Saudi Arabia has a GDP of $1.24T compared to $89.1B for Serbia, ranking 18/197 and 75/197 by economy size, respectively.
Saudi Arabia has $370B in government debt (34.8% of GDP), compared to $39.6B (44.4% of GDP) in Serbia.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | $1,748,124,064 | $39,062,138,603 | - | - |
| 1961 | $1,920,811,284 | $43,701,490,633 | - | - |
| 1962 | $2,130,606,532 | $48,911,870,587 | - | - |
| 1963 | $2,207,393,172 | $53,165,300,282 | - | - |
| 1964 | $2,371,808,713 | $57,831,504,044 | - | - |
| 1965 | $2,647,955,558 | $64,850,377,194 | - | - |
| 1966 | $2,920,555,557 | $70,155,880,866 | - | - |
| 1967 | $3,257,022,223 | $76,406,337,222 | - | - |
| 1968 | $4,187,777,711 | $82,259,159,326 | - | - |
| 1969 | $4,485,777,644 | $87,225,874,037 | - | - |
| 1970 | $5,377,333,333 | $133,099,787,877 | - | - |
| 1971 | $7,184,806,909 | $153,369,697,078 | - | - |
| 1972 | $9,664,267,087 | $182,180,374,833 | - | - |
| 1973 | $14,947,435,499 | $223,162,035,358 | - | - |
| 1974 | $45,412,957,746 | $259,090,398,370 | - | - |
| 1975 | $46,773,208,643 | $244,871,098,281 | - | - |
| 1976 | $64,005,665,722 | $282,149,187,832 | - | - |
| 1977 | $74,188,986,586 | $298,771,678,010 | - | - |
| 1978 | $80,266,516,687 | $299,286,687,828 | - | - |
| 1979 | $111,858,444,786 | $332,100,224,569 | - | - |
| 1980 | $164,539,660,725 | $351,354,104,855 | - | - |
| 1981 | $184,291,360,139 | $361,834,100,908 | - | - |
| 1982 | $153,240,313,858 | $303,545,917,341 | - | - |
| 1983 | $129,171,635,311 | $270,175,776,743 | - | - |
| 1984 | $119,624,858,116 | $259,348,470,470 | - | - |
| 1985 | $103,897,846,494 | $240,644,765,872 | - | - |
| 1986 | $86,961,922,765 | $243,070,832,682 | - | - |
| 1987 | $85,695,861,148 | $235,455,342,414 | - | - |
| 1988 | $88,256,074,766 | $250,996,198,535 | - | - |
| 1989 | $95,344,459,279 | $252,038,318,255 | - | - |
| 1990 | $117,630,173,565 | $275,795,698,496 | - | - |
| 1991 | $132,223,230,975 | $298,468,230,595 | - | - |
| 1992 | $137,087,850,467 | $312,139,812,825 | - | - |
| 1993 | $132,967,957,276 | $313,325,431,978 | - | - |
| 1994 | $135,174,899,866 | $316,311,316,730 | - | - |
| 1995 | $143,343,124,166 | $317,297,284,499 | $17,921,892,655 | $22,980,131,489 |
| 1996 | $158,662,483,311 | $327,782,952,467 | $23,277,430,168 | $24,396,847,843 |
| 1997 | $165,963,684,913 | $336,460,414,156 | $27,153,408,995 | $26,576,270,133 |
| 1998 | $146,775,466,667 | $345,894,131,085 | $21,004,077,441 | $27,996,145,144 |
| 1999 | $161,717,066,667 | $343,703,259,654 | $20,878,694,851 | $25,105,401,157 |
| 2000 | $189,514,933,333 | $359,919,640,768 | $7,326,373,882 | $26,625,556,359 |
| 2001 | $184,137,600,000 | $361,159,899,362 | $13,599,378,662 | $28,430,374,779 |
| 2002 | $189,605,866,667 | $358,673,710,260 | $17,930,583,571 | $30,290,019,296 |
| 2003 | $215,807,733,333 | $390,124,853,186 | $23,593,044,418 | $31,671,150,129 |
| 2004 | $258,742,133,333 | $423,796,550,560 | $26,845,632,342 | $33,788,958,042 |
| 2005 | $328,459,608,764 | $448,990,815,757 | $28,334,256,181 | $35,783,688,498 |
| 2006 | $376,900,133,511 | $463,868,057,905 | $33,298,057,362 | $37,179,489,902 |
| 2007 | $415,964,509,673 | $474,136,491,555 | $44,888,028,946 | $40,091,414,195 |
| 2008 | $519,796,800,000 | $503,713,066,804 | $54,220,641,202 | $42,160,489,092 |
| 2009 | $429,097,866,667 | $498,339,873,323 | $46,955,984,410 | $40,835,549,150 |
| 2010 | $528,207,466,667 | $523,453,786,401 | $43,536,629,233 | $41,493,398,683 |
| 2011 | $680,660,800,000 | $585,005,967,585 | $51,251,098,408 | $41,515,918,179 |
| 2012 | $751,921,333,333 | $618,711,129,254 | $45,103,269,969 | $41,331,605,757 |
| 2013 | $769,755,733,333 | $636,936,502,413 | $50,455,529,604 | $41,518,250,511 |
| 2014 | $787,153,066,667 | $662,570,908,160 | $49,114,321,280 | $40,769,149,069 |
| 2015 | $693,414,400,000 | $693,414,400,000 | $41,297,410,635 | $41,297,410,635 |
| 2016 | $689,279,466,667 | $705,230,699,063 | $42,225,495,910 | $42,526,090,284 |
| 2017 | $741,266,133,333 | $713,567,089,639 | $45,972,834,714 | $43,531,149,260 |
| 2018 | $886,564,800,000 | $736,593,549,190 | $52,787,520,249 | $45,555,064,903 |
| 2019 | $888,890,133,333 | $748,758,860,046 | $53,864,693,665 | $47,719,025,212 |
| 2020 | $767,951,200,000 | $720,270,347,023 | $55,874,017,669 | $47,265,683,024 |
| 2021 | $982,661,066,667 | $767,229,070,839 | $66,159,884,073 | $51,022,858,875 |
| 2022 | $1,239,075,200,000 | $859,301,066,621 | $66,797,564,758 | $52,365,263,375 |
| 2023 | $1,218,584,533,333 | $863,963,569,240 | $81,342,660,752 | $54,380,001,765 |
| 2024 | $1,237,529,866,667 | $879,583,643,097 | $89,083,506,277 | $56,488,865,192 |
Economic indicators
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$1.24T
2024 |
$89.1B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
18/197
2024 |
75/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
1.55%
2023-2024 |
9.52%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$35,057
2024 |
$13,524
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
32/197
2024 |
74/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$71,243
2024 |
$31,867
2024 |
| Government debt |
$370B
2024 |
$39.6B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
34.8%
2025 |
44.4%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$10,473
2024 |
$6,015
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
58/185
2024 |
74/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$25,072
2025 |
$11,469
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$2.73T
2024 |
$4.06B
2011 |
| Number of millionaires |
351,855
2024 |
n/a |
| Number of billionaires |
15
2025 |
n/a |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
24.7%
2022 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
2.4%
2022 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
32.5%
2025 |
43.4%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
1.69%
2023-2024 |
4.67%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4.75%
2025 |
5.75%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.52%
2024 |
7.24%
2024 |
| Population |
36428123
|
6541064
|
GDP per capita in Saudi Arabia vs Serbia
Saudi Arabia's GDP per capita is $35,057, ranking 32/197, compared to $13,524 in Serbia, ranking 74/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Saudi Arabia ranks 22nd at $71,243, while Serbia ranks 69th at $31,867.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | $718 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $760 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $813 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $812 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $840 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $904 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $961 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $1,032 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $1,276 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $1,313 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $1,509 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $1,929 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $2,474 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $3,640 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $10,503 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $10,266 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $13,313 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $14,595 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $14,914 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $19,612 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $27,206 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $28,703 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $22,454 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $17,810 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $15,541 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $12,745 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $10,078 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $9,386 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $9,165 | - | - | - |
| 1989 | $9,414 | - | - | - |
| 1990 | $11,055 | $46,214 | - | - |
| 1991 | $11,847 | $49,295 | - | - |
| 1992 | $11,730 | $50,355 | - | - |
| 1993 | $10,885 | $49,503 | - | - |
| 1994 | $10,602 | $48,904 | - | - |
| 1995 | $10,786 | $48,052 | $2,349 | $5,021 |
| 1996 | $11,472 | $48,569 | $3,054 | $5,433 |
| 1997 | $11,545 | $48,796 | $3,574 | $6,039 |
| 1998 | $9,836 | $48,867 | $2,775 | $6,459 |
| 1999 | $10,452 | $47,495 | $2,769 | $5,895 |
| 2000 | $11,715 | $48,644 | $975 | $6,414 |
| 2001 | $10,805 | $47,381 | $1,812 | $6,803 |
| 2002 | $10,586 | $45,466 | $2,391 | $7,563 |
| 2003 | $11,487 | $48,078 | $3,154 | $8,024 |
| 2004 | $13,154 | $51,225 | $3,597 | $8,716 |
| 2005 | $15,976 | $53,548 | $3,808 | $9,398 |
| 2006 | $17,564 | $54,639 | $4,493 | $10,466 |
| 2007 | $18,596 | $55,030 | $6,081 | $11,686 |
| 2008 | $22,320 | $57,236 | $7,377 | $13,123 |
| 2009 | $17,718 | $54,787 | $6,414 | $13,031 |
| 2010 | $22,028 | $58,829 | $5,971 | $13,322 |
| 2011 | $27,127 | $64,125 | $7,082 | $14,298 |
| 2012 | $28,733 | $65,034 | $6,263 | $14,506 |
| 2013 | $27,865 | $62,203 | $7,040 | $15,247 |
| 2014 | $27,805 | $62,578 | $6,887 | $15,296 |
| 2015 | $23,256 | $53,931 | $5,820 | $15,550 |
| 2016 | $22,268 | $49,937 | $5,982 | $16,455 |
| 2017 | $23,929 | $53,120 | $6,548 | $17,285 |
| 2018 | $29,360 | $59,378 | $7,560 | $18,469 |
| 2019 | $29,567 | $59,560 | $7,756 | $20,587 |
| 2020 | $24,339 | $47,518 | $8,099 | $21,013 |
| 2021 | $31,921 | $62,690 | $9,681 | $23,406 |
| 2022 | $38,510 | $71,968 | $10,023 | $26,242 |
| 2023 | $36,157 | $71,565 | $12,282 | $28,748 |
| 2024 | $35,057 | $71,243 | $13,524 | $31,867 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Saudi Arabia's government spending was $418B, accounting for 32.5% of its GDP, while Serbia's spent $37.8B, or 43.4% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 34.8% in Saudi Arabia and 44.4% in Serbia, ranking 149/185 and 117/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1990 | 39.3% | - | - | - |
| 1991 | 34.9% | 39.4% | - | - |
| 1992 | 41.2% | 47.8% | - | - |
| 1993 | 37.7% | 58.6% | - | - |
| 1994 | 33.8% | 67.9% | - | - |
| 1995 | 32.4% | 74.2% | - | - |
| 1996 | 33.3% | 75.2% | - | - |
| 1997 | 35.6% | 76.7% | - | - |
| 1998 | 34.5% | 101.5% | - | - |
| 1999 | 30.3% | 103% | - | - |
| 2000 | 33.1% | 86.7% | 28% | 200.6% |
| 2001 | 36.9% | 93.1% | 30.5% | 95.9% |
| 2002 | 35.9% | 96.4% | 38.6% | 68.4% |
| 2003 | 33.1% | 81.6% | 37.6% | 64.4% |
| 2004 | 31.1% | 62.9% | 37.8% | 57.6% |
| 2005 | 28.2% | 37.3% | 38.9% | 50.1% |
| 2006 | 27.3% | 25.8% | 41.3% | 37% |
| 2007 | 29.5% | 17.1% | 40.6% | 30% |
| 2008 | 26.7% | 12.1% | 43.7% | 29.4% |
| 2009 | 37.1% | 14% | 41.1% | 32.6% |
| 2010 | 33% | 8.43% | 41.2% | 38.2% |
| 2011 | 32.6% | 5.34% | 40% | 42% |
| 2012 | 33% | 3.01% | 43.3% | 51.7% |
| 2013 | 35.2% | 2.13% | 40.6% | 54.1% |
| 2014 | 39.7% | 1.54% | 42.9% | 63.5% |
| 2015 | 39.9% | 5.67% | 41% | 67.1% |
| 2016 | 34.5% | 12.7% | 40.3% | 65% |
| 2017 | 32.1% | 16.5% | 38.5% | 55.3% |
| 2018 | 34% | 17.6% | 39% | 51.1% |
| 2019 | 33.7% | 21.6% | 40.2% | 49.5% |
| 2020 | 39.1% | 31% | 46% | 54.3% |
| 2021 | 31.7% | 28.6% | 44.4% | 53.6% |
| 2022 | 28.2% | 23.8% | 41.4% | 50.9% |
| 2023 | 32.3% | 26.2% | 40.6% | 45.7% |
| 2024 | 33.8% | 29.9% | 42.4% | 44.5% |
| 2025 | 32.5% | 34.8% | 43.4% | 44.4% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Saudi Arabia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$35.2B, equivalent to -2.84% of GDP. This compares to Serbia's deficit of -$1.54B, or -1.73% of GDP.
Over the past 25 years, Saudi Arabia recorded a fiscal deficit in 13 of those years, while Serbia ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Saudi Arabia posted an annual surplus equal to +1.84% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.07% of GDP for Serbia.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|
| 1991 | -3.28% | - |
| 1992 | -8.12% | - |
| 1993 | -9.33% | - |
| 1994 | -8.31% | - |
| 1995 | -5.12% | - |
| 1996 | -3.25% | - |
| 1997 | -2.51% | - |
| 1998 | -8.88% | - |
| 1999 | -5.99% | - |
| 2000 | 3.18% | -0.15% |
| 2001 | -3.91% | 0.32% |
| 2002 | -5.91% | -2.33% |
| 2003 | 1.2% | -2.39% |
| 2004 | 9.72% | 0.06% |
| 2005 | 18% | 1.02% |
| 2006 | 20.8% | -0.9% |
| 2007 | 11.8% | -0.8% |
| 2008 | 29.8% | -4.25% |
| 2009 | -5.38% | -3.3% |
| 2010 | 4.39% | -3.35% |
| 2011 | 11.5% | -3.75% |
| 2012 | 11.8% | -6.11% |
| 2013 | 5.58% | -4.79% |
| 2014 | -3.49% | -5.61% |
| 2015 | -15.5% | -3.25% |
| 2016 | -13.7% | -1.08% |
| 2017 | -8.89% | 1.32% |
| 2018 | -5.45% | 0.78% |
| 2019 | -4.2% | -0.004% |
| 2020 | -10.7% | -6.91% |
| 2021 | -2.24% | -3.16% |
| 2022 | 2.5% | -0.14% |
| 2023 | -2.02% | -1.21% |
| 2024 | -2.84% | -1.73% |
| 2025 | -4.93% | -2.77% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Saudi Arabia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.93%, compared with 18.3% in Serbia. In 2024, inflation was 1.69% in Saudi Arabia and 4.67% in Serbia.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
| 1996 | 1.22% | 95.6% | |
| 1997 | 0.06% | 23.3% | |
| 1998 | -0.37% | 30.2% | |
| 1999 | -1.33% | 42.5% | |
| 2000 | -1.13% | 71.1% | |
| 2001 | -1.12% | 95% | |
| 2002 | 0.25% | 19.5% | |
| 2003 | 0.61% | 9.88% | |
| 2004 | 0.52% | 11% | |
| 2005 | 0.48% | 16.1% | |
| 2006 | 2.21% | 11.7% | |
| 2007 | 4.17% | 6.39% | |
| 2008 | 9.87% | 12.4% | |
| 2009 | 5.06% | 8.12% | |
| 2010 | 5.34% | 6.14% | |
| 2011 | 5.83% | 11.1% | |
| 2012 | 2.87% | 7.33% | |
| 2013 | 3.53% | 7.69% | |
| 2014 | 2.24% | 2.08% | |
| 2015 | 1.2% | 1.39% | |
| 2016 | 2.07% | 1.12% | |
| 2017 | -0.84% | 3.13% | |
| 2018 | 2.46% | 1.96% | |
| 2019 | -2.09% | 1.85% | |
| 2020 | 3.45% | 1.58% | |
| 2021 | 3.06% | 4.09% | |
| 2022 | 2.47% | 12% | |
| 2023 | 2.33% | 12.4% | |
| 2024 | 1.69% | 4.67% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $1.64M |
| Machinery & equipment | $569K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $173K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $135K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $84K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $47K |
| Metals | $11K |
| Wood & paper products | $9K |
| Animal & marine products | $4K |
| Miscellaneous | $1K |
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw agricultural goods | $22.7M |
| Machinery & equipment | $11.3M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $9.68M |
| Miscellaneous | $8.74M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $3.92M |
| Wood & paper products | $2.76M |
| Metals | $1.57M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $1.49M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $905K |
| Weapons & explosives | $36K |
Balance of trade
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$5.75B
2024 |
-$4.31B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
171/189
2024 |
162/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-0.46%
2024 |
-4.84%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$215B
2024 |
$39.6B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$306B
2024 |
$32.2B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$102B
2024 |
$12.7B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$55.3B
2024 |
$15.6B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
25.6%
2024 |
58.8%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
29.2%
2024 |
52.7%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 64.4 | 64.4 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 70/197 | 71/197 |
| Property rights | 51 | 58.9 |
| Government integrity | 48.1 | 37.2 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 38.1 | 50.8 |
| Tax burden | 99.3 | 87.3 |
| Government spending | 71.6 | 40.2 |
| Fiscal health | 98.1 | 91.2 |
| Business freedom | 70.6 | 74.7 |
| Labor freedom | 43.1 | 66.6 |
| Monetary freedom | 80.1 | 68.5 |
| Trade freedom | 72.8 | 77.2 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 70 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Saudi Arabia is 64.4, ranking 70/197, compared to 64.4 for Serbia, ranking 71/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|
| 1996 | 68.3 | - |
| 1997 | 68.7 | - |
| 1998 | 69.3 | - |
| 1999 | 65.5 | - |
| 2000 | 66.5 | - |
| 2001 | 62.2 | - |
| 2002 | 65.3 | 46.6 |
| 2003 | 63.2 | 43.5 |
| 2004 | 60.4 | - |
| 2005 | 63 | - |
| 2006 | 63 | - |
| 2007 | 60.9 | - |
| 2008 | 62.5 | - |
| 2009 | 64.3 | 56.6 |
| 2010 | 64.1 | 56.9 |
| 2011 | 66.2 | 58 |
| 2012 | 62.5 | 58 |
| 2013 | 60.6 | 58.6 |
| 2014 | 62.2 | 59.4 |
| 2015 | 62.1 | 60 |
| 2016 | 62.1 | 62.1 |
| 2017 | 64.4 | 58.9 |
| 2018 | 59.6 | 62.5 |
| 2019 | 60.7 | 63.9 |
| 2020 | 62.4 | 66 |
| 2021 | 66 | 67.2 |
| 2022 | 55.5 | 65.2 |
| 2023 | 58.3 | 63.5 |
| 2024 | 61.9 | 62.7 |
| 2025 | 64.4 | 64.4 |
More economic indicators
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
47.2%
2024 |
58.5%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
44.8%
2024 |
23.3%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.54%
2024 |
3.15%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$1.26T
2024 |
$76.2B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$71,600
2024 |
$29,870
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$464B
2024 |
$30.5B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
7/177
2024 |
55/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
$1.8B
2024 |
-$4.98B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$20.3B
2024 |
$5.64B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$22B
2024 |
$660M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
7.86%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines | n/a |
19.7%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
30.1%
2024 |
25.6%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.