Papua New Guinea has a GDP of $31.8B compared to $90.1B for Serbia, ranking 110/197 and 76/197 by economy size, respectively.
Papua New Guinea has $16.6B in government debt (52.1% of GDP), compared to $40.1B (44.5% of GDP) in Serbia.
Papua New Guinea vs Serbia GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
| 2024 | $31,800,428,266 | $90,097,765,959 |
| 2023 | $30,816,367,067 | $81,343,999,280 |
| 2022 | $31,653,185,953 | $66,809,895,701 |
| 2021 | $26,109,413,521 | $66,159,884,073 |
| 2020 | $23,848,447,850 | $55,874,017,669 |
| 2019 | $24,750,626,030 | $53,864,693,665 |
| 2018 | $24,109,780,708 | $52,787,520,249 |
| 2017 | $22,742,699,138 | $45,972,834,714 |
| 2016 | $20,758,876,953 | $42,225,495,910 |
| 2015 | $21,723,437,010 | $41,297,410,635 |
| 2014 | $23,210,823,987 | $49,114,321,280 |
| 2013 | $21,261,338,065 | $50,455,529,604 |
| 2012 | $21,295,168,666 | $45,103,269,969 |
| 2011 | $17,985,138,066 | $51,251,098,408 |
| 2010 | $14,250,786,675 | $43,536,629,233 |
| 2009 | $11,619,456,449 | $46,955,984,410 |
| 2008 | $11,670,892,801 | $54,220,641,202 |
| 2007 | $9,545,028,944 | $44,888,028,946 |
| 2006 | $8,354,911,041 | $33,298,057,362 |
| 2005 | $4,865,892,972 | $28,334,256,181 |
| 2004 | $3,927,157,867 | $26,845,632,342 |
| 2003 | $3,536,411,824 | $23,593,044,418 |
| 2002 | $2,999,511,040 | $17,930,583,571 |
| 2001 | $3,081,024,212 | $13,599,378,662 |
| 2000 | $3,521,339,699 | $7,326,373,882 |
| 1999 | $3,477,038,204 | $20,878,694,851 |
| 1998 | $3,789,443,015 | $21,004,077,441 |
| 1997 | $4,936,615,299 | $27,153,408,995 |
| 1996 | $5,155,311,077 | $23,277,430,168 |
| 1995 | $4,636,057,476 | $17,921,892,655 |
| 1994 | $5,502,786,070 | - |
| 1993 | $4,974,550,286 | - |
| 1992 | $4,377,980,510 | - |
| 1991 | $3,787,394,958 | - |
| 1990 | $3,219,729,083 | - |
| 1989 | $3,546,472,566 | - |
| 1988 | $3,656,177,881 | - |
| 1987 | $3,143,851,794 | - |
| 1986 | $2,647,995,602 | - |
| 1985 | $2,423,339,172 | - |
| 1984 | $2,552,662,617 | - |
| 1983 | $2,562,351,551 | - |
| 1982 | $2,368,719,683 | - |
| 1981 | $2,498,190,847 | - |
| 1980 | $2,545,808,456 | - |
| 1979 | $2,293,760,511 | - |
| 1978 | $1,947,878,831 | - |
| 1977 | $1,640,746,619 | - |
| 1976 | $1,511,843,235 | - |
| 1975 | $1,356,603,608 | - |
| 1974 | $1,467,417,672 | - |
| 1973 | $1,299,079,410 | - |
| 1972 | $858,761,926 | - |
| 1971 | $717,750,278 | - |
| 1970 | $645,568,215 | - |
| 1969 | $551,263,864 | - |
| 1968 | $485,184,190 | - |
| 1967 | $441,728,183 | - |
| 1966 | $390,992,063 | - |
| 1965 | $344,176,055 | - |
| 1964 | $305,312,049 | - |
| 1963 | $275,968,044 | - |
| 1962 | $261,184,042 | - |
| 1961 | $244,832,039 | - |
| 1960 | $230,496,037 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/papua-new-guinea/serbia | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Papua New Guinea vs Serbia by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $3,007 | $4,875 | $13,679 | $32,832 |
| 2023 | $2,966 | $4,668 | $12,282 | $29,777 |
| 2022 | $3,102 | $4,420 | $10,025 | $26,143 |
| 2021 | $2,608 | $3,977 | $9,681 | $23,406 |
| 2020 | $2,430 | $3,900 | $8,099 | $21,013 |
| 2019 | $2,576 | $4,060 | $7,756 | $20,587 |
| 2018 | $2,566 | $3,910 | $7,560 | $18,469 |
| 2017 | $2,478 | $3,923 | $6,548 | $17,285 |
| 2016 | $2,316 | $3,813 | $5,982 | $16,455 |
| 2015 | $2,485 | $3,670 | $5,820 | $15,546 |
| 2014 | $2,723 | $3,500 | $6,887 | $15,296 |
| 2013 | $2,561 | $3,110 | $7,040 | $15,247 |
| 2012 | $2,635 | $3,026 | $6,263 | $14,506 |
| 2011 | $2,288 | $2,919 | $7,082 | $14,298 |
| 2010 | $1,867 | $2,912 | $5,971 | $13,320 |
| 2009 | $1,569 | $2,692 | $6,414 | $13,038 |
| 2008 | $1,625 | $2,583 | $7,377 | $13,123 |
| 2007 | $1,371 | $2,622 | $6,081 | $11,685 |
| 2006 | $1,238 | $2,444 | $4,493 | $10,463 |
| 2005 | $744 | $2,322 | $3,808 | $9,398 |
| 2004 | $621 | $2,187 | $3,597 | $8,715 |
| 2003 | $577 | $2,142 | $3,154 | $8,023 |
| 2002 | $506 | $2,125 | $2,391 | $7,563 |
| 2001 | $538 | $2,168 | $1,812 | $6,803 |
| 2000 | $636 | $2,196 | $975 | $6,416 |
| 1999 | $650 | $2,280 | $2,769 | $5,897 |
| 1998 | $733 | $2,285 | $2,775 | $6,460 |
| 1997 | $990 | $2,432 | $3,574 | $6,040 |
| 1996 | $1,071 | $2,578 | $3,054 | $5,434 |
| 1995 | $998 | $2,436 | $2,349 | $5,022 |
| 1994 | $1,228 | $2,558 | - | - |
| 1993 | $1,151 | $2,451 | - | - |
| 1992 | $1,051 | $2,100 | - | - |
| 1991 | $942 | $1,869 | - | - |
| 1990 | $826 | $1,703 | - | - |
| 1989 | $934 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $985 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $865 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $745 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $697 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $750 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $769 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $726 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $781 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $813 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $748 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $648 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $558 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $525 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $482 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $533 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $483 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $327 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $279.7 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $257.6 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $225.3 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $202.9 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $189 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $171.1 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $153.9 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $139.5 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $128.9 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $124.7 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $119.7 | - | - | - |
| 1960 | $115.5 | - | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/papua-new-guinea/serbia | CC BY
Papua New Guinea's GDP per capita is $3,007, ranking 140/197, compared to $13,679 in Serbia, ranking 73/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Papua New Guinea ranks 159th at $4,875, while Serbia ranks 69th at $32,832.
Economic indicators
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$31.8B
2024 |
$90.1B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
110/197
2024 |
76/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.8%
2023-2024 |
3.95%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$3,007
2024 |
$13,679
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
140/197
2024 |
73/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$4,875
2024 |
$32,832
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
159/197
2024 |
69/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$16.6B
2024 |
$40.1B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
52.1%
2024 |
44.5%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$1,566
2024 |
$6,084
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
129/185
2024 |
73/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$2,362
2026 |
$12,252
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$1.68B
2017 |
$4.06B
2011 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
31%
2009 |
24.7%
2022 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
1.9%
2009 |
2.4%
2022 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
20.4%
2024 |
42.7%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
0.6%
2023-2024 |
4.67%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
5%
2025 |
5.75%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
2.69%
2022 |
7.24%
2024 |
| Population |
11002753
|
6494521
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 20.4% | 52.1% | 42.7% | 44.5% |
| 2023 | 22.3% | 53.9% | 40.6% | 45.7% |
| 2022 | 21.9% | 48.2% | 41.4% | 50.9% |
| 2021 | 22% | 52.6% | 44.4% | 53.6% |
| 2020 | 23.5% | 48.7% | 46% | 54.3% |
| 2019 | 21.3% | 38.2% | 40.2% | 49.5% |
| 2018 | 20.3% | 36.7% | 39% | 51.1% |
| 2017 | 18.4% | 32.5% | 38.5% | 55.3% |
| 2016 | 20.9% | 33.7% | 40.3% | 65% |
| 2015 | 22.8% | 29.9% | 41% | 67.1% |
| 2014 | 27.1% | 26.9% | 42.9% | 63.5% |
| 2013 | 27.6% | 24.9% | 40.6% | 54.1% |
| 2012 | 22.4% | 19.1% | 43.3% | 51.7% |
| 2011 | 19.7% | 16.3% | 40% | 42% |
| 2010 | 18.4% | 17.3% | 41.2% | 38.2% |
| 2009 | 24.7% | 21.7% | 41.1% | 32.6% |
| 2008 | 19.8% | 21.6% | 43.7% | 29.4% |
| 2007 | 18% | 22.2% | 40.6% | 30% |
| 2006 | 19.4% | 26% | 41.3% | 37% |
| 2005 | 20.6% | 31.6% | 38.9% | 50.1% |
| 2004 | 19.4% | 37.2% | 37.8% | 57.6% |
| 2003 | 18.7% | 40.4% | 37.6% | 64.4% |
| 2002 | 20.8% | 48.4% | 38.6% | 68.4% |
| 2001 | 21.6% | 47.7% | 30.5% | 95.9% |
| 2000 | 20.5% | 42.3% | 28% | 200.6% |
| 1999 | 21.4% | 41.8% | - | - |
| 1998 | 20% | 45.7% | - | - |
| 1997 | 20.6% | 43.9% | - | - |
| 1996 | 17.6% | 37.8% | - | - |
| 1995 | 17.1% | 36.6% | - | - |
| 1994 | 19.3% | 40.1% | - | - |
| 1993 | 23.5% | 30% | - | - |
| 1992 | 22.8% | 30.4% | - | - |
| 1991 | 22.4% | - | - | - |
| 1990 | 24.5% | - | - | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1992–1993, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/papua-new-guinea/serbia | CC BY
In 2024, Papua New Guinea's government spending was $6.48B, accounting for 20.4% of its GDP, while Serbia spent $38.4B, or 42.7% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 52.1% in Papua New Guinea and 44.5% in Serbia, ranking 100/185 and 121/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
| 2024 | -3.23% | -1.75% |
| 2023 | -4.34% | -1.21% |
| 2022 | -5.25% | -0.14% |
| 2021 | -6.84% | -3.16% |
| 2020 | -8.85% | -6.91% |
| 2019 | -4.98% | -0.004% |
| 2018 | -2.58% | 0.78% |
| 2017 | -2.47% | 1.32% |
| 2016 | -4.75% | -1.08% |
| 2015 | -4.55% | -3.25% |
| 2014 | -6.27% | -5.61% |
| 2013 | -6.87% | -4.79% |
| 2012 | -1.19% | -6.11% |
| 2011 | 2.22% | -3.75% |
| 2010 | 3.06% | -3.35% |
| 2009 | -5.48% | -3.3% |
| 2008 | 2.73% | -4.25% |
| 2007 | 6.9% | -0.8% |
| 2006 | 5.34% | -0.9% |
| 2005 | 2.85% | 1.02% |
| 2004 | 2.03% | 0.06% |
| 2003 | 0.19% | -2.39% |
| 2002 | -1.75% | -2.33% |
| 2001 | -1.33% | 0.32% |
| 2000 | 0.3% | -0.15% |
| 1999 | -1.94% | - |
| 1998 | -0.16% | - |
| 1997 | 0.67% | - |
| 1996 | 2.05% | - |
| 1995 | 1.08% | - |
| 1994 | -1.01% | - |
| 1993 | -4.9% | - |
| 1992 | -4.33% | - |
| 1991 | -0.62% | - |
| 1990 | -2.04% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/papua-new-guinea/serbia | CC BY
In 2024, Papua New Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.03B, equivalent to 3.23% of GDP. This compares to Serbia's deficit of $1.58B, or 1.75% of GDP.
Over the past 25 years, Papua New Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while Serbia ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Papua New Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to 1.8% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.07% of GDP for Serbia.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
| 2024 | 0.6% | 4.67% |
| 2023 | 2.3% | 12.4% |
| 2022 | 5.25% | 12% |
| 2021 | 4.48% | 4.09% |
| 2020 | 4.87% | 1.58% |
| 2019 | 3.93% | 1.85% |
| 2018 | 4.37% | 1.96% |
| 2017 | 5.42% | 3.13% |
| 2016 | 6.67% | 1.12% |
| 2015 | 6% | 1.39% |
| 2014 | 5.22% | 2.08% |
| 2013 | 4.96% | 7.69% |
| 2012 | 4.54% | 7.33% |
| 2011 | 4.44% | 11.1% |
| 2010 | 6.01% | 6.14% |
| 2009 | 6.92% | 8.12% |
| 2008 | 10.8% | 12.4% |
| 2007 | 0.91% | 6.39% |
| 2006 | 2.37% | 11.7% |
| 2005 | 1.78% | 16.1% |
| 2004 | 2.16% | 11% |
| 2003 | 14.7% | 9.88% |
| 2002 | 11.8% | 19.5% |
| 2001 | 9.3% | 95% |
| 2000 | 15.6% | 71.1% |
| 1999 | 14.9% | 42.5% |
| 1998 | 13.6% | 30.2% |
| 1997 | 3.96% | 23.3% |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/papua-new-guinea/serbia | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Papua New Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.35%, compared with 15.6% in Serbia. In 2024, inflation was 0.6% in Papua New Guinea and 4.67% in Serbia.
Top exports between countries
|
Papua New Guinea
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $5K |
Balance of trade
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$4.77B
2024 |
-$4.1B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
33/190
2024 |
162/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+15%
2024 |
-4.56%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$4.69B
2024 |
$39.6B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$13.4B
2024 |
$32.2B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$2.4B
2024 |
$12.6B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$75.2M
2024 |
$15.7B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
58.9%
2004 |
58.1%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
72.2%
2004 |
53.6%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 54.3 | 65 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 134/197 | 68/197 |
| Property rights | 45 | 57.2 |
| Government integrity | 30.8 | 37.2 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 41.1 | 50.1 |
| Tax burden | 70.9 | 88 |
| Government spending | 86.1 | 48.2 |
| Fiscal health | 65.3 | 94.3 |
| Business freedom | 34.2 | 73.6 |
| Labor freedom | 65.1 | 61.8 |
| Monetary freedom | 77.4 | 73 |
| Trade freedom | 80.2 | 76.6 |
| Investment freedom | 25 | 70 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 50 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
| 2026 | 54.3 | 65 |
| 2025 | 52.5 | 64.4 |
| 2024 | 49.4 | 62.7 |
| 2023 | 51.7 | 63.5 |
| 2022 | 54.6 | 65.2 |
| 2021 | 58.9 | 67.2 |
| 2020 | 58.4 | 66 |
| 2019 | 58.4 | 63.9 |
| 2018 | 55.7 | 62.5 |
| 2017 | 50.9 | 58.9 |
| 2016 | 53.2 | 62.1 |
| 2015 | 53.1 | 60 |
| 2014 | 53.9 | 59.4 |
| 2013 | 53.6 | 58.6 |
| 2012 | 53.8 | 58 |
| 2011 | 52.6 | 58 |
| 2010 | 53.5 | 56.9 |
| 2009 | 54.8 | 56.6 |
| 2008 | - | - |
| 2007 | - | - |
| 2006 | - | - |
| 2005 | - | - |
| 2004 | - | - |
| 2003 | - | 43.5 |
| 2002 | - | 46.6 |
| 2001 | 57.2 | - |
| 2000 | 55.8 | - |
| 1999 | 56.3 | - |
| 1998 | 55.2 | - |
| 1997 | 56.7 | - |
| 1996 | 58.6 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).
GeoRank.org/economy/papua-new-guinea/serbia | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Papua New Guinea is 54.3, ranking 134/197, compared to 65 for Serbia, ranking 68/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
41.5%
2024 |
58.8%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
37.2%
2024 |
23.1%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
17.2%
2024 |
3.17%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$30.7B
2024 |
$76.5B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$4,580
2024 |
$30,770
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$3.9B
2023 |
$30.5B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
107/177
2023 |
55/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
$968M
2024 |
-$4.93B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$198M
2024 |
$5.59B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$770M
2024 |
$661M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
19.7%
2024 |
12.2%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
39.9%
2009 |
19.7%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
20%
2004 |
25%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/papua-new-guinea/serbia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1992–1993, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
- TradeMap (2022, retrieved 2026-02-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.