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Economy of Brunei vs Nigeria compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brunei has a GDP of $15.5B compared to $188B for Nigeria, ranking 142/197 and 58/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brunei has $354M in government debt (2.21% of GDP), compared to $99.3B (52.5% of GDP) in Nigeria.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Brunei
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Nigeria
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Brunei Nigeria
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 - - $4,196,174,502 $65,552,393,151
1961 - - $4,467,287,893 $65,678,119,685
1962 - - $4,909,399,176 $68,372,888,068
1963 - - $5,165,590,254 $74,238,337,576
1964 - - $5,552,931,319 $77,913,498,064
1965 $114,039,501 - $5,874,537,650 $81,719,554,395
1966 $132,757,528 - $6,366,917,453 $78,246,053,144
1967 $139,029,537 - $5,203,237,919 $65,927,285,450
1968 $160,818,236 - $5,200,997,920 $65,104,275,427
1969 $161,210,236 - $6,634,317,346 $80,857,806,917
1970 $179,078,929 - $12,546,094,982 $101,078,114,312
1971 $197,525,768 - $9,181,769,912 $115,469,142,733
1972 $270,822,782 - $12,274,416,018 $119,353,827,264
1973 $433,095,527 - $15,162,871,287 $125,790,293,297
1974 $2,319,576,214 $9,912,272,228 $24,846,641,318 $139,829,338,542
1975 $2,496,420,258 $9,848,309,170 $27,778,934,625 $132,519,413,715
1976 $3,054,765,590 $11,904,058,997 $36,308,883,249 $144,502,285,208
1977 $3,681,242,528 $13,086,612,366 $36,035,407,725 $153,207,273,165
1978 $4,100,423,674 $14,005,179,258 $36,527,862,209 $144,376,163,268
1979 $6,044,367,628 $17,413,814,223 $47,259,911,894 $154,135,170,311
1980 $10,795,432,294 $15,723,288,076 $64,201,788,123 $160,616,293,803
1981 $9,367,218,664 $12,203,657,713 $164,475,209,516 $139,530,778,713
1982 $8,932,198,186 $12,484,528,554 $142,769,363,314 $130,037,957,320
1983 $7,927,590,750 $12,534,388,934 $97,094,911,792 $115,832,500,286
1984 $7,632,788,075 $12,236,497,439 $73,484,359,521 $114,540,246,020
1985 $6,967,623,884 $11,880,752,592 $73,745,821,158 $121,313,042,219
1986 $4,190,280,003 $11,238,334,124 $54,805,852,581 $121,386,976,785
1987 $4,918,010,080 $11,472,489,786 $52,676,041,931 $125,271,512,343
1988 $4,535,130,305 $11,296,288,038 $49,648,470,440 $134,458,956,986
1989 $4,983,622,881 $10,988,327,005 $44,003,061,108 $137,039,737,058
1990 $6,039,881,087 $11,278,756,571 $54,035,795,388 $153,178,750,575
1991 $6,284,497,300 $11,607,042,399 $59,526,833,412 $153,727,670,613
1992 $6,327,966,445 $11,244,830,849 $52,058,181,854 $160,847,095,651
1993 $6,203,339,925 $11,173,577,998 $56,721,051,402 $157,573,666,210
1994 $6,467,782,521 $11,284,501,978 $80,399,613,064 $154,713,823,159
1995 $7,700,144,057 $11,436,537,377 $140,919,776,986 $154,601,400,725
1996 $7,663,377,277 $11,433,413,458 $185,730,236,700 $161,088,358,074
1997 $7,793,034,390 $12,158,742,942 $200,850,397,618 $165,819,683,304
1998 $5,550,846,025 $11,349,316,036 $218,416,200,673 $170,099,910,681
1999 $6,309,070,375 $11,832,878,892 $59,145,077,039 $171,093,510,004
2000 $6,570,999,060 $12,244,033,124 $69,171,451,627 $179,675,448,843
2001 $6,096,155,748 $12,423,538,059 $73,557,840,064 $190,308,075,298
2002 $6,333,082,879 $12,915,688,955 $95,054,059,303 $219,480,696,548
2003 $7,167,725,265 $13,378,513,489 $104,738,954,264 $235,606,371,241
2004 $8,619,178,799 $13,392,499,179 $135,764,731,646 $257,401,275,804
2005 $10,547,202,612 $13,391,973,498 $175,670,569,969 $273,974,099,483
2006 $12,644,616,446 $13,940,831,828 $238,454,997,161 $290,575,362,868
2007 $13,432,029,496 $13,416,151,409 $278,260,846,800 $309,727,563,830
2008 $15,926,456,492 $12,892,826,139 $339,476,276,258 $330,679,000,571
2009 $11,912,904,529 $12,647,829,712 $295,008,835,381 $357,255,424,171
2010 $13,707,121,031 $12,994,552,805 $366,990,417,129 $385,856,064,173
2011 $18,524,791,071 $13,481,121,671 $414,466,676,831 $406,337,011,591
2012 $19,048,443,340 $13,604,222,555 $463,971,018,239 $423,525,315,758
2013 $18,094,148,099 $13,315,162,321 $520,117,180,314 $451,780,110,047
2014 $17,097,797,372 $12,981,233,068 $574,183,763,412 $480,286,163,931
2015 $12,930,296,852 $12,930,296,852 $493,026,682,801 $493,026,682,801
2016 $11,400,266,055 $12,609,894,730 $404,649,125,252 $485,055,087,456
2017 $12,128,168,047 $12,777,445,744 $375,745,731,053 $488,964,081,501
2018 $13,566,908,401 $12,784,137,427 $421,739,251,509 $498,365,674,278
2019 $13,469,235,348 $13,278,735,782 $474,517,490,844 $509,371,727,736
2020 $12,005,799,664 $13,429,260,000 $432,198,898,468 $500,232,309,808
2021 $14,006,496,614 $13,215,632,370 $440,833,635,874 $518,476,715,284
2022 $16,681,536,443 $13,000,438,060 $477,403,400,101 $535,335,926,241
2023 $15,095,084,686 $13,147,036,745 $363,846,332,835 $550,647,684,656
2024 $15,463,134,387 $13,699,261,291 $187,759,703,100 $569,515,294,271

Economic indicators

Brunei Nigeria
Gross domestic product
$15.5B
2024
$188B
2024
GDP rank
142/197
2024
58/197
2024
GDP growth
2.44%
2023-2024
-48.4%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$33,418
2024
$807
2024
GDP per capita rank
35/197
2024
186/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$90,007
2024
$6,440
2024
Government debt
$354M
2024
$99.3B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
2.21%
2025
52.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$765
2024
$427
2024
Government debt per person rank
151/185
2024
170/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,191
2025
$1,020
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$54.4B
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
4
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
26.3%
2022
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
3%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30%
2025
18.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
-0.39%
2023-2024
33.2%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
27.5%
2024
Unemployment rate
5.3%
2023
3.45%
2024
Population
469088
241467099

GDP per capita in Brunei vs Nigeria

Brunei's GDP per capita is $33,418, ranking 35/197, compared to $807 in Nigeria, ranking 186/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brunei ranks 9th at $90,007, while Nigeria ranks 149th at $6,440.

Brunei
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Nigeria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Brunei Nigeria
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 - - $93.1 -
1961 - - $97.1 -
1962 - - $104.5 -
1963 - - $107.7 -
1964 - - $113.3 -
1965 $1,029 - $117.3 -
1966 $1,146 - $124.4 -
1967 $1,149 - $99.5 -
1968 $1,274 - $97.3 -
1969 $1,226 - $121.4 -
1970 $1,325 - $224.5 -
1971 $1,432 - $160.5 -
1972 $1,905 - $209.5 -
1973 $2,939 - $252.4 -
1974 $15,195 - $403 -
1975 $15,793 - $438 -
1976 $18,671 - $556 -
1977 $21,747 - $536 -
1978 $23,447 - $527 -
1979 $33,501 - $661 -
1980 $58,005 - $870 -
1981 $48,793 - $2,162 -
1982 $45,075 - $1,822 -
1983 $38,720 - $1,207 -
1984 $36,061 - $890 -
1985 $31,827 - $869 -
1986 $18,501 - $628 -
1987 $21,030 - $588 -
1988 $18,825 - $540 -
1989 $20,090 - $465 -
1990 $23,659 $70,201 $556 $2,017
1991 $23,932 $72,610 $597 $2,038
1992 $23,451 $70,016 $509 $2,124
1993 $22,397 $69,387 $540 $2,075
1994 $22,767 $69,779 $745 $2,026
1995 $26,443 $70,440 $1,272 $2,013
1996 $25,692 $70,008 $1,633 $2,081
1997 $25,522 $73,980 $1,720 $2,123
1998 $17,769 $68,257 $1,822 $2,146
1999 $19,752 $70,585 $481 $2,132
2000 $20,130 $73,087 $547 $2,229
2001 $18,288 $74,254 $566 $2,349
2002 $18,621 $76,838 $712 $2,677
2003 $20,678 $79,632 $763 $2,851
2004 $24,423 $80,404 $962 $3,111
2005 $29,386 $81,534 $1,211 $3,322
2006 $34,675 $86,114 $1,600 $3,533
2007 $36,217 $83,693 $1,816 $3,762
2008 $42,157 $80,477 $2,154 $3,982
2009 $30,946 $77,957 $1,820 $4,209
2010 $34,938 $79,543 $2,202 $4,475
2011 $46,383 $82,735 $2,418 $4,676
2012 $46,969 $87,256 $2,633 $4,737
2013 $44,003 $83,237 $2,873 $4,974
2014 $41,027 $81,226 $3,089 $5,252
2015 $30,625 $62,708 $2,586 $5,189
2016 $26,663 $56,680 $2,070 $5,022
2017 $28,024 $61,658 $1,876 $4,997
2018 $30,988 $65,149 $2,058 $5,083
2019 $30,427 $69,354 $2,265 $5,362
2020 $26,834 $69,788 $2,020 $5,354
2021 $31,007 $78,249 $2,017 $5,492
2022 $36,633 $81,802 $2,139 $5,949
2023 $32,891 $85,033 $1,597 $6,207
2024 $33,418 $90,007 $807 $6,440

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Brunei's government spending was $4.6B, accounting for 30% of its GDP, while Nigeria's spent $33.4B, or 18.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 2.21% in Brunei and 52.5% in Nigeria, ranking 185/185 and 104/185, respectively.

Brunei
Government spending

Government debt
Nigeria
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Brunei Nigeria
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1990 28.2% 0% 20% 71.7%
1991 27.1% 0% 19.2% 75%
1992 30.1% 0% 22.5% 70.2%
1993 33.5% 0% 28.2% 71%
1994 41.6% 0% 17% 55.9%
1995 38.8% 0% 12.5% 34%
1996 32.6% 0% 11.1% 25.2%
1997 34.4% 0% 13.6% 24.1%
1998 40.1% 0% 15.7% 22.3%
1999 39% 0% 21% 64.9%
2000 37.5% 0% 24.7% 57.6%
2001 35.5% 0% 30.9% 53.1%
2002 41.4% 0% 19.4% 43.3%
2003 30.9% 0% 23.2% 42.1%
2004 33.2% 0% 18.3% 35.5%
2005 29.1% 0% 17.8% 18.9%
2006 28% 0.59% 12.3% 9.4%
2007 29.3% 0.68% 18.1% 8.12%
2008 27.2% 0.94% 14.4% 7.28%
2009 34.8% 1.11% 15.4% 8.62%
2010 36.2% 1.11% 16.6% 9.39%
2011 29.7% 2.13% 17.3% 17.4%
2012 31% 2.1% 14.8% 17.6%
2013 33.6% 2.21% 14.1% 18.3%
2014 34.1% 3.23% 13.4% 18.2%
2015 38.7% 2.95% 11% 21%
2016 39.4% 3% 9.76% 24.5%
2017 36.6% 2.83% 12% 25.4%
2018 32.2% 2.59% 12.8% 28.7%
2019 32.4% 2.58% 12.5% 30.2%
2020 33.2% 2.86% 12.1% 35.6%
2021 29.3% 2.51% 12.6% 36.8%
2022 26.4% 2.06% 14.4% 40.4%
2023 29.4% 2.33% 13.9% 48.7%
2024 29.8% 2.29% 17.8% 52.9%
2025 30% 2.21% 18.5% 52.5%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Brunei's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.57B, equivalent to -10.2% of GDP. This compares to Nigeria's deficit of -$6.32B, or -3.37% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Brunei recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Nigeria ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Brunei posted an annual deficit equal to -1.27% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.37% of GDP for Nigeria.

Deficit/surplus
Brunei

Nigeria
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brunei Nigeria
1990 -1.44% -0.67%
1991 -0.94% -1.66%
1992 -7.31% 1.33%
1993 -11.3% -8.55%
1994 -19.9% -4.17%
1995 -17.5% 3.55%
1996 -7.69% 4.75%
1997 -10.4% 1.6%
1998 -21.2% -4.89%
1999 -16.1% -1.96%
2000 6.86% 4.07%
2001 2.59% -3.22%
2002 -4.61% 1.34%
2003 8.06% -2.2%
2004 8.57% 5.49%
2005 16% 4.91%
2006 19.8% 8.76%
2007 3.12% -1.12%
2008 36.1% 5.7%
2009 3.61% -5.33%
2010 7.61% -4.17%
2011 25.6% 0.43%
2012 15.8% -0.13%
2013 13% -2.66%
2014 3.58% -2.43%
2015 -14.5% -3.8%
2016 -21.7% -4.64%
2017 -10.4% -5.41%
2018 -3.59% -4.31%
2019 -3.69% -4.66%
2020 -15.8% -5.58%
2021 -8.16% -5.48%
2022 2.53% -5.42%
2023 -10.9% -4.19%
2024 -10.2% -3.37%
2025 -10.3% -4.48%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Brunei has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.55%, compared with 13.9% in Nigeria. In 2024, inflation was -0.39% in Brunei and 33.2% in Nigeria.

Inflation
Brunei

Nigeria
Year Inflation
Brunei Nigeria Brunei Nigeria
1996 2% 29.3%
1997 1.71% 8.53%
1998 -0.44% 10%
1999 -0.42% 6.62%
2000 1.56% 6.93%
2001 0.6% 18.9%
2002 -2.31% 12.9%
2003 0.3% 14%
2004 0.81% 15%
2005 1.24% 17.9%
2006 0.16% 8.23%
2007 0.97% 5.39%
2008 2.08% 11.6%
2009 1.04% 12.5%
2010 0.36% 13.7%
2011 0.14% 10.8%
2012 0.11% 12.2%
2013 0.39% 8.5%
2014 -0.21% 8.05%
2015 -0.49% 9.01%
2016 -0.28% 15.7%
2017 -1.26% 16.5%
2018 1.03% 12.1%
2019 -0.39% 11.4%
2020 1.94% 13.2%
2021 1.73% 17%
2022 3.68% 18.8%
2023 0.36% 24.7%
2024 -0.39% 33.2%

Top exports between countries

Brunei
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $12K
Miscellaneous $11K
Chemicals & pharma $3K
Nigeria
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $65M

Balance of trade

Brunei Nigeria
Current account balance
$2.23B
2024
$17.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
43/189
2024
20/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+14.4%
2024
+9.17%
2024
Goods imports
$7.36B
2024
$39.8B
2024
Goods exports
$11.1B
2024
$53B
2024
Service imports
$1.75B
2024
$17.9B
2024
Service exports
$410M
2024
$4.57B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
58.9%
2024
16.9%
1960
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
74.3%
2024
9.24%
1960

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brunei Nigeria
Economic freedom 67 53.4
Economic freedom ranking 52/197 141/197
Property rights 69.7 25.4
Government integrity 34.2 22.4
Judicial effectiveness 52.8 34.1
Tax burden 95 85.1
Government spending 75.9 94.5
Fiscal health 51.7 55.4
Business freedom 77.1 38.5
Labor freedom 75.1 72.8
Monetary freedom 72.8 59.9
Trade freedom 84.8 67.6
Investment freedom 65 45
Financial freedom 50 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Brunei is 67, ranking 52/197, compared to 53.4 for Nigeria, ranking 141/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Brunei
Nigeria
Year Economic freedom index
Brunei Nigeria
1995 - 47.3
1996 - 47.4
1997 - 52.8
1998 - 52.3
1999 - 55.7
2000 - 53.1
2001 - 49.6
2002 - 50.9
2003 - 49.5
2004 - 49.2
2005 - 48.4
2006 - 48.7
2007 - 55.6
2008 - 55.1
2009 - 55.1
2010 - 56.8
2011 - 56.7
2012 - 56.3
2013 - 55.1
2014 69 54.3
2015 68.9 55.6
2016 67.3 57.5
2017 69.8 57.1
2018 64.2 58.5
2019 65.1 57.3
2020 66.6 57.2
2021 66.6 58.7
2022 64.8 54.4
2023 65.7 53.9
2024 65.9 53.1
2025 67 53.4

More economic indicators

Brunei Nigeria
Services, % of GDP
38.7%
2024
47%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
61.7%
2024
29.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.18%
2024
20.4%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$16.7B
2024
$291B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$92,860
2024
$6,210
2024
Total reserves including gold
$4.41B
2024
$38.6B
2024
Total reserves ranking
105/177
2024
51/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$29.1M
2024
-$672M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$29.1M
2024
$1.08B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$17.5M
2006
$408M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
2.61%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
56.2%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
n/a

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.