The latest officially reported population of Cape Verde was 527,326 in 2025 vs 237,527,782 people in Nigeria in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Cape Verde's population is 530,853 people compared to 245,016,045 in Nigeria.
Population statistics:
- Nigeria's population is 462 times bigger than Cape Verde's.
- Cape Verde is ranked the 169th most populous country in the world, while Nigeria is the 6th.
- The countries together account for 2.96% of the world: 0.006% for Cape Verde vs 2.95% for Nigeria.
- For the last 10 years, Cape Verde has had an average growth rate of +0.26% per year vs +2.25% in Nigeria.
- Since 2006, the population of Cape Verde has increased from 491K people to 531K (8.18% growth), while Nigeria has grown from 149M to 245M (64.4% growth).
Cape Verde vs Nigeria: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Cape Verde
|
Nigeria
|
|
| 2100 | 419,997 | 481,640,156 |
| 2099 | 424,272 | 481,456,918 |
| 2098 | 428,479 | 481,181,892 |
| 2097 | 432,755 | 480,838,161 |
| 2096 | 437,010 | 480,422,467 |
| 2095 | 441,329 | 479,938,579 |
| 2094 | 445,663 | 479,395,022 |
| 2093 | 450,029 | 478,769,369 |
| 2092 | 454,324 | 478,059,864 |
| 2091 | 458,616 | 477,236,907 |
| 2090 | 462,925 | 476,329,495 |
| 2089 | 467,304 | 475,326,347 |
| 2088 | 471,550 | 474,231,442 |
| 2087 | 475,770 | 473,035,563 |
| 2086 | 479,948 | 471,732,001 |
| 2085 | 484,130 | 470,328,175 |
| 2084 | 488,284 | 468,806,172 |
| 2083 | 492,265 | 467,187,453 |
| 2082 | 496,287 | 465,472,417 |
| 2081 | 500,248 | 463,643,190 |
| 2080 | 504,114 | 461,705,493 |
| 2079 | 507,910 | 459,644,523 |
| 2078 | 511,491 | 457,477,264 |
| 2077 | 514,982 | 455,218,871 |
| 2076 | 518,448 | 452,849,991 |
| 2075 | 521,841 | 450,367,356 |
| 2074 | 525,092 | 447,789,885 |
| 2073 | 528,231 | 445,117,028 |
| 2072 | 531,275 | 442,340,440 |
| 2071 | 534,138 | 439,464,323 |
| 2070 | 537,082 | 436,505,329 |
| 2069 | 539,993 | 433,437,998 |
| 2068 | 542,768 | 430,286,232 |
| 2067 | 545,560 | 427,032,499 |
| 2066 | 548,154 | 423,702,640 |
| 2065 | 550,545 | 420,285,359 |
| 2064 | 552,744 | 416,778,394 |
| 2063 | 554,888 | 413,198,800 |
| 2062 | 556,973 | 409,551,159 |
| 2061 | 558,855 | 405,827,482 |
| 2060 | 560,518 | 402,041,765 |
| 2059 | 562,114 | 398,197,311 |
| 2058 | 563,436 | 394,284,767 |
| 2057 | 564,587 | 390,311,065 |
| 2056 | 565,521 | 386,267,580 |
| 2055 | 566,347 | 382,162,992 |
| 2054 | 567,010 | 378,000,511 |
| 2053 | 567,363 | 373,769,779 |
| 2052 | 567,478 | 369,472,476 |
| 2051 | 567,476 | 365,120,741 |
| 2050 | 567,344 | 360,706,317 |
| 2049 | 567,002 | 356,243,287 |
| 2048 | 566,562 | 351,724,743 |
| 2047 | 566,027 | 347,142,279 |
| 2046 | 565,225 | 342,505,549 |
| 2045 | 564,268 | 337,807,869 |
| 2044 | 563,194 | 333,050,132 |
| 2043 | 562,030 | 328,230,652 |
| 2042 | 560,769 | 323,363,366 |
| 2041 | 559,386 | 318,443,989 |
| 2040 | 557,874 | 313,468,061 |
| 2039 | 556,224 | 308,450,008 |
| 2038 | 554,435 | 303,399,842 |
| 2037 | 552,627 | 298,327,800 |
| 2036 | 550,801 | 293,227,654 |
| 2035 | 548,853 | 288,115,630 |
| 2034 | 546,915 | 282,995,818 |
| 2033 | 545,056 | 277,875,880 |
| 2032 | 542,980 | 272,747,599 |
| 2031 | 540,984 | 267,645,657 |
| 2030 | 538,671 | 262,562,767 |
| 2029 | 536,441 | 257,484,616 |
| 2028 | 534,196 | 252,445,821 |
| 2027 | 531,944 | 247,437,680 |
| 2026 | 529,702 | 242,458,365 |
| 2025 | 527,326 | 237,527,782 |
| 2024 | 524,877 | 232,679,478 |
| 2023 | 522,331 | 227,882,945 |
| 2022 | 519,741 | 223,150,896 |
| 2021 | 516,649 | 218,529,286 |
| 2020 | 514,679 | 213,996,181 |
| 2019 | 514,104 | 209,485,641 |
| 2018 | 513,415 | 204,938,755 |
| 2017 | 512,893 | 200,254,579 |
| 2016 | 512,554 | 195,443,700 |
| 2015 | 512,394 | 190,671,878 |
| 2014 | 512,326 | 185,896,915 |
| 2013 | 512,225 | 181,049,443 |
| 2012 | 511,955 | 176,200,625 |
| 2011 | 511,447 | 171,379,598 |
| 2010 | 509,784 | 166,642,886 |
| 2009 | 506,141 | 162,049,464 |
| 2008 | 501,355 | 157,595,014 |
| 2007 | 496,190 | 153,267,261 |
| 2006 | 490,728 | 149,077,334 |
| 2005 | 485,115 | 145,017,253 |
| 2004 | 479,370 | 141,057,045 |
| 2003 | 473,383 | 137,202,644 |
| 2002 | 467,046 | 133,471,989 |
| 2001 | 460,293 | 129,862,595 |
| 2000 | 453,317 | 126,382,494 |
| 1999 | 446,519 | 123,047,320 |
| 1998 | 439,784 | 119,846,254 |
| 1997 | 432,798 | 116,754,792 |
| 1996 | 425,581 | 113,754,779 |
| 1995 | 418,104 | 110,819,428 |
| 1994 | 410,228 | 107,935,714 |
| 1993 | 401,965 | 105,122,069 |
| 1992 | 393,415 | 102,372,770 |
| 1991 | 384,586 | 99,720,162 |
| 1990 | 375,428 | 97,120,925 |
| 1989 | 367,803 | 94,531,014 |
| 1988 | 362,329 | 92,020,090 |
| 1987 | 357,302 | 89,591,716 |
| 1986 | 352,312 | 87,235,953 |
| 1985 | 347,365 | 84,897,973 |
| 1984 | 342,505 | 82,526,443 |
| 1983 | 337,654 | 80,438,260 |
| 1982 | 332,724 | 78,378,701 |
| 1981 | 327,846 | 76,068,103 |
| 1980 | 323,301 | 73,764,641 |
| 1979 | 319,480 | 71,498,242 |
| 1978 | 316,147 | 69,326,532 |
| 1977 | 312,834 | 67,234,590 |
| 1976 | 309,455 | 65,258,009 |
| 1975 | 305,847 | 63,410,815 |
| 1974 | 302,570 | 61,679,144 |
| 1973 | 299,881 | 60,082,139 |
| 1972 | 297,386 | 58,601,748 |
| 1971 | 294,046 | 57,214,684 |
| 1970 | 287,885 | 55,893,838 |
| 1969 | 279,248 | 54,631,914 |
| 1968 | 270,164 | 53,432,783 |
| 1967 | 261,404 | 52,293,065 |
| 1966 | 252,976 | 51,188,234 |
| 1965 | 244,856 | 50,086,764 |
| 1964 | 237,006 | 49,012,016 |
| 1963 | 229,373 | 47,973,575 |
| 1962 | 221,919 | 46,965,292 |
| 1961 | 215,087 | 45,989,310 |
| 1960 | 210,024 | 45,053,782 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/nigeria | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Cape Verde increased by 21,826 people (a 4.45% growth), while Nigeria gained 46,366,366 people (a 31.1% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Cape Verde gained 18,299 people (a 3.57% growth), while Nigeria's population increased by 49,572,345 people (a 25.4% growth).
Cape Verde was ranked 166th most populous country in 2006 and is 169th in 2026. Nigeria was ranked 7th in 2006 and ranked 6th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Cape Verde's population will grow by 6.87% to 567,344 people with a rank change from 169th to 168th. The population of Nigeria will increase by 47.2% to 360,706,317 people and rank change from 6th to 5th.
Cape Verde is projected to reach its peak in 2052 at 567K people compared to the peak of 482M people in 2100 for Nigeria.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Cape Verde
|
Nigeria
|
|
| 2100 | -1.01% | 0.04% |
| 2099 | -0.98% | 0.06% |
| 2098 | -0.99% | 0.07% |
| 2097 | -0.97% | 0.09% |
| 2096 | -0.98% | 0.1% |
| 2095 | -0.97% | 0.11% |
| 2094 | -0.97% | 0.13% |
| 2093 | -0.95% | 0.15% |
| 2092 | -0.94% | 0.17% |
| 2091 | -0.93% | 0.19% |
| 2090 | -0.94% | 0.21% |
| 2089 | -0.9% | 0.23% |
| 2088 | -0.89% | 0.25% |
| 2087 | -0.87% | 0.28% |
| 2086 | -0.86% | 0.3% |
| 2085 | -0.85% | 0.32% |
| 2084 | -0.81% | 0.35% |
| 2083 | -0.81% | 0.37% |
| 2082 | -0.79% | 0.39% |
| 2081 | -0.77% | 0.42% |
| 2080 | -0.75% | 0.45% |
| 2079 | -0.7% | 0.47% |
| 2078 | -0.68% | 0.5% |
| 2077 | -0.67% | 0.52% |
| 2076 | -0.65% | 0.55% |
| 2075 | -0.62% | 0.58% |
| 2074 | -0.59% | 0.6% |
| 2073 | -0.57% | 0.63% |
| 2072 | -0.54% | 0.65% |
| 2071 | -0.55% | 0.68% |
| 2070 | -0.54% | 0.71% |
| 2069 | -0.51% | 0.73% |
| 2068 | -0.51% | 0.76% |
| 2067 | -0.47% | 0.79% |
| 2066 | -0.43% | 0.81% |
| 2065 | -0.4% | 0.84% |
| 2064 | -0.39% | 0.87% |
| 2063 | -0.37% | 0.89% |
| 2062 | -0.34% | 0.92% |
| 2061 | -0.3% | 0.94% |
| 2060 | -0.28% | 0.97% |
| 2059 | -0.23% | 0.99% |
| 2058 | -0.2% | 1.02% |
| 2057 | -0.17% | 1.05% |
| 2056 | -0.15% | 1.07% |
| 2055 | -0.12% | 1.1% |
| 2054 | -0.06% | 1.13% |
| 2053 | -0.02% | 1.16% |
| 2052 | 0% | 1.19% |
| 2051 | 0.02% | 1.22% |
| 2050 | 0.06% | 1.25% |
| 2049 | 0.08% | 1.28% |
| 2048 | 0.09% | 1.32% |
| 2047 | 0.14% | 1.35% |
| 2046 | 0.17% | 1.39% |
| 2045 | 0.19% | 1.43% |
| 2044 | 0.21% | 1.47% |
| 2043 | 0.22% | 1.51% |
| 2042 | 0.25% | 1.54% |
| 2041 | 0.27% | 1.59% |
| 2040 | 0.3% | 1.63% |
| 2039 | 0.32% | 1.66% |
| 2038 | 0.33% | 1.7% |
| 2037 | 0.33% | 1.74% |
| 2036 | 0.35% | 1.77% |
| 2035 | 0.35% | 1.81% |
| 2034 | 0.34% | 1.84% |
| 2033 | 0.38% | 1.88% |
| 2032 | 0.37% | 1.91% |
| 2031 | 0.43% | 1.94% |
| 2030 | 0.42% | 1.97% |
| 2029 | 0.42% | 2% |
| 2028 | 0.42% | 2.02% |
| 2027 | 0.42% | 2.05% |
| 2026 | 0.45% | 2.08% |
| 2025 | 0.47% | 2.08% |
| 2024 | 0.49% | 2.1% |
| 2023 | 0.5% | 2.12% |
| 2022 | 0.6% | 2.11% |
| 2021 | 0.38% | 2.12% |
| 2020 | 0.11% | 2.15% |
| 2019 | 0.13% | 2.22% |
| 2018 | 0.1% | 2.34% |
| 2017 | 0.07% | 2.46% |
| 2016 | 0.03% | 2.5% |
| 2015 | 0.01% | 2.57% |
| 2014 | 0.02% | 2.68% |
| 2013 | 0.05% | 2.75% |
| 2012 | 0.1% | 2.81% |
| 2011 | 0.33% | 2.84% |
| 2010 | 0.72% | 2.83% |
| 2009 | 0.95% | 2.83% |
| 2008 | 1.04% | 2.82% |
| 2007 | 1.11% | 2.81% |
| 2006 | 1.16% | 2.8% |
| 2005 | 1.2% | 2.81% |
| 2004 | 1.26% | 2.81% |
| 2003 | 1.36% | 2.8% |
| 2002 | 1.47% | 2.78% |
| 2001 | 1.54% | 2.75% |
| 2000 | 1.52% | 2.71% |
| 1999 | 1.53% | 2.67% |
| 1998 | 1.61% | 2.65% |
| 1997 | 1.7% | 2.64% |
| 1996 | 1.79% | 2.65% |
| 1995 | 1.92% | 2.67% |
| 1994 | 2.06% | 2.68% |
| 1993 | 2.17% | 2.69% |
| 1992 | 2.3% | 2.66% |
| 1991 | 2.44% | 2.68% |
| 1990 | 2.07% | 2.74% |
| 1989 | 1.51% | 2.73% |
| 1988 | 1.41% | 2.71% |
| 1987 | 1.42% | 2.7% |
| 1986 | 1.42% | 2.75% |
| 1985 | 1.42% | 2.87% |
| 1984 | 1.44% | 2.6% |
| 1983 | 1.48% | 2.63% |
| 1982 | 1.49% | 3.04% |
| 1981 | 1.41% | 3.12% |
| 1980 | 1.2% | 3.17% |
| 1979 | 1.05% | 3.13% |
| 1978 | 1.06% | 3.11% |
| 1977 | 1.09% | 3.03% |
| 1976 | 1.18% | 2.91% |
| 1975 | 1.08% | 2.81% |
| 1974 | 0.9% | 2.66% |
| 1973 | 0.84% | 2.53% |
| 1972 | 1.14% | 2.42% |
| 1971 | 2.14% | 2.36% |
| 1970 | 3.09% | 2.31% |
| 1969 | 3.36% | 2.24% |
| 1968 | 3.35% | 2.18% |
| 1967 | 3.33% | 2.16% |
| 1966 | 3.32% | 2.2% |
| 1965 | 3.31% | 2.19% |
| 1964 | 3.33% | 2.16% |
| 1963 | 3.36% | 2.15% |
| 1962 | 3.18% | 2.12% |
| 1961 | 2.41% | 2.08% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/nigeria | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Cape Verde grew by 0.47%, while Nigeria's population grew by 2.08%.
Live population counters
|
Cape Verde
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
530853
|
245016045
|
| Population rank | 169/197 | 6/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.006% | 2.95% |
| One net population change |
3.59 hours
|
6.52 seconds
|
| One birth every |
1.37 hours
|
4.17 seconds
|
| One death every |
3.28 hours
|
11.6 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | +7 | +13,283 |
| Annual growth/decline | +2,449 | +4,848,304 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.47% | +2.08% |
| Population growth rate rank | 132/197 | 45/197 |
| One migration net change every |
6.84 hours
|
34.5 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -1,284 | -15,258 |
| Net migration rank | 94/196 | 145/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 16,515 | 1,403,281 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 171/195 | 49/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 3.1% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 116/195 | 173/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cape Verde
|
Nigeria
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -1,284 | - | -15,258 |
| 2024 | 3,741 | -1,209 | 4,851,833 | -35,202 |
| 2023 | 3,798 | -1,226 | 4,834,309 | -57,936 |
| 2022 | 3,864 | -1,253 | 4,739,502 | -51,680 |
| 2021 | 3,575 | 0 | 4,641,562 | -86,115 |
| 2020 | 3,734 | -3,362 | 4,525,164 | -14,497 |
| 2019 | 4,773 | -4,001 | 4,609,941 | -99,722 |
| 2018 | 5,282 | -4,679 | 4,659,898 | -76,565 |
| 2017 | 5,993 | -5,550 | 4,706,183 | 78,685 |
| 2016 | 6,238 | -6,004 | 4,761,594 | 75,265 |
| 2015 | 6,314 | -6,226 | 4,823,045 | -116,162 |
| 2014 | 6,622 | -6,578 | 4,862,319 | -19,376 |
| 2013 | 6,780 | -6,622 | 4,811,751 | 40,201 |
| 2012 | 7,157 | -6,779 | 4,774,508 | 71,138 |
| 2011 | 7,874 | -7,226 | 4,728,363 | 67,808 |
| 2010 | 7,746 | -5,069 | 4,629,173 | 47,966 |
| 2009 | 7,216 | -2,618 | 4,528,149 | -18,422 |
| 2008 | 7,313 | -2,340 | 4,412,976 | -13,646 |
| 2007 | 7,559 | -2,200 | 4,265,428 | -9,162 |
| 2006 | 7,980 | -2,408 | 4,135,703 | -12,093 |
| 2005 | 8,428 | -2,768 | 4,013,788 | -17,146 |
| 2004 | 8,825 | -2,993 | 3,877,376 | 46,370 |
| 2003 | 9,037 | -2,898 | 3,751,120 | 33,857 |
| 2002 | 9,278 | -2,751 | 3,606,814 | 69,594 |
| 2001 | 9,510 | -2,528 | 3,478,370 | 64,163 |
| 2000 | 9,752 | -2,772 | 3,343,196 | 74,535 |
| 1999 | 9,989 | -3,371 | 3,155,425 | 97,195 |
| 1998 | 10,187 | -3,332 | 3,003,946 | 145,575 |
| 1997 | 10,323 | -3,211 | 2,936,500 | 96,885 |
| 1996 | 10,613 | -3,297 | 2,882,205 | 84,448 |
| 1995 | 10,764 | -3,125 | 2,830,771 | 73,243 |
| 1994 | 11,410 | -3,299 | 2,735,198 | 128,134 |
| 1993 | 11,805 | -3,393 | 2,673,675 | 90,200 |
| 1992 | 11,915 | -3,231 | 2,596,173 | 138,412 |
| 1991 | 11,899 | -2,924 | 2,527,807 | 42,760 |
| 1990 | 11,738 | -2,398 | 2,491,928 | 135,959 |
| 1989 | 11,608 | -5,704 | 2,452,324 | 99,588 |
| 1988 | 11,523 | -6,474 | 2,376,419 | 93,510 |
| 1987 | 11,426 | -6,418 | 2,322,397 | 64,418 |
| 1986 | 11,295 | -6,314 | 2,295,003 | 29,682 |
| 1985 | 11,105 | -6,192 | 2,289,784 | 61,514 |
| 1984 | 10,835 | -6,035 | 2,278,060 | 113,758 |
| 1983 | 10,736 | -5,834 | 2,292,089 | -507,539 |
| 1982 | 10,597 | -5,629 | 2,233,401 | 101,116 |
| 1981 | 10,470 | -5,684 | 2,179,884 | 106,723 |
| 1980 | 10,276 | -5,980 | 2,121,618 | 198,672 |
| 1979 | 10,223 | -6,875 | 2,074,807 | 137,721 |
| 1978 | 10,152 | -6,833 | 2,019,621 | 111,258 |
| 1977 | 10,036 | -6,730 | 1,923,917 | 129,075 |
| 1976 | 9,833 | -6,389 | 1,827,289 | 72,889 |
| 1975 | 9,601 | -5,829 | 1,718,623 | 75,603 |
| 1974 | 9,295 | -6,512 | 1,624,813 | 44,281 |
| 1973 | 9,003 | -6,410 | 1,525,485 | -618 |
| 1972 | 8,716 | -6,316 | 1,448,928 | -12,962 |
| 1971 | 8,359 | -4,085 | 1,373,896 | -35,639 |
| 1970 | 7,878 | 172 | 1,295,507 | 7,953 |
| 1969 | 7,625 | 1,608 | 1,213,484 | 6,912 |
| 1968 | 7,408 | 1,521 | 1,168,254 | 9,615 |
| 1967 | 7,214 | 1,376 | 1,082,884 | 18,683 |
| 1966 | 7,039 | 1,230 | 1,095,582 | 12,513 |
| 1965 | 6,877 | 1,093 | 1,061,840 | 32,988 |
| 1964 | 6,725 | 1,006 | 1,028,272 | 26,411 |
| 1963 | 6,589 | 945 | 995,116 | 27,115 |
| 1962 | 6,468 | 904 | 966,452 | 27,906 |
| 1961 | 6,247 | 49 | 932,111 | 25,515 |
| 1960 | 6,098 | -2,267 | 901,301 | 12,131 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/nigeria | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 58.5% of the population change in Cape Verde is from natural causes (a gain of 47,312 people) and 41.5% is from migration (a loss of 33,510 people). In Nigeria 99.2% is from natural causes (a gain of 47,153,031 people) and 0.81% is from migration (a loss of 383,929 people).
As of 2024, 16,515 residents or 3.1% of the population were not native-born in Cape Verde, compared to 1,403,281 people or 0.6% in Nigeria.
Biggest cities by population
|
Cape Verde
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Praia | 159K |
| Mindelo | 70.5K |
| Assomada | 12K |
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Lagos | 15.1M |
| Kano | 4.35M |
| Port Harcourt | 3.32M |
| Ibadan | 2.56M |
| Benin | 1.78M |
| Abuja | 1.69M |
| Onitsha | 1.48M |
| Aba | 1.16M |
| Enugu | 1.03M |
| Owerri | 908K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Cape Verde and Nigeria
|
Cape Verde
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 76.6 years | 55 years |
| Average age | 31.9 years | 23.6 years |
| Median age | 30 years | 19.2 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.9:49.1 | 50.6:49.4 |
| Fertility rate | 1.51 births per woman | 4.38 births per woman |
| Population density | 340 ppl/mi² | 689 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/nigeria | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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