The latest officially reported population of Italy was 58,915,656 in 2025 vs 27,917,831 people in Niger in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Italy's population is 58,708,169 people compared to 29,294,628 in Niger.
Population statistics:
- Italy's population is 2 times bigger than Niger's.
- Italy is ranked the 26th most populous country in the world, while Niger is the 53rd.
- The countries together account for 1.06% of the world: 0.71% for Italy vs 0.35% for Niger.
- For the last 10 years, Italy has had an average growth rate of -0.21% per year vs +3.45% in Niger.
- Since 2006, the population of Italy has increased from 58.4M people to 58.7M (0.53% growth), while Niger has grown from 14.3M to 29.3M (105.3% growth).
Italy vs Niger: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Italy
|
Niger
|
|
| 2100 | 35,295,729 | 92,119,820 |
| 2099 | 35,533,045 | 91,758,864 |
| 2098 | 35,764,971 | 91,380,105 |
| 2097 | 36,003,567 | 90,979,507 |
| 2096 | 36,240,310 | 90,560,194 |
| 2095 | 36,477,183 | 90,121,433 |
| 2094 | 36,710,370 | 89,665,016 |
| 2093 | 36,941,728 | 89,186,290 |
| 2092 | 37,181,889 | 88,687,247 |
| 2091 | 37,416,123 | 88,169,255 |
| 2090 | 37,654,289 | 87,632,134 |
| 2089 | 37,896,069 | 87,075,435 |
| 2088 | 38,134,560 | 86,497,532 |
| 2087 | 38,375,540 | 85,901,116 |
| 2086 | 38,612,968 | 85,285,801 |
| 2085 | 38,857,421 | 84,648,237 |
| 2084 | 39,105,783 | 83,990,034 |
| 2083 | 39,352,795 | 83,310,768 |
| 2082 | 39,608,119 | 82,611,309 |
| 2081 | 39,866,527 | 81,895,814 |
| 2080 | 40,130,426 | 81,159,765 |
| 2079 | 40,403,049 | 80,409,054 |
| 2078 | 40,680,460 | 79,639,286 |
| 2077 | 40,962,463 | 78,852,089 |
| 2076 | 41,254,005 | 78,045,772 |
| 2075 | 41,558,635 | 77,223,494 |
| 2074 | 41,883,296 | 76,387,922 |
| 2073 | 42,216,283 | 75,535,687 |
| 2072 | 42,564,739 | 74,667,410 |
| 2071 | 42,921,274 | 73,784,579 |
| 2070 | 43,295,245 | 72,888,455 |
| 2069 | 43,679,714 | 71,975,811 |
| 2068 | 44,073,736 | 71,050,594 |
| 2067 | 44,471,480 | 70,111,034 |
| 2066 | 44,883,154 | 69,159,115 |
| 2065 | 45,309,461 | 68,199,397 |
| 2064 | 45,741,985 | 67,226,153 |
| 2063 | 46,180,658 | 66,242,857 |
| 2062 | 46,633,125 | 65,249,357 |
| 2061 | 47,088,290 | 64,246,142 |
| 2060 | 47,542,648 | 63,236,587 |
| 2059 | 47,998,659 | 62,219,239 |
| 2058 | 48,452,892 | 61,193,260 |
| 2057 | 48,899,246 | 60,161,411 |
| 2056 | 49,344,799 | 59,126,596 |
| 2055 | 49,776,680 | 58,084,470 |
| 2054 | 50,197,999 | 57,038,192 |
| 2053 | 50,613,632 | 55,989,073 |
| 2052 | 51,012,772 | 54,940,685 |
| 2051 | 51,404,003 | 53,889,624 |
| 2050 | 51,791,523 | 52,841,076 |
| 2049 | 52,164,254 | 51,793,560 |
| 2048 | 52,522,170 | 50,746,939 |
| 2047 | 52,876,346 | 49,703,518 |
| 2046 | 53,212,697 | 48,661,960 |
| 2045 | 53,541,344 | 47,622,548 |
| 2044 | 53,856,790 | 46,586,941 |
| 2043 | 54,176,580 | 45,557,790 |
| 2042 | 54,477,632 | 44,531,886 |
| 2041 | 54,765,213 | 43,511,370 |
| 2040 | 55,052,803 | 42,494,381 |
| 2039 | 55,342,225 | 41,482,338 |
| 2038 | 55,619,470 | 40,472,234 |
| 2037 | 55,895,913 | 39,463,944 |
| 2036 | 56,164,408 | 38,459,660 |
| 2035 | 56,435,468 | 37,458,584 |
| 2034 | 56,703,168 | 36,465,688 |
| 2033 | 56,963,528 | 35,476,260 |
| 2032 | 57,220,334 | 34,497,489 |
| 2031 | 57,487,786 | 33,527,117 |
| 2030 | 57,749,232 | 32,563,547 |
| 2029 | 57,994,812 | 31,610,576 |
| 2028 | 58,236,078 | 30,670,274 |
| 2027 | 58,477,957 | 29,741,014 |
| 2026 | 58,708,169 | 28,823,166 |
| 2025 | 58,915,656 | 27,917,831 |
| 2024 | 58,952,704 | 27,032,412 |
| 2023 | 58,984,216 | 26,159,867 |
| 2022 | 59,013,667 | 25,311,973 |
| 2021 | 59,133,173 | 24,502,140 |
| 2020 | 59,438,851 | 23,717,613 |
| 2019 | 59,729,081 | 22,947,757 |
| 2018 | 59,877,221 | 22,188,069 |
| 2017 | 60,002,252 | 21,435,446 |
| 2016 | 60,115,223 | 20,685,753 |
| 2015 | 60,229,605 | 19,939,498 |
| 2014 | 60,320,707 | 19,215,909 |
| 2013 | 60,311,613 | 18,519,898 |
| 2012 | 60,191,247 | 17,836,769 |
| 2011 | 60,026,841 | 17,176,283 |
| 2010 | 59,819,407 | 16,548,835 |
| 2009 | 59,555,454 | 15,943,675 |
| 2008 | 59,211,181 | 15,361,915 |
| 2007 | 58,756,247 | 14,803,610 |
| 2006 | 58,399,861 | 14,268,581 |
| 2005 | 58,166,682 | 13,756,192 |
| 2004 | 57,828,179 | 13,265,836 |
| 2003 | 57,399,184 | 12,796,984 |
| 2002 | 57,089,824 | 12,349,144 |
| 2001 | 56,976,981 | 11,920,647 |
| 2000 | 56,942,108 | 11,509,630 |
| 1999 | 56,916,317 | 11,117,411 |
| 1998 | 56,906,744 | 10,741,413 |
| 1997 | 56,890,372 | 10,383,969 |
| 1996 | 56,860,281 | 10,044,852 |
| 1995 | 56,844,303 | 9,714,529 |
| 1994 | 56,843,400 | 9,398,258 |
| 1993 | 56,831,821 | 9,100,789 |
| 1992 | 56,797,087 | 8,817,633 |
| 1991 | 56,758,521 | 8,546,900 |
| 1990 | 56,719,240 | 8,286,059 |
| 1989 | 56,671,781 | 8,034,780 |
| 1988 | 56,629,288 | 7,793,748 |
| 1987 | 56,601,931 | 7,561,150 |
| 1986 | 56,596,155 | 7,335,811 |
| 1985 | 56,593,071 | 7,118,457 |
| 1984 | 56,576,718 | 6,909,971 |
| 1983 | 56,564,074 | 6,708,644 |
| 1982 | 56,543,548 | 6,512,732 |
| 1981 | 56,501,675 | 6,322,006 |
| 1980 | 56,433,883 | 6,135,971 |
| 1979 | 56,317,749 | 5,955,556 |
| 1978 | 56,155,143 | 5,782,932 |
| 1977 | 55,955,411 | 5,619,716 |
| 1976 | 55,718,260 | 5,464,962 |
| 1975 | 55,441,001 | 5,317,019 |
| 1974 | 55,110,868 | 5,174,953 |
| 1973 | 54,751,406 | 5,037,865 |
| 1972 | 54,381,345 | 4,904,845 |
| 1971 | 54,073,490 | 4,776,225 |
| 1970 | 53,821,850 | 4,650,275 |
| 1969 | 53,537,950 | 4,525,725 |
| 1968 | 53,235,750 | 4,403,637 |
| 1967 | 52,900,500 | 4,283,590 |
| 1966 | 52,519,000 | 4,165,544 |
| 1965 | 52,112,350 | 4,049,695 |
| 1964 | 51,675,350 | 3,935,814 |
| 1963 | 51,252,000 | 3,823,873 |
| 1962 | 50,879,450 | 3,714,520 |
| 1961 | 50,536,350 | 3,608,162 |
| 1960 | 50,199,700 | 3,505,050 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/niger | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Italy increased by 1,715,362 people (a 2.94% growth), while Niger gained 6,417,172 people (a 45% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Italy lost 1,407,054 people (a 2.34% decline), while Niger's population increased by 8,608,875 people (a 41.6% growth).
Italy was ranked 23rd most populous country in 2006 and is 26th in 2026. Niger was ranked 64th in 2006 and ranked 53rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Italy's population will shrink by 11.8% to 51,791,523 people with a rank change from 26th to 40th. The population of Niger will increase by 80.4% to 52,841,076 people and rank change from 53rd to 38th.
Niger is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 92.1M people, while Italy's population already peaked in 2014 at 60.3M people and is projected to decrease to 35.3M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Italy
|
Niger
|
|
| 2100 | -0.67% | 0.39% |
| 2099 | -0.65% | 0.41% |
| 2098 | -0.66% | 0.44% |
| 2097 | -0.65% | 0.46% |
| 2096 | -0.65% | 0.49% |
| 2095 | -0.64% | 0.51% |
| 2094 | -0.63% | 0.54% |
| 2093 | -0.65% | 0.56% |
| 2092 | -0.63% | 0.59% |
| 2091 | -0.63% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | -0.64% | 0.64% |
| 2089 | -0.63% | 0.67% |
| 2088 | -0.63% | 0.69% |
| 2087 | -0.61% | 0.72% |
| 2086 | -0.63% | 0.75% |
| 2085 | -0.64% | 0.78% |
| 2084 | -0.63% | 0.82% |
| 2083 | -0.64% | 0.85% |
| 2082 | -0.65% | 0.87% |
| 2081 | -0.66% | 0.91% |
| 2080 | -0.67% | 0.93% |
| 2079 | -0.68% | 0.97% |
| 2078 | -0.69% | 1% |
| 2077 | -0.71% | 1.03% |
| 2076 | -0.73% | 1.06% |
| 2075 | -0.78% | 1.09% |
| 2074 | -0.79% | 1.13% |
| 2073 | -0.82% | 1.16% |
| 2072 | -0.83% | 1.2% |
| 2071 | -0.86% | 1.23% |
| 2070 | -0.88% | 1.27% |
| 2069 | -0.89% | 1.3% |
| 2068 | -0.89% | 1.34% |
| 2067 | -0.92% | 1.38% |
| 2066 | -0.94% | 1.41% |
| 2065 | -0.95% | 1.45% |
| 2064 | -0.95% | 1.48% |
| 2063 | -0.97% | 1.52% |
| 2062 | -0.97% | 1.56% |
| 2061 | -0.96% | 1.6% |
| 2060 | -0.95% | 1.64% |
| 2059 | -0.94% | 1.68% |
| 2058 | -0.91% | 1.72% |
| 2057 | -0.9% | 1.75% |
| 2056 | -0.87% | 1.79% |
| 2055 | -0.84% | 1.83% |
| 2054 | -0.82% | 1.87% |
| 2053 | -0.78% | 1.91% |
| 2052 | -0.76% | 1.95% |
| 2051 | -0.75% | 1.98% |
| 2050 | -0.71% | 2.02% |
| 2049 | -0.68% | 2.06% |
| 2048 | -0.67% | 2.1% |
| 2047 | -0.63% | 2.14% |
| 2046 | -0.61% | 2.18% |
| 2045 | -0.59% | 2.22% |
| 2044 | -0.59% | 2.26% |
| 2043 | -0.55% | 2.3% |
| 2042 | -0.53% | 2.35% |
| 2041 | -0.52% | 2.39% |
| 2040 | -0.52% | 2.44% |
| 2039 | -0.5% | 2.5% |
| 2038 | -0.49% | 2.55% |
| 2037 | -0.48% | 2.61% |
| 2036 | -0.48% | 2.67% |
| 2035 | -0.47% | 2.72% |
| 2034 | -0.46% | 2.79% |
| 2033 | -0.45% | 2.84% |
| 2032 | -0.47% | 2.89% |
| 2031 | -0.45% | 2.96% |
| 2030 | -0.42% | 3.01% |
| 2029 | -0.41% | 3.07% |
| 2028 | -0.41% | 3.12% |
| 2027 | -0.39% | 3.18% |
| 2026 | -0.35% | 3.24% |
| 2025 | -0.06% | 3.28% |
| 2024 | -0.05% | 3.34% |
| 2023 | -0.05% | 3.35% |
| 2022 | -0.2% | 3.31% |
| 2021 | -0.51% | 3.31% |
| 2020 | -0.49% | 3.35% |
| 2019 | -0.25% | 3.42% |
| 2018 | -0.21% | 3.51% |
| 2017 | -0.19% | 3.62% |
| 2016 | -0.19% | 3.74% |
| 2015 | -0.15% | 3.77% |
| 2014 | 0.02% | 3.76% |
| 2013 | 0.2% | 3.83% |
| 2012 | 0.27% | 3.85% |
| 2011 | 0.35% | 3.79% |
| 2010 | 0.44% | 3.8% |
| 2009 | 0.58% | 3.79% |
| 2008 | 0.77% | 3.77% |
| 2007 | 0.61% | 3.75% |
| 2006 | 0.4% | 3.72% |
| 2005 | 0.59% | 3.7% |
| 2004 | 0.75% | 3.66% |
| 2003 | 0.54% | 3.63% |
| 2002 | 0.2% | 3.59% |
| 2001 | 0.06% | 3.57% |
| 2000 | 0.05% | 3.53% |
| 1999 | 0.02% | 3.5% |
| 1998 | 0.03% | 3.44% |
| 1997 | 0.05% | 3.38% |
| 1996 | 0.03% | 3.4% |
| 1995 | 0.002% | 3.37% |
| 1994 | 0.02% | 3.27% |
| 1993 | 0.06% | 3.21% |
| 1992 | 0.07% | 3.17% |
| 1991 | 0.07% | 3.15% |
| 1990 | 0.08% | 3.13% |
| 1989 | 0.08% | 3.09% |
| 1988 | 0.05% | 3.08% |
| 1987 | 0.01% | 3.07% |
| 1986 | 0.005% | 3.05% |
| 1985 | 0.03% | 3.02% |
| 1984 | 0.02% | 3% |
| 1983 | 0.04% | 3.01% |
| 1982 | 0.07% | 3.02% |
| 1981 | 0.12% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 0.21% | 3.03% |
| 1979 | 0.29% | 2.99% |
| 1978 | 0.36% | 2.9% |
| 1977 | 0.43% | 2.83% |
| 1976 | 0.5% | 2.78% |
| 1975 | 0.6% | 2.75% |
| 1974 | 0.66% | 2.72% |
| 1973 | 0.68% | 2.71% |
| 1972 | 0.57% | 2.69% |
| 1971 | 0.47% | 2.71% |
| 1970 | 0.53% | 2.75% |
| 1969 | 0.57% | 2.77% |
| 1968 | 0.63% | 2.8% |
| 1967 | 0.73% | 2.83% |
| 1966 | 0.78% | 2.86% |
| 1965 | 0.85% | 2.89% |
| 1964 | 0.83% | 2.93% |
| 1963 | 0.73% | 2.94% |
| 1962 | 0.68% | 2.95% |
| 1961 | 0.67% | 2.94% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/niger | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Italy declined by 0.06%, while Niger's population grew by 3.28%.
Live population counters
|
Italy
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
58708169
|
29294628
|
| Population rank | 26/197 | 53/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.71% | 0.35% |
| One net population change |
14.2 minutes
|
35.7 seconds
|
| One birth every |
1.42 minutes
|
28.2 seconds
|
| One death every |
48.6 seconds
|
2.23 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | -102 | +2,426 |
| Annual growth/decline | -37,048 | +885,419 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.06% | +3.28% |
| Population growth rate rank | 162/197 | 9/197 |
| One migration net change every |
6.99 minutes
|
1.14 hours
|
| Annual migration change | +75,448 | -7,704 |
| Net migration rank | 19/196 | 126/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 6,553,671 | 449,236 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 12/195 | 85/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 11% | 1.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 59/195 | 140/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Italy
|
Niger
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 75,448 | - | -7,704 |
| 2024 | -277,077 | 95,246 | 883,987 | -4,041 |
| 2023 | -294,922 | 150,189 | 864,139 | 995 |
| 2022 | -318,674 | 231,228 | 829,651 | 995 |
| 2021 | -301,579 | 157,327 | 793,428 | -4,405 |
| 2020 | -338,801 | 85,281 | 784,437 | -4,402 |
| 2019 | -215,025 | 46,634 | 775,474 | -15,778 |
| 2018 | -197,595 | 83,686 | 763,536 | -3,830 |
| 2017 | -192,007 | 95,147 | 752,384 | -6,830 |
| 2016 | -138,265 | 84,568 | 738,999 | 14,833 |
| 2015 | -162,620 | 39,389 | 721,630 | 17,051 |
| 2014 | -96,513 | 52,679 | 704,609 | 3,891 |
| 2013 | -90,468 | 158,090 | 686,070 | -2,543 |
| 2012 | -78,248 | 252,524 | 664,009 | 18,714 |
| 2011 | -48,021 | 198,544 | 645,175 | -6,941 |
| 2010 | -23,928 | 274,387 | 624,685 | -8,033 |
| 2009 | -17,866 | 283,676 | 602,671 | -9,014 |
| 2008 | -11,842 | 422,534 | 579,727 | -9,847 |
| 2007 | -5,876 | 495,092 | 556,808 | -10,069 |
| 2006 | 0 | 215,995 | 533,374 | -10,054 |
| 2005 | -17,450 | 258,702 | 511,167 | -9,700 |
| 2004 | 11,566 | 417,970 | 488,328 | -9,070 |
| 2003 | -40,179 | 478,578 | 467,295 | -8,841 |
| 2002 | -22,836 | 223,861 | 446,767 | -9,550 |
| 2001 | -11,396 | 48,903 | 428,417 | -8,654 |
| 2000 | -17,082 | 56,065 | 410,779 | -8,522 |
| 1999 | -22,766 | 54,405 | 394,212 | -12,037 |
| 1998 | -39,835 | 67,985 | 377,120 | -7,298 |
| 1997 | -22,756 | 50,539 | 358,745 | -13,680 |
| 1996 | -22,744 | 53,450 | 341,223 | -8,057 |
| 1995 | -34,107 | -460,287 | 323,630 | 3,843 |
| 1994 | -17,053 | 502,750 | 306,026 | -959 |
| 1993 | 0 | 24,321 | 292,135 | -2,269 |
| 1992 | 22,718 | 51,747 | 278,690 | -2,258 |
| 1991 | 11,352 | 19,721 | 266,527 | -1,500 |
| 1990 | 22,688 | 35,317 | 256,594 | 73 |
| 1989 | 28,336 | 19,540 | 245,278 | 613 |
| 1988 | 33,977 | 18,553 | 237,296 | -1,139 |
| 1987 | 16,980 | 7,825 | 231,371 | -2,338 |
| 1986 | 11,319 | -6,206 | 224,365 | -2,728 |
| 1985 | 28,297 | 6,911 | 219,206 | -6,126 |
| 1984 | 50,919 | 203 | 213,111 | -9,208 |
| 1983 | 33,939 | -3,733 | 207,962 | -9,209 |
| 1982 | 79,161 | -24,223 | 202,012 | -8,935 |
| 1981 | 73,452 | 7,182 | 195,938 | -7,559 |
| 1980 | 84,650 | 295,642 | 189,251 | -5,564 |
| 1979 | 129,531 | 42,637 | 180,632 | -3,495 |
| 1978 | 168,465 | 43,932 | 171,614 | -3,494 |
| 1977 | 190,248 | 42,246 | 161,792 | -3,476 |
| 1976 | 228,445 | 40,885 | 154,489 | -3,308 |
| 1975 | 271,660 | 43,051 | 147,962 | -3,254 |
| 1974 | 336,176 | 42,487 | 142,606 | -3,179 |
| 1973 | 328,508 | 41,631 | 137,695 | -2,942 |
| 1972 | 364,355 | 43,182 | 133,813 | -2,525 |
| 1971 | 383,922 | -58,627 | 128,223 | -2,277 |
| 1970 | 376,753 | -62,216 | 128,184 | -2,225 |
| 1969 | 390,827 | -45,346 | 125,389 | -2,245 |
| 1968 | 399,268 | -50,149 | 123,301 | -2,277 |
| 1967 | 439,074 | -37,992 | 121,358 | -2,289 |
| 1966 | 488,427 | -35,352 | 119,314 | -2,289 |
| 1965 | 474,222 | -36,267 | 116,963 | -2,289 |
| 1964 | 527,089 | -27,368 | 115,386 | -2,289 |
| 1963 | 440,767 | -28,198 | 113,072 | -2,289 |
| 1962 | 427,387 | -25,840 | 110,280 | -2,369 |
| 1961 | 459,880 | -129,761 | 107,693 | -2,893 |
| 1960 | 426,697 | -140,765 | 105,081 | -3,641 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/niger | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 69.5% of the population change in Italy is from natural causes (a loss of 2,436,565 people) and 30.5% is from migration (a gain of 1,068,695 people). In Niger 99.9% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,907,665 people) and 0.07% is from migration (a loss of 5,412 people).
As of 2024, 6,553,671 residents or 11% of the population were not native-born in Italy, compared to 449,236 people or 1.7% in Niger.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Italy and Niger
|
Italy
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 84.2 years | 61.9 years |
| Average age | 46.7 years | 21.3 years |
| Median age | 49.2 years | 16.7 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.9:51.1 | 50.8:49.2 |
| Fertility rate | 1.18 births per woman | 5.94 births per woman |
| Population density | 514 ppl/mi² | 58.9 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/italy/niger | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.