The latest officially reported population of Nigeria was 237,527,782 in 2025 vs 99,924 people in Saint Vincent in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Nigeria's population is 245,016,045 people compared to 99,243 in Saint Vincent.
Population statistics:
- Nigeria's population is 2,469 times bigger than Saint Vincent's.
- Nigeria is ranked the 6th most populous country in the world, while Saint Vincent is the 184th.
- The countries together account for 2.95% of the world: 2.95% for Nigeria vs 0.001% for Saint Vincent.
- For the last 10 years, Nigeria has had an average growth rate of +2.25% per year vs -0.67% in Saint Vincent.
- Since 2006, the population of Nigeria has increased from 149M people to 245M (64.4% growth), while Saint Vincent has declined from 112K to 99.2K (11.4% decline).
Nigeria vs Saint Vincent: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Nigeria
|
Saint Vincent
|
|
| 2100 | 481,640,156 | 64,237 |
| 2099 | 481,456,918 | 64,723 |
| 2098 | 481,181,892 | 65,208 |
| 2097 | 480,838,161 | 65,711 |
| 2096 | 480,422,467 | 66,195 |
| 2095 | 479,938,579 | 66,695 |
| 2094 | 479,395,022 | 67,193 |
| 2093 | 478,769,369 | 67,698 |
| 2092 | 478,059,864 | 68,190 |
| 2091 | 477,236,907 | 68,693 |
| 2090 | 476,329,495 | 69,187 |
| 2089 | 475,326,347 | 69,695 |
| 2088 | 474,231,442 | 70,183 |
| 2087 | 473,035,563 | 70,686 |
| 2086 | 471,732,001 | 71,177 |
| 2085 | 470,328,175 | 71,677 |
| 2084 | 468,806,172 | 72,169 |
| 2083 | 467,187,453 | 72,657 |
| 2082 | 465,472,417 | 73,151 |
| 2081 | 463,643,190 | 73,632 |
| 2080 | 461,705,493 | 74,110 |
| 2079 | 459,644,523 | 74,592 |
| 2078 | 457,477,264 | 75,069 |
| 2077 | 455,218,871 | 75,538 |
| 2076 | 452,849,991 | 76,021 |
| 2075 | 450,367,356 | 76,495 |
| 2074 | 447,789,885 | 76,979 |
| 2073 | 445,117,028 | 77,460 |
| 2072 | 442,340,440 | 77,942 |
| 2071 | 439,464,323 | 78,432 |
| 2070 | 436,505,329 | 78,922 |
| 2069 | 433,437,998 | 79,423 |
| 2068 | 430,286,232 | 79,927 |
| 2067 | 427,032,499 | 80,420 |
| 2066 | 423,702,640 | 80,923 |
| 2065 | 420,285,359 | 81,441 |
| 2064 | 416,778,394 | 81,948 |
| 2063 | 413,198,800 | 82,451 |
| 2062 | 409,551,159 | 82,958 |
| 2061 | 405,827,482 | 83,471 |
| 2060 | 402,041,765 | 83,986 |
| 2059 | 398,197,311 | 84,499 |
| 2058 | 394,284,767 | 85,015 |
| 2057 | 390,311,065 | 85,514 |
| 2056 | 386,267,580 | 86,025 |
| 2055 | 382,162,992 | 86,523 |
| 2054 | 378,000,511 | 87,028 |
| 2053 | 373,769,779 | 87,503 |
| 2052 | 369,472,476 | 87,964 |
| 2051 | 365,120,741 | 88,420 |
| 2050 | 360,706,317 | 88,856 |
| 2049 | 356,243,287 | 89,264 |
| 2048 | 351,724,743 | 89,668 |
| 2047 | 347,142,279 | 90,076 |
| 2046 | 342,505,549 | 90,459 |
| 2045 | 337,807,869 | 90,830 |
| 2044 | 333,050,132 | 91,162 |
| 2043 | 328,230,652 | 91,507 |
| 2042 | 323,363,366 | 91,853 |
| 2041 | 318,443,989 | 92,174 |
| 2040 | 313,468,061 | 92,494 |
| 2039 | 308,450,008 | 92,838 |
| 2038 | 303,399,842 | 93,197 |
| 2037 | 298,327,800 | 93,561 |
| 2036 | 293,227,654 | 93,950 |
| 2035 | 288,115,630 | 94,373 |
| 2034 | 282,995,818 | 94,813 |
| 2033 | 277,875,880 | 95,260 |
| 2032 | 272,747,599 | 95,753 |
| 2031 | 267,645,657 | 96,256 |
| 2030 | 262,562,767 | 96,794 |
| 2029 | 257,484,616 | 97,359 |
| 2028 | 252,445,821 | 97,941 |
| 2027 | 247,437,680 | 98,568 |
| 2026 | 242,458,365 | 99,243 |
| 2025 | 237,527,782 | 99,924 |
| 2024 | 232,679,478 | 100,616 |
| 2023 | 227,882,945 | 101,323 |
| 2022 | 223,150,896 | 102,046 |
| 2021 | 218,529,286 | 102,841 |
| 2020 | 213,996,181 | 103,526 |
| 2019 | 209,485,641 | 104,167 |
| 2018 | 204,938,755 | 104,926 |
| 2017 | 200,254,579 | 105,663 |
| 2016 | 195,443,700 | 106,349 |
| 2015 | 190,671,878 | 106,960 |
| 2014 | 185,896,915 | 107,535 |
| 2013 | 181,049,443 | 108,135 |
| 2012 | 176,200,625 | 108,736 |
| 2011 | 171,379,598 | 109,349 |
| 2010 | 166,642,886 | 109,959 |
| 2009 | 162,049,464 | 110,508 |
| 2008 | 157,595,014 | 111,028 |
| 2007 | 153,267,261 | 111,531 |
| 2006 | 149,077,334 | 112,014 |
| 2005 | 145,017,253 | 112,450 |
| 2004 | 141,057,045 | 112,835 |
| 2003 | 137,202,644 | 113,141 |
| 2002 | 133,471,989 | 113,347 |
| 2001 | 129,862,595 | 113,501 |
| 2000 | 126,382,494 | 113,545 |
| 1999 | 123,047,320 | 113,366 |
| 1998 | 119,846,254 | 113,180 |
| 1997 | 116,754,792 | 113,141 |
| 1996 | 113,754,779 | 113,119 |
| 1995 | 110,819,428 | 113,047 |
| 1994 | 107,935,714 | 112,918 |
| 1993 | 105,122,069 | 112,735 |
| 1992 | 102,372,770 | 112,509 |
| 1991 | 99,720,162 | 112,222 |
| 1990 | 97,120,925 | 111,812 |
| 1989 | 94,531,014 | 111,272 |
| 1988 | 92,020,090 | 110,658 |
| 1987 | 89,591,716 | 110,001 |
| 1986 | 87,235,953 | 109,281 |
| 1985 | 84,897,973 | 108,506 |
| 1984 | 82,526,443 | 107,687 |
| 1983 | 80,438,260 | 106,838 |
| 1982 | 78,378,701 | 105,969 |
| 1981 | 76,068,103 | 105,073 |
| 1980 | 73,764,641 | 104,213 |
| 1979 | 71,498,242 | 103,478 |
| 1978 | 69,326,532 | 102,775 |
| 1977 | 67,234,590 | 101,999 |
| 1976 | 65,258,009 | 101,197 |
| 1975 | 63,410,815 | 100,387 |
| 1974 | 61,679,144 | 99,556 |
| 1973 | 60,082,139 | 98,691 |
| 1972 | 58,601,748 | 97,790 |
| 1971 | 57,214,684 | 96,872 |
| 1970 | 55,893,838 | 95,964 |
| 1969 | 54,631,914 | 95,058 |
| 1968 | 53,432,783 | 94,123 |
| 1967 | 52,293,065 | 93,124 |
| 1966 | 51,188,234 | 92,052 |
| 1965 | 50,086,764 | 90,927 |
| 1964 | 49,012,016 | 89,749 |
| 1963 | 47,973,575 | 88,523 |
| 1962 | 46,965,292 | 87,236 |
| 1961 | 45,989,310 | 85,870 |
| 1960 | 45,053,782 | 84,388 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/nigeria/saint-vincent | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Nigeria increased by 46,366,366 people (a 31.1% growth), while Saint Vincent lost 5,665 people (a 5.06% decline).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Nigeria gained 49,572,345 people (a 25.4% growth), while Saint Vincent's population decreased by 7,106 people (a 6.68% decline).
Nigeria was ranked 7th most populous country in 2006 and is 6th in 2026. Saint Vincent was ranked 180th in 2006 and ranked 184th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Nigeria's population will grow by 47.2% to 360,706,317 people with a rank change from 6th to 5th. The population of Saint Vincent will decrease by 10.5% to 88,856 people and rank change from 184th to 186th.
Nigeria is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 482M people, while Saint Vincent's population already peaked in 2000 at 114K people and is projected to decrease to 64.2K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Nigeria
|
Saint Vincent
|
|
| 2100 | 0.04% | -0.75% |
| 2099 | 0.06% | -0.74% |
| 2098 | 0.07% | -0.76% |
| 2097 | 0.09% | -0.73% |
| 2096 | 0.1% | -0.75% |
| 2095 | 0.11% | -0.74% |
| 2094 | 0.13% | -0.75% |
| 2093 | 0.15% | -0.72% |
| 2092 | 0.17% | -0.73% |
| 2091 | 0.19% | -0.71% |
| 2090 | 0.21% | -0.73% |
| 2089 | 0.23% | -0.7% |
| 2088 | 0.25% | -0.71% |
| 2087 | 0.28% | -0.69% |
| 2086 | 0.3% | -0.7% |
| 2085 | 0.32% | -0.68% |
| 2084 | 0.35% | -0.67% |
| 2083 | 0.37% | -0.68% |
| 2082 | 0.39% | -0.65% |
| 2081 | 0.42% | -0.64% |
| 2080 | 0.45% | -0.65% |
| 2079 | 0.47% | -0.63% |
| 2078 | 0.5% | -0.62% |
| 2077 | 0.52% | -0.64% |
| 2076 | 0.55% | -0.62% |
| 2075 | 0.58% | -0.63% |
| 2074 | 0.6% | -0.62% |
| 2073 | 0.63% | -0.62% |
| 2072 | 0.65% | -0.63% |
| 2071 | 0.68% | -0.62% |
| 2070 | 0.71% | -0.63% |
| 2069 | 0.73% | -0.63% |
| 2068 | 0.76% | -0.61% |
| 2067 | 0.79% | -0.62% |
| 2066 | 0.81% | -0.64% |
| 2065 | 0.84% | -0.62% |
| 2064 | 0.87% | -0.61% |
| 2063 | 0.89% | -0.61% |
| 2062 | 0.92% | -0.61% |
| 2061 | 0.94% | -0.61% |
| 2060 | 0.97% | -0.61% |
| 2059 | 0.99% | -0.61% |
| 2058 | 1.02% | -0.58% |
| 2057 | 1.05% | -0.59% |
| 2056 | 1.07% | -0.58% |
| 2055 | 1.1% | -0.58% |
| 2054 | 1.13% | -0.54% |
| 2053 | 1.16% | -0.52% |
| 2052 | 1.19% | -0.52% |
| 2051 | 1.22% | -0.49% |
| 2050 | 1.25% | -0.46% |
| 2049 | 1.28% | -0.45% |
| 2048 | 1.32% | -0.45% |
| 2047 | 1.35% | -0.42% |
| 2046 | 1.39% | -0.41% |
| 2045 | 1.43% | -0.37% |
| 2044 | 1.47% | -0.38% |
| 2043 | 1.51% | -0.38% |
| 2042 | 1.54% | -0.35% |
| 2041 | 1.59% | -0.35% |
| 2040 | 1.63% | -0.37% |
| 2039 | 1.66% | -0.38% |
| 2038 | 1.7% | -0.39% |
| 2037 | 1.74% | -0.41% |
| 2036 | 1.77% | -0.45% |
| 2035 | 1.81% | -0.46% |
| 2034 | 1.84% | -0.47% |
| 2033 | 1.88% | -0.51% |
| 2032 | 1.91% | -0.52% |
| 2031 | 1.94% | -0.56% |
| 2030 | 1.97% | -0.58% |
| 2029 | 2% | -0.59% |
| 2028 | 2.02% | -0.64% |
| 2027 | 2.05% | -0.68% |
| 2026 | 2.08% | -0.68% |
| 2025 | 2.08% | -0.69% |
| 2024 | 2.1% | -0.7% |
| 2023 | 2.12% | -0.71% |
| 2022 | 2.11% | -0.77% |
| 2021 | 2.12% | -0.66% |
| 2020 | 2.15% | -0.62% |
| 2019 | 2.22% | -0.72% |
| 2018 | 2.34% | -0.7% |
| 2017 | 2.46% | -0.65% |
| 2016 | 2.5% | -0.57% |
| 2015 | 2.57% | -0.53% |
| 2014 | 2.68% | -0.55% |
| 2013 | 2.75% | -0.55% |
| 2012 | 2.81% | -0.56% |
| 2011 | 2.84% | -0.55% |
| 2010 | 2.83% | -0.5% |
| 2009 | 2.83% | -0.47% |
| 2008 | 2.82% | -0.45% |
| 2007 | 2.81% | -0.43% |
| 2006 | 2.8% | -0.39% |
| 2005 | 2.81% | -0.34% |
| 2004 | 2.81% | -0.27% |
| 2003 | 2.8% | -0.18% |
| 2002 | 2.78% | -0.14% |
| 2001 | 2.75% | -0.04% |
| 2000 | 2.71% | 0.16% |
| 1999 | 2.67% | 0.16% |
| 1998 | 2.65% | 0.03% |
| 1997 | 2.64% | 0.02% |
| 1996 | 2.65% | 0.06% |
| 1995 | 2.67% | 0.11% |
| 1994 | 2.68% | 0.16% |
| 1993 | 2.69% | 0.2% |
| 1992 | 2.66% | 0.26% |
| 1991 | 2.68% | 0.37% |
| 1990 | 2.74% | 0.49% |
| 1989 | 2.73% | 0.55% |
| 1988 | 2.71% | 0.6% |
| 1987 | 2.7% | 0.66% |
| 1986 | 2.75% | 0.71% |
| 1985 | 2.87% | 0.76% |
| 1984 | 2.6% | 0.79% |
| 1983 | 2.63% | 0.82% |
| 1982 | 3.04% | 0.85% |
| 1981 | 3.12% | 0.83% |
| 1980 | 3.17% | 0.71% |
| 1979 | 3.13% | 0.68% |
| 1978 | 3.11% | 0.76% |
| 1977 | 3.03% | 0.79% |
| 1976 | 2.91% | 0.81% |
| 1975 | 2.81% | 0.83% |
| 1974 | 2.66% | 0.88% |
| 1973 | 2.53% | 0.92% |
| 1972 | 2.42% | 0.95% |
| 1971 | 2.36% | 0.95% |
| 1970 | 2.31% | 0.95% |
| 1969 | 2.24% | 0.99% |
| 1968 | 2.18% | 1.07% |
| 1967 | 2.16% | 1.16% |
| 1966 | 2.2% | 1.24% |
| 1965 | 2.19% | 1.31% |
| 1964 | 2.16% | 1.38% |
| 1963 | 2.15% | 1.48% |
| 1962 | 2.12% | 1.59% |
| 1961 | 2.08% | 1.76% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/nigeria/saint-vincent | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Nigeria grew by 2.08%, while Saint Vincent's population declined by 0.69%.
Live population counters
|
Nigeria
|
Saint Vincent
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
245016045
|
99243
|
| Population rank | 6/197 | 184/197 |
| Percent of world population | 2.95% | 0.001% |
| One net population change |
6.52 seconds
|
12.7 hours
|
| One birth every |
4.17 seconds
|
7.29 hours
|
| One death every |
11.6 seconds
|
7.55 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | +13,283 | -2 |
| Annual growth/decline | +4,848,304 | -692 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.08% | -0.69% |
| Population growth rate rank | 45/197 | 189/197 |
| One migration net change every |
34.5 minutes
|
12.3 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -15,258 | -714 |
| Net migration rank | 145/196 | 91/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,403,281 | 4,820 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 49/195 | 185/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.6% | 4.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 173/195 | 93/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nigeria
|
Saint Vincent
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -15,258 | - | -714 |
| 2024 | 4,851,833 | -35,202 | 42 | -737 |
| 2023 | 4,834,309 | -57,936 | 66 | -784 |
| 2022 | 4,739,502 | -51,680 | 96 | -826 |
| 2021 | 4,641,562 | -86,115 | -9 | -851 |
| 2020 | 4,525,164 | -14,497 | -10 | -493 |
| 2019 | 4,609,941 | -99,722 | 206 | -982 |
| 2018 | 4,659,898 | -76,565 | 271 | -1,026 |
| 2017 | 4,706,183 | 78,685 | 340 | -1,057 |
| 2016 | 4,761,594 | 75,265 | 443 | -1,089 |
| 2015 | 4,823,045 | -116,162 | 542 | -1,124 |
| 2014 | 4,862,319 | -19,376 | 580 | -1,161 |
| 2013 | 4,811,751 | 40,201 | 580 | -1,190 |
| 2012 | 4,774,508 | 71,138 | 637 | -1,221 |
| 2011 | 4,728,363 | 67,808 | 676 | -1,319 |
| 2010 | 4,629,173 | 47,966 | 796 | -1,371 |
| 2009 | 4,528,149 | -18,422 | 881 | -1,407 |
| 2008 | 4,412,976 | -13,646 | 904 | -1,414 |
| 2007 | 4,265,428 | -9,162 | 867 | -1,363 |
| 2006 | 4,135,703 | -12,093 | 881 | -1,346 |
| 2005 | 4,013,788 | -17,146 | 949 | -1,365 |
| 2004 | 3,877,376 | 46,370 | 992 | -1,349 |
| 2003 | 3,751,120 | 33,857 | 1,063 | -1,315 |
| 2002 | 3,606,814 | 69,594 | 1,166 | -1,333 |
| 2001 | 3,478,370 | 64,163 | 1,231 | -1,375 |
| 2000 | 3,343,196 | 74,535 | 1,279 | -1,213 |
| 1999 | 3,155,425 | 97,195 | 1,315 | -1,019 |
| 1998 | 3,003,946 | 145,575 | 1,379 | -1,308 |
| 1997 | 2,936,500 | 96,885 | 1,496 | -1,487 |
| 1996 | 2,882,205 | 84,448 | 1,610 | -1,575 |
| 1995 | 2,830,771 | 73,243 | 1,715 | -1,608 |
| 1994 | 2,735,198 | 128,134 | 1,786 | -1,631 |
| 1993 | 2,673,675 | 90,200 | 1,832 | -1,629 |
| 1992 | 2,596,173 | 138,412 | 1,849 | -1,602 |
| 1991 | 2,527,807 | 42,760 | 1,821 | -1,482 |
| 1990 | 2,491,928 | 135,959 | 1,825 | -1,350 |
| 1989 | 2,452,324 | 99,588 | 1,843 | -1,244 |
| 1988 | 2,376,419 | 93,510 | 1,876 | -1,243 |
| 1987 | 2,322,397 | 64,418 | 1,937 | -1,251 |
| 1986 | 2,295,003 | 29,682 | 2,020 | -1,279 |
| 1985 | 2,289,784 | 61,514 | 2,128 | -1,324 |
| 1984 | 2,278,060 | 113,758 | 2,248 | -1,405 |
| 1983 | 2,292,089 | -507,539 | 2,411 | -1,549 |
| 1982 | 2,233,401 | 101,116 | 2,477 | -1,597 |
| 1981 | 2,179,884 | 106,723 | 2,429 | -1,526 |
| 1980 | 2,121,618 | 198,672 | 2,362 | -1,545 |
| 1979 | 2,074,807 | 137,721 | 2,575 | -1,925 |
| 1978 | 2,019,621 | 111,258 | 2,581 | -1,832 |
| 1977 | 1,923,917 | 129,075 | 2,622 | -1,821 |
| 1976 | 1,827,289 | 72,889 | 2,694 | -1,891 |
| 1975 | 1,718,623 | 75,603 | 2,775 | -1,958 |
| 1974 | 1,624,813 | 44,281 | 2,863 | -2,013 |
| 1973 | 1,525,485 | -618 | 2,952 | -2,068 |
| 1972 | 1,448,928 | -12,962 | 3,033 | -2,116 |
| 1971 | 1,373,896 | -35,639 | 3,102 | -2,183 |
| 1970 | 1,295,507 | 7,953 | 3,161 | -2,260 |
| 1969 | 1,213,484 | 6,912 | 3,200 | -2,292 |
| 1968 | 1,168,254 | 9,615 | 3,218 | -2,258 |
| 1967 | 1,082,884 | 18,683 | 3,212 | -2,178 |
| 1966 | 1,095,582 | 12,513 | 3,194 | -2,090 |
| 1965 | 1,061,840 | 32,988 | 3,165 | -2,009 |
| 1964 | 1,028,272 | 26,411 | 3,130 | -1,931 |
| 1963 | 995,116 | 27,115 | 3,086 | -1,833 |
| 1962 | 966,452 | 27,906 | 3,073 | -1,749 |
| 1961 | 932,111 | 25,515 | 3,059 | -1,647 |
| 1960 | 901,301 | 12,131 | 3,029 | -1,476 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/nigeria/saint-vincent | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.2% of the population change in Nigeria is from natural causes (a gain of 47,153,031 people) and 0.81% is from migration (a loss of 383,929 people). In Saint Vincent 18.1% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,987 people) and 81.9% is from migration (a loss of 8,969 people).
As of 2024, 1,403,281 residents or 0.6% of the population were not native-born in Nigeria, compared to 4,820 people or 4.8% in Saint Vincent.
Biggest cities by population
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Lagos | 15.1M |
| Kano | 4.35M |
| Port Harcourt | 3.32M |
| Ibadan | 2.56M |
| Benin | 1.78M |
| Abuja | 1.69M |
| Onitsha | 1.48M |
| Aba | 1.16M |
| Enugu | 1.03M |
| Owerri | 908K |
|
Saint Vincent
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Kingstown | 24.5K |
| Georgetown | 1.68K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Nigeria and Saint Vincent
|
Nigeria
|
Saint Vincent
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 55 years | 71.7 years |
| Average age | 23.6 years | 36.8 years |
| Median age | 19.2 years | 35.4 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.6:49.4 | 50.9:49.1 |
| Fertility rate | 4.38 births per woman | 1.76 births per woman |
| Population density | 689 ppl/mi² | 659 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/nigeria/saint-vincent | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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