The latest officially reported population of Botswana was 2,562,122 in 2025 vs 237,527,782 people in Nigeria in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Botswana's population is 2,624,853 people compared to 245,016,045 in Nigeria.
Population statistics:
- Nigeria's population is 93.3 times bigger than Botswana's.
- Botswana is ranked the 142nd most populous country in the world, while Nigeria is the 6th.
- The countries together account for 2.98% of the world: 0.03% for Botswana vs 2.95% for Nigeria.
- For the last 10 years, Botswana has had an average growth rate of +1.51% per year vs +2.25% in Nigeria.
- Since 2006, the population of Botswana has increased from 1.87M people to 2.62M (40% growth), while Nigeria has grown from 149M to 245M (64.4% growth).
Botswana vs Nigeria: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Botswana
|
Nigeria
|
|
| 2100 | 3,870,704 | 481,640,156 |
| 2099 | 3,875,823 | 481,456,918 |
| 2098 | 3,881,867 | 481,181,892 |
| 2097 | 3,887,181 | 480,838,161 |
| 2096 | 3,892,081 | 480,422,467 |
| 2095 | 3,896,405 | 479,938,579 |
| 2094 | 3,900,671 | 479,395,022 |
| 2093 | 3,904,733 | 478,769,369 |
| 2092 | 3,908,682 | 478,059,864 |
| 2091 | 3,913,090 | 477,236,907 |
| 2090 | 3,915,896 | 476,329,495 |
| 2089 | 3,916,540 | 475,326,347 |
| 2088 | 3,916,700 | 474,231,442 |
| 2087 | 3,916,016 | 473,035,563 |
| 2086 | 3,915,493 | 471,732,001 |
| 2085 | 3,914,975 | 470,328,175 |
| 2084 | 3,913,555 | 468,806,172 |
| 2083 | 3,912,119 | 467,187,453 |
| 2082 | 3,910,185 | 465,472,417 |
| 2081 | 3,909,204 | 463,643,190 |
| 2080 | 3,907,447 | 461,705,493 |
| 2079 | 3,904,550 | 459,644,523 |
| 2078 | 3,900,021 | 457,477,264 |
| 2077 | 3,895,321 | 455,218,871 |
| 2076 | 3,889,723 | 452,849,991 |
| 2075 | 3,883,893 | 450,367,356 |
| 2074 | 3,878,255 | 447,789,885 |
| 2073 | 3,872,458 | 445,117,028 |
| 2072 | 3,864,865 | 442,340,440 |
| 2071 | 3,857,922 | 439,464,323 |
| 2070 | 3,850,437 | 436,505,329 |
| 2069 | 3,840,521 | 433,437,998 |
| 2068 | 3,830,034 | 430,286,232 |
| 2067 | 3,817,551 | 427,032,499 |
| 2066 | 3,804,918 | 423,702,640 |
| 2065 | 3,790,427 | 420,285,359 |
| 2064 | 3,775,157 | 416,778,394 |
| 2063 | 3,759,402 | 413,198,800 |
| 2062 | 3,741,936 | 409,551,159 |
| 2061 | 3,722,576 | 405,827,482 |
| 2060 | 3,702,465 | 402,041,765 |
| 2059 | 3,682,055 | 398,197,311 |
| 2058 | 3,658,810 | 394,284,767 |
| 2057 | 3,634,762 | 390,311,065 |
| 2056 | 3,611,096 | 386,267,580 |
| 2055 | 3,586,314 | 382,162,992 |
| 2054 | 3,561,446 | 378,000,511 |
| 2053 | 3,535,001 | 373,769,779 |
| 2052 | 3,507,213 | 369,472,476 |
| 2051 | 3,479,219 | 365,120,741 |
| 2050 | 3,450,807 | 360,706,317 |
| 2049 | 3,421,435 | 356,243,287 |
| 2048 | 3,391,019 | 351,724,743 |
| 2047 | 3,359,719 | 347,142,279 |
| 2046 | 3,327,520 | 342,505,549 |
| 2045 | 3,295,807 | 337,807,869 |
| 2044 | 3,264,444 | 333,050,132 |
| 2043 | 3,232,407 | 328,230,652 |
| 2042 | 3,200,743 | 323,363,366 |
| 2041 | 3,168,217 | 318,443,989 |
| 2040 | 3,135,241 | 313,468,061 |
| 2039 | 3,101,153 | 308,450,008 |
| 2038 | 3,067,014 | 303,399,842 |
| 2037 | 3,031,993 | 298,327,800 |
| 2036 | 2,996,265 | 293,227,654 |
| 2035 | 2,959,978 | 288,115,630 |
| 2034 | 2,922,807 | 282,995,818 |
| 2033 | 2,885,394 | 277,875,880 |
| 2032 | 2,846,703 | 272,747,599 |
| 2031 | 2,808,291 | 267,645,657 |
| 2030 | 2,767,933 | 262,562,767 |
| 2029 | 2,727,903 | 257,484,616 |
| 2028 | 2,686,412 | 252,445,821 |
| 2027 | 2,645,316 | 247,437,680 |
| 2026 | 2,603,241 | 242,458,365 |
| 2025 | 2,562,122 | 237,527,782 |
| 2024 | 2,521,139 | 232,679,478 |
| 2023 | 2,480,244 | 227,882,945 |
| 2022 | 2,439,892 | 223,150,896 |
| 2021 | 2,401,441 | 218,529,286 |
| 2020 | 2,365,894 | 213,996,181 |
| 2019 | 2,332,083 | 209,485,641 |
| 2018 | 2,299,141 | 204,938,755 |
| 2017 | 2,266,747 | 200,254,579 |
| 2016 | 2,234,776 | 195,443,700 |
| 2015 | 2,203,273 | 190,671,878 |
| 2014 | 2,172,044 | 185,896,915 |
| 2013 | 2,140,682 | 181,049,443 |
| 2012 | 2,108,617 | 176,200,625 |
| 2011 | 2,073,535 | 171,379,598 |
| 2010 | 2,033,111 | 166,642,886 |
| 2009 | 1,990,673 | 162,049,464 |
| 2008 | 1,949,970 | 157,595,014 |
| 2007 | 1,911,201 | 153,267,261 |
| 2006 | 1,874,516 | 149,077,334 |
| 2005 | 1,839,877 | 145,017,253 |
| 2004 | 1,807,146 | 141,057,045 |
| 2003 | 1,775,736 | 137,202,644 |
| 2002 | 1,744,763 | 133,471,989 |
| 2001 | 1,712,254 | 129,862,595 |
| 2000 | 1,677,382 | 126,382,494 |
| 1999 | 1,641,997 | 123,047,320 |
| 1998 | 1,606,899 | 119,846,254 |
| 1997 | 1,571,691 | 116,754,792 |
| 1996 | 1,535,914 | 113,754,779 |
| 1995 | 1,498,836 | 110,819,428 |
| 1994 | 1,460,023 | 107,935,714 |
| 1993 | 1,420,115 | 105,122,069 |
| 1992 | 1,380,033 | 102,372,770 |
| 1991 | 1,341,756 | 99,720,162 |
| 1990 | 1,305,696 | 97,120,925 |
| 1989 | 1,270,274 | 94,531,014 |
| 1988 | 1,235,476 | 92,020,090 |
| 1987 | 1,199,167 | 89,591,716 |
| 1986 | 1,160,650 | 87,235,953 |
| 1985 | 1,121,945 | 84,897,973 |
| 1984 | 1,083,660 | 82,526,443 |
| 1983 | 1,046,137 | 80,438,260 |
| 1982 | 1,009,269 | 78,378,701 |
| 1981 | 969,996 | 76,068,103 |
| 1980 | 937,485 | 73,764,641 |
| 1979 | 901,742 | 71,498,242 |
| 1978 | 849,239 | 69,326,532 |
| 1977 | 799,574 | 67,234,590 |
| 1976 | 758,508 | 65,258,009 |
| 1975 | 720,380 | 63,410,815 |
| 1974 | 685,448 | 61,679,144 |
| 1973 | 652,408 | 60,082,139 |
| 1972 | 622,407 | 58,601,748 |
| 1971 | 600,481 | 57,214,684 |
| 1970 | 590,334 | 55,893,838 |
| 1969 | 587,066 | 54,631,914 |
| 1968 | 583,966 | 53,432,783 |
| 1967 | 580,933 | 52,293,065 |
| 1966 | 577,866 | 51,188,234 |
| 1965 | 574,664 | 50,086,764 |
| 1964 | 566,266 | 49,012,016 |
| 1963 | 552,966 | 47,973,575 |
| 1962 | 540,186 | 46,965,292 |
| 1961 | 527,942 | 45,989,310 |
| 1960 | 516,165 | 45,053,782 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/nigeria | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Botswana increased by 360,260 people (a 19.2% growth), while Nigeria gained 46,366,366 people (a 31.1% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Botswana gained 390,077 people (a 17.5% growth), while Nigeria's population increased by 49,572,345 people (a 25.4% growth).
Botswana was ranked 145th most populous country in 2006 and is 142nd in 2026. Nigeria was ranked 7th in 2006 and ranked 6th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Botswana's population will grow by 31.5% to 3,450,807 people with a rank change from 142nd to 137th. The population of Nigeria will increase by 47.2% to 360,706,317 people and rank change from 6th to 5th.
Botswana is projected to reach its peak in 2088 at 3.92M people compared to the peak of 482M people in 2100 for Nigeria.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Botswana
|
Nigeria
|
|
| 2100 | -0.13% | 0.04% |
| 2099 | -0.16% | 0.06% |
| 2098 | -0.14% | 0.07% |
| 2097 | -0.13% | 0.09% |
| 2096 | -0.11% | 0.1% |
| 2095 | -0.11% | 0.11% |
| 2094 | -0.1% | 0.13% |
| 2093 | -0.1% | 0.15% |
| 2092 | -0.11% | 0.17% |
| 2091 | -0.07% | 0.19% |
| 2090 | -0.02% | 0.21% |
| 2089 | -0.004% | 0.23% |
| 2088 | 0.02% | 0.25% |
| 2087 | 0.01% | 0.28% |
| 2086 | 0.01% | 0.3% |
| 2085 | 0.04% | 0.32% |
| 2084 | 0.04% | 0.35% |
| 2083 | 0.05% | 0.37% |
| 2082 | 0.03% | 0.39% |
| 2081 | 0.04% | 0.42% |
| 2080 | 0.07% | 0.45% |
| 2079 | 0.12% | 0.47% |
| 2078 | 0.12% | 0.5% |
| 2077 | 0.14% | 0.52% |
| 2076 | 0.15% | 0.55% |
| 2075 | 0.15% | 0.58% |
| 2074 | 0.15% | 0.6% |
| 2073 | 0.2% | 0.63% |
| 2072 | 0.18% | 0.65% |
| 2071 | 0.19% | 0.68% |
| 2070 | 0.26% | 0.71% |
| 2069 | 0.27% | 0.73% |
| 2068 | 0.33% | 0.76% |
| 2067 | 0.33% | 0.79% |
| 2066 | 0.38% | 0.81% |
| 2065 | 0.4% | 0.84% |
| 2064 | 0.42% | 0.87% |
| 2063 | 0.47% | 0.89% |
| 2062 | 0.52% | 0.92% |
| 2061 | 0.54% | 0.94% |
| 2060 | 0.55% | 0.97% |
| 2059 | 0.64% | 0.99% |
| 2058 | 0.66% | 1.02% |
| 2057 | 0.66% | 1.05% |
| 2056 | 0.69% | 1.07% |
| 2055 | 0.7% | 1.1% |
| 2054 | 0.75% | 1.13% |
| 2053 | 0.79% | 1.16% |
| 2052 | 0.8% | 1.19% |
| 2051 | 0.82% | 1.22% |
| 2050 | 0.86% | 1.25% |
| 2049 | 0.9% | 1.28% |
| 2048 | 0.93% | 1.32% |
| 2047 | 0.97% | 1.35% |
| 2046 | 0.96% | 1.39% |
| 2045 | 0.96% | 1.43% |
| 2044 | 0.99% | 1.47% |
| 2043 | 0.99% | 1.51% |
| 2042 | 1.03% | 1.54% |
| 2041 | 1.05% | 1.59% |
| 2040 | 1.1% | 1.63% |
| 2039 | 1.11% | 1.66% |
| 2038 | 1.16% | 1.7% |
| 2037 | 1.19% | 1.74% |
| 2036 | 1.23% | 1.77% |
| 2035 | 1.27% | 1.81% |
| 2034 | 1.3% | 1.84% |
| 2033 | 1.36% | 1.88% |
| 2032 | 1.37% | 1.91% |
| 2031 | 1.46% | 1.94% |
| 2030 | 1.47% | 1.97% |
| 2029 | 1.54% | 2% |
| 2028 | 1.55% | 2.02% |
| 2027 | 1.62% | 2.05% |
| 2026 | 1.6% | 2.08% |
| 2025 | 1.63% | 2.08% |
| 2024 | 1.65% | 2.1% |
| 2023 | 1.65% | 2.12% |
| 2022 | 1.6% | 2.11% |
| 2021 | 1.5% | 2.12% |
| 2020 | 1.45% | 2.15% |
| 2019 | 1.43% | 2.22% |
| 2018 | 1.43% | 2.34% |
| 2017 | 1.43% | 2.46% |
| 2016 | 1.43% | 2.5% |
| 2015 | 1.44% | 2.57% |
| 2014 | 1.47% | 2.68% |
| 2013 | 1.52% | 2.75% |
| 2012 | 1.69% | 2.81% |
| 2011 | 1.99% | 2.84% |
| 2010 | 2.13% | 2.83% |
| 2009 | 2.09% | 2.83% |
| 2008 | 2.03% | 2.82% |
| 2007 | 1.96% | 2.81% |
| 2006 | 1.88% | 2.8% |
| 2005 | 1.81% | 2.81% |
| 2004 | 1.77% | 2.81% |
| 2003 | 1.78% | 2.8% |
| 2002 | 1.9% | 2.78% |
| 2001 | 2.08% | 2.75% |
| 2000 | 2.15% | 2.71% |
| 1999 | 2.18% | 2.67% |
| 1998 | 2.24% | 2.65% |
| 1997 | 2.33% | 2.64% |
| 1996 | 2.47% | 2.65% |
| 1995 | 2.66% | 2.67% |
| 1994 | 2.81% | 2.68% |
| 1993 | 2.9% | 2.69% |
| 1992 | 2.85% | 2.66% |
| 1991 | 2.76% | 2.68% |
| 1990 | 2.79% | 2.74% |
| 1989 | 2.82% | 2.73% |
| 1988 | 3.03% | 2.71% |
| 1987 | 3.32% | 2.7% |
| 1986 | 3.45% | 2.75% |
| 1985 | 3.53% | 2.87% |
| 1984 | 3.59% | 2.6% |
| 1983 | 3.65% | 2.63% |
| 1982 | 4.05% | 3.04% |
| 1981 | 3.47% | 3.12% |
| 1980 | 3.96% | 3.17% |
| 1979 | 6.18% | 3.13% |
| 1978 | 6.21% | 3.11% |
| 1977 | 5.41% | 3.03% |
| 1976 | 5.29% | 2.91% |
| 1975 | 5.1% | 2.81% |
| 1974 | 5.06% | 2.66% |
| 1973 | 4.82% | 2.53% |
| 1972 | 3.65% | 2.42% |
| 1971 | 1.72% | 2.36% |
| 1970 | 0.56% | 2.31% |
| 1969 | 0.53% | 2.24% |
| 1968 | 0.52% | 2.18% |
| 1967 | 0.53% | 2.16% |
| 1966 | 0.56% | 2.2% |
| 1965 | 1.48% | 2.19% |
| 1964 | 2.41% | 2.16% |
| 1963 | 2.37% | 2.15% |
| 1962 | 2.32% | 2.12% |
| 1961 | 2.28% | 2.08% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/nigeria | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Botswana grew by 1.63%, while Nigeria's population grew by 2.08%.
Live population counters
|
Botswana
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2624853
|
245016045
|
| Population rank | 142/197 | 6/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.03% | 2.95% |
| One net population change |
12.9 minutes
|
6.52 seconds
|
| One birth every |
8.56 minutes
|
4.17 seconds
|
| One death every |
36.3 minutes
|
11.6 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | +112 | +13,283 |
| Annual growth/decline | +40,983 | +4,848,304 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.63% | +2.08% |
| Population growth rate rank | 65/197 | 45/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.55 hours
|
34.5 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -5,665 | -15,258 |
| Net migration rank | 120/196 | 145/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 116,402 | 1,403,281 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 126/195 | 49/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 4.6% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 96/195 | 173/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Botswana
|
Nigeria
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -5,665 | - | -15,258 |
| 2024 | 46,951 | -5,778 | 4,851,833 | -35,202 |
| 2023 | 47,098 | -6,487 | 4,834,309 | -57,936 |
| 2022 | 47,400 | -7,306 | 4,739,502 | -51,680 |
| 2021 | 40,894 | -4,083 | 4,641,562 | -86,115 |
| 2020 | 45,610 | -11,330 | 4,525,164 | -14,497 |
| 2019 | 45,110 | -11,770 | 4,609,941 | -99,722 |
| 2018 | 44,171 | -11,623 | 4,659,898 | -76,565 |
| 2017 | 43,154 | -10,916 | 4,706,183 | 78,685 |
| 2016 | 41,993 | -10,286 | 4,761,594 | 75,265 |
| 2015 | 40,897 | -9,599 | 4,823,045 | -116,162 |
| 2014 | 40,046 | -8,893 | 4,862,319 | -19,376 |
| 2013 | 39,404 | -7,836 | 4,811,751 | 40,201 |
| 2012 | 39,202 | -6,636 | 4,774,508 | 71,138 |
| 2011 | 38,613 | -1,019 | 4,728,363 | 67,808 |
| 2010 | 38,101 | 5,151 | 4,629,173 | 47,966 |
| 2009 | 36,671 | 4,960 | 4,528,149 | -18,422 |
| 2008 | 35,433 | 4,343 | 4,412,976 | -13,646 |
| 2007 | 33,832 | 3,926 | 4,265,428 | -9,162 |
| 2006 | 31,340 | 4,270 | 4,135,703 | -12,093 |
| 2005 | 29,385 | 4,283 | 4,013,788 | -17,146 |
| 2004 | 27,481 | 4,314 | 3,877,376 | 46,370 |
| 2003 | 26,545 | 4,488 | 3,751,120 | 33,857 |
| 2002 | 26,163 | 4,747 | 3,606,814 | 69,594 |
| 2001 | 26,112 | 7,991 | 3,478,370 | 64,163 |
| 2000 | 25,850 | 9,798 | 3,343,196 | 74,535 |
| 1999 | 25,358 | 9,762 | 3,155,425 | 97,195 |
| 1998 | 25,397 | 9,685 | 3,003,946 | 145,575 |
| 1997 | 25,738 | 9,597 | 2,936,500 | 96,885 |
| 1996 | 26,847 | 9,368 | 2,882,205 | 84,448 |
| 1995 | 28,478 | 9,464 | 2,830,771 | 73,243 |
| 1994 | 30,664 | 9,023 | 2,735,198 | 128,134 |
| 1993 | 31,691 | 8,441 | 2,673,675 | 90,200 |
| 1992 | 31,995 | 8,026 | 2,596,173 | 138,412 |
| 1991 | 32,219 | 4,311 | 2,527,807 | 42,760 |
| 1990 | 33,015 | 2,580 | 2,491,928 | 135,959 |
| 1989 | 33,756 | 1,495 | 2,452,324 | 99,588 |
| 1988 | 34,564 | -215 | 2,376,419 | 93,510 |
| 1987 | 35,647 | 2,624 | 2,322,397 | 64,418 |
| 1986 | 36,203 | 2,558 | 2,295,003 | 29,682 |
| 1985 | 35,966 | 2,683 | 2,289,784 | 61,514 |
| 1984 | 35,530 | 2,393 | 2,278,060 | 113,758 |
| 1983 | 35,142 | 1,980 | 2,292,089 | -507,539 |
| 1982 | 34,859 | 1,751 | 2,233,401 | 101,116 |
| 1981 | 34,327 | 7,610 | 2,179,884 | 106,723 |
| 1980 | 33,934 | -10,849 | 2,121,618 | 198,672 |
| 1979 | 32,486 | 15,918 | 2,074,807 | 137,721 |
| 1978 | 30,596 | 26,015 | 2,019,621 | 111,258 |
| 1977 | 29,009 | 13,708 | 1,923,917 | 129,075 |
| 1976 | 27,497 | 11,914 | 1,827,289 | 72,889 |
| 1975 | 25,762 | 11,086 | 1,718,623 | 75,603 |
| 1974 | 24,160 | 8,854 | 1,624,813 | 44,281 |
| 1973 | 22,449 | 10,615 | 1,525,485 | -618 |
| 1972 | 21,004 | 5,937 | 1,448,928 | -12,962 |
| 1971 | 19,926 | -3,016 | 1,373,896 | -35,639 |
| 1970 | 19,438 | -16,054 | 1,295,507 | 7,953 |
| 1969 | 19,024 | -15,870 | 1,213,484 | 6,912 |
| 1968 | 18,725 | -15,681 | 1,168,254 | 9,615 |
| 1967 | 18,463 | -15,438 | 1,082,884 | 18,683 |
| 1966 | 18,250 | -15,140 | 1,095,582 | 12,513 |
| 1965 | 18,045 | -14,753 | 1,061,840 | 32,988 |
| 1964 | 17,634 | -4,126 | 1,028,272 | 26,411 |
| 1963 | 17,084 | -4,000 | 995,116 | 27,115 |
| 1962 | 16,507 | -4,028 | 966,452 | 27,906 |
| 1961 | 16,185 | -4,168 | 932,111 | 25,515 |
| 1960 | 15,861 | -4,331 | 901,301 | 12,131 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/nigeria | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 83.3% of the population change in Botswana is from natural causes (a gain of 443,278 people) and 16.7% is from migration (a loss of 89,178 people). In Nigeria 99.2% is from natural causes (a gain of 47,153,031 people) and 0.81% is from migration (a loss of 383,929 people).
As of 2024, 116,402 residents or 4.6% of the population were not native-born in Botswana, compared to 1,403,281 people or 0.6% in Nigeria.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Botswana and Nigeria
|
Botswana
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 69.6 years | 55 years |
| Average age | 26.9 years | 23.6 years |
| Median age | 24.5 years | 19.2 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.8:50.2 | 50.6:49.4 |
| Fertility rate | 2.7 births per woman | 4.38 births per woman |
| Population density | 11.9 ppl/mi² | 689 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/nigeria | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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