | 1.24% | 6.84% | |
| 2006 | 0.16% | 6.92% | |
| 2007 | 0.97% | 2.27% | |
| 2008 | 2.08% | 9.91% | |
| 2009 | 1.04% | 11.1% | |
| 2010 | 0.36% | 9.33% | |
| 2011 | 0.14% | 9.23% | |
| 2012 | 0.11% | 9.46% | |
| 2013 | 0.39% | 9.04% | |
| 2014 | -0.21% | 8.36% | |
| 2015 | -0.49% | 7.87% | |
| 2016 | -0.28% | 8.79% | |
| 2017 | -1.26% | 3.63% | |
| 2018 | 1.03% | 4.06% | |
| 2019 | -0.39% | 5.57% | |
| 2020 | 1.94% | 5.05% | |
| 2021 | 1.73% | 4.15% | |
| 2022 | 3.68% | 7.65% | |
| 2023 | 0.36% | 7.11% | |
| 2024 | -0.39% | - | |
Top exports between countries
Balance of trade
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$2.23B
2024 |
$4.95B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
43/189
2024 |
34/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+14.4%
2024 |
+11.5%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$7.36B
2024 |
$29.2B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$11.1B
2024 |
$3.64B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$1.75B
2024 |
$5.83B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$410M
2024 |
$4.53B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
58.9%
2024 |
32.9%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
74.3%
2024 |
7.62%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 67 | 52.5 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 52/197 | 145/197 |
| Property rights | 69.7 | 38.3 |
| Government integrity | 34.2 | 39.4 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 52.8 | 43.3 |
| Tax burden | 95 | 83.6 |
| Government spending | 75.9 | 79.5 |
| Fiscal health | 51.7 | 65.8 |
| Business freedom | 77.1 | 64.7 |
| Labor freedom | 75.1 | 48.3 |
| Monetary freedom | 72.8 | 68.2 |
| Trade freedom | 84.8 | 58.4 |
| Investment freedom | 65 | 10 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 30 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Brunei is 67, ranking 52/197, compared to 52.5 for Nepal, ranking 145/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|
| 1996 | - | 50.3 |
| 1997 | - | 53.6 |
| 1998 | - | 53.5 |
| 1999 | - | 53.1 |
| 2000 | - | 51.3 |
| 2001 | - | 51.6 |
| 2002 | - | 52.3 |
| 2003 | - | 51.5 |
| 2004 | - | 51.2 |
| 2005 | - | 51.4 |
| 2006 | - | 53.7 |
| 2007 | - | 54.4 |
| 2008 | - | 54.1 |
| 2009 | - | 53.2 |
| 2010 | - | 52.7 |
| 2011 | - | 50.1 |
| 2012 | - | 50.2 |
| 2013 | - | 50.4 |
| 2014 | 69 | 50.1 |
| 2015 | 68.9 | 51.3 |
| 2016 | 67.3 | 50.9 |
| 2017 | 69.8 | 55.1 |
| 2018 | 64.2 | 54.1 |
| 2019 | 65.1 | 53.8 |
| 2020 | 66.6 | 54.2 |
| 2021 | 66.6 | 50.7 |
| 2022 | 64.8 | 49.7 |
| 2023 | 65.7 | 51.4 |
| 2024 | 65.9 | 52.1 |
| 2025 | 67 | 52.5 |
More economic indicators
|
Brunei
|
Nepal
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
38.7%
2024 |
55.2%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
61.7%
2024 |
11.4%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
1.18%
2024 |
21.9%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$16.7B
2024 |
$43.7B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$92,860
2024 |
$5,830
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$4.41B
2024 |
$12.5B
2023 |
| Total reserves ranking |
105/177
2024 |
74/177
2023 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$29.1M
2024 |
-$155M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$29.1M
2024 |
$155M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$17.5M
2006 |
$0
1989 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
1.16%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines | n/a |
20.3%
2022 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
28.4%
2024 |
30.4%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.