Laos has an annual birth rate of 21.3 births per 1,000 people, compared to 31.1 for Togo. The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime — the fertility rate, is 2.42 in Laos and 4.19 in Togo — 73.2% difference.
1960 vs 2023, the fertility rate has decreased by 61.5% in Laos and by 38.3% in Togo — in 1960, it was 6.29 and 6.8, respectively.
- Laos is ranked 65/196 by birth rate compared to 26/196 for Togo.
- The mean age at childbearing (for all the births, not just the first) is 26.1 in Laos — it's 28.9 in Togo.
- Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 (adolescent birth rate or teenage mother rate) is 81.7 in Laos vs 77.1 in Togo.
- In Laos, 27% of the population is composed of women of reproductive age (15-49), compared to 24.2% in Togo.
Fertility rate in Laos vs Togo by year
| Year | Fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|
Laos
|
Togo
|
|
| 2023 | 2.42 | 4.19 |
| 2022 | 2.46 | 4.25 |
| 2021 | 2.49 | 4.32 |
| 2020 | 2.54 | 4.39 |
| 2019 | 2.59 | 4.45 |
| 2018 | 2.63 | 4.51 |
| 2017 | 2.69 | 4.58 |
| 2016 | 2.74 | 4.63 |
| 2015 | 2.8 | 4.66 |
| 2014 | 2.8 | 4.7 |
| 2013 | 2.87 | 4.75 |
| 2012 | 2.95 | 4.85 |
| 2011 | 3.05 | 4.98 |
| 2010 | 3.14 | 5.09 |
| 2009 | 3.23 | 5.1 |
| 2008 | 3.33 | 5.1 |
| 2007 | 3.44 | 5.1 |
| 2006 | 3.56 | 5.08 |
| 2005 | 3.69 | 5.04 |
| 2004 | 3.9 | 5 |
| 2003 | 4.02 | 5.05 |
| 2002 | 4.13 | 5.09 |
| 2001 | 4.29 | 5.13 |
| 2000 | 4.43 | 5.17 |
| 1999 | 4.64 | 5.23 |
| 1998 | 4.79 | 5.29 |
| 1997 | 4.96 | 5.36 |
| 1996 | 5.15 | 5.46 |
| 1995 | 5.36 | 5.57 |
| 1994 | 5.6 | 5.67 |
| 1993 | 5.8 | 5.78 |
| 1992 | 5.9 | 5.89 |
| 1991 | 5.99 | 5.99 |
| 1990 | 6.06 | 6.07 |
| 1989 | 6.1 | 6.15 |
| 1988 | 6.16 | 6.23 |
| 1987 | 6.21 | 6.3 |
| 1986 | 6.26 | 6.38 |
| 1985 | 6.33 | 6.46 |
| 1984 | 6.37 | 6.54 |
| 1983 | 6.38 | 6.63 |
| 1982 | 6.37 | 6.73 |
| 1981 | 6.35 | 6.81 |
| 1980 | 6.33 | 6.88 |
| 1979 | 6.31 | 6.94 |
| 1978 | 6.3 | 6.98 |
| 1977 | 6.29 | 7.03 |
| 1976 | 6.29 | 7.06 |
| 1975 | 6.29 | 7.09 |
| 1974 | 6.29 | 7.09 |
| 1973 | 6.28 | 7.08 |
| 1972 | 6.28 | 7.07 |
| 1971 | 6.3 | 7.06 |
| 1970 | 6.31 | 7.04 |
| 1969 | 6.3 | 7.02 |
| 1968 | 6.3 | 6.97 |
| 1967 | 6.31 | 6.96 |
| 1966 | 6.31 | 6.96 |
| 1965 | 6.32 | 6.94 |
| 1964 | 6.31 | 6.92 |
| 1963 | 6.32 | 6.89 |
| 1962 | 6.31 | 6.86 |
| 1961 | 6.31 | 6.82 |
| 1960 | 6.29 | 6.8 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/laos/togo | CC BY 
According to the latest available data on birth rates, the fertility rate in Laos was 2.42 children per woman in 2023, compared to 4.19 in Togo in 2023. The replacement level is considered to be 2.1 children per woman.
Check Laos vs Togo population clock for a dynamic visualization of the changing population.
Natural population change by year
| Year | Natural population change | |
|---|---|---|
|
Laos
|
Togo
|
|
| 2023 | 115,359 | 218,093 |
| 2022 | 116,620 | 215,090 |
| 2021 | 115,323 | 210,613 |
| 2020 | 118,609 | 208,663 |
| 2019 | 119,797 | 207,608 |
| 2018 | 119,986 | 204,942 |
| 2017 | 120,515 | 202,307 |
| 2016 | 119,978 | 199,364 |
| 2015 | 118,723 | 194,768 |
| 2014 | 118,103 | 190,667 |
| 2013 | 119,845 | 187,309 |
| 2012 | 121,324 | 186,061 |
| 2011 | 122,863 | 186,406 |
| 2010 | 122,516 | 185,294 |
| 2009 | 122,174 | 180,111 |
| 2008 | 121,042 | 173,677 |
| 2007 | 119,980 | 168,144 |
| 2006 | 118,602 | 160,671 |
| 2005 | 118,165 | 154,117 |
| 2004 | 121,888 | 147,574 |
| 2003 | 122,158 | 144,900 |
| 2002 | 122,110 | 141,643 |
| 2001 | 123,847 | 137,808 |
| 2000 | 124,201 | 133,873 |
| 1999 | 127,255 | 129,832 |
| 1998 | 128,409 | 125,392 |
| 1997 | 130,388 | 122,109 |
| 1996 | 131,142 | 119,418 |
| 1995 | 132,241 | 116,314 |
| 1994 | 134,201 | 113,074 |
| 1993 | 135,295 | 119,938 |
| 1992 | 132,417 | 118,876 |
| 1991 | 129,523 | 117,409 |
| 1990 | 125,297 | 116,200 |
| 1989 | 121,044 | 114,432 |
| 1988 | 117,050 | 112,915 |
| 1987 | 113,005 | 110,739 |
| 1986 | 109,266 | 107,957 |
| 1985 | 106,047 | 104,949 |
| 1984 | 102,318 | 102,425 |
| 1983 | 98,178 | 99,817 |
| 1982 | 94,058 | 97,003 |
| 1981 | 89,963 | 94,318 |
| 1980 | 86,548 | 91,445 |
| 1979 | 82,852 | 89,148 |
| 1978 | 80,604 | 86,950 |
| 1977 | 79,149 | 84,572 |
| 1976 | 77,575 | 82,321 |
| 1975 | 76,725 | 79,831 |
| 1974 | 74,652 | 77,347 |
| 1973 | 70,513 | 74,713 |
| 1972 | 68,095 | 72,008 |
| 1971 | 65,959 | 69,206 |
| 1970 | 63,896 | 65,851 |
| 1969 | 61,595 | 62,589 |
| 1968 | 59,567 | 59,110 |
| 1967 | 57,763 | 56,128 |
| 1966 | 55,494 | 53,640 |
| 1965 | 54,268 | 51,323 |
| 1964 | 52,482 | 49,449 |
| 1963 | 51,056 | 47,869 |
| 1962 | 51,244 | 46,201 |
| 1961 | 48,992 | 44,623 |
| 1960 | 47,575 | 43,307 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/laos/togo | CC BY
The chart above illustrates the comparison of the absolute yearly changes in population resulting from births and deaths.
Excluding migration, the natural population change due to births and deaths from 2022 to 2023 was +1.51% in Laos and +2.34% in Togo.
For the past 10 years, the annual natural population change has been +1.65% in Laos and +2.46% in Togo.
Birth rate in Laos vs Togo by year
Annual births per 1,000 people
| Year | Annual births per 1,000 people | |
|---|---|---|
|
Laos
|
Togo
|
|
| 2023 | 21.3 | 31.1 |
| 2022 | 21.7 | 31.5 |
| 2021 | 22.1 | 32 |
| 2020 | 22.6 | 32.5 |
| 2019 | 23.2 | 32.9 |
| 2018 | 23.6 | 33.4 |
| 2017 | 24.1 | 33.9 |
| 2016 | 24.6 | 34.4 |
| 2015 | 25 | 34.7 |
| 2014 | 25 | 35 |
| 2013 | 25.6 | 35.4 |
| 2012 | 26.2 | 36.1 |
| 2011 | 26.8 | 37.1 |
| 2010 | 27.2 | 37.9 |
| 2009 | 27.6 | 38 |
| 2008 | 27.9 | 38 |
| 2007 | 28.1 | 38 |
| 2006 | 28.4 | 37.7 |
| 2005 | 28.8 | 37.4 |
| 2004 | 30.1 | 37.1 |
| 2003 | 30.7 | 37.5 |
| 2002 | 31.2 | 37.8 |
| 2001 | 32.1 | 37.9 |
| 2000 | 32.9 | 37.9 |
| 1999 | 34.2 | 38 |
| 1998 | 35.1 | 38.1 |
| 1997 | 36.2 | 38.3 |
| 1996 | 37.2 | 38.6 |
| 1995 | 38.5 | 39 |
| 1994 | 40 | 39.4 |
| 1993 | 41.2 | 41.7 |
| 1992 | 41.7 | 40.8 |
| 1991 | 42.2 | 41.2 |
| 1990 | 42.5 | 41.7 |
| 1989 | 42.6 | 42.1 |
| 1988 | 42.8 | 42.5 |
| 1987 | 43 | 43 |
| 1986 | 43.1 | 43.3 |
| 1985 | 43.5 | 43.6 |
| 1984 | 43.6 | 44 |
| 1983 | 43.5 | 44.5 |
| 1982 | 43.4 | 45.1 |
| 1981 | 43.3 | 45.6 |
| 1980 | 43.4 | 46.1 |
| 1979 | 43.5 | 46.7 |
| 1978 | 43.8 | 47.2 |
| 1977 | 44.1 | 47.6 |
| 1976 | 44.3 | 48 |
| 1975 | 44.4 | 48.2 |
| 1974 | 44.4 | 48.4 |
| 1973 | 44.3 | 48.4 |
| 1972 | 44.3 | 48.5 |
| 1971 | 44.3 | 48.5 |
| 1970 | 44.3 | 48.3 |
| 1969 | 44.2 | 48.2 |
| 1968 | 44.2 | 47.9 |
| 1967 | 44.2 | 48 |
| 1966 | 44.2 | 48.2 |
| 1965 | 44.3 | 48.3 |
| 1964 | 44.3 | 48.4 |
| 1963 | 44.5 | 48.4 |
| 1962 | 44.6 | 48.2 |
| 1961 | 44.8 | 48 |
| 1960 | 44.9 | 47.9 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/laos/togo | CC BY
The latest reported birth rate per 1,000 people in 2023 was 21.3 in Laos and 31.1 in Togo, compared with 44.9 and 47.9, respectively, in 1960.
Birth rate data compared
|
Laos
|
Togo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Fertility rate | 2.42 | 4.19 |
| Fertility rate rank | 78/196 | 21/196 |
| Birth rate | 21.3 | 31.1 |
| Birth rate rank | 65/196 | 26/196 |
| Population change due to births and deaths | +115,359 | +218,093 |
| Natural population change rank | 75/196 | 57/196 |
| Natural population change rate | +1.51% | +2.34% |
| Population growth | +1.37% | +2.27% |
| Population growth rank | 77/197 | 40/197 |
| Age at first childbirth | n/a | 25 years |
| Average age at childbearing | 26.1 years | 28.9 years |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 | 81.7 | 77 |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 20-29 | 131.8 | 194.7 |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 30+ | 21.5 | 61.1 |
| Female of reproductive age (15-49), share of population | 27% | 24.2% |
| Any modern method of contraceptive prevalence among married women ages 15-49 | 51% | 21.4% |
| Share of births attended by skilled health staff | 64.4% | 69.4% |
| Maternal mortality per live birth | 0.11% | 0.35% |
| Neonatal mortality rate (before reaching 28 days of age) | 2% | 2.31% |
| Infant mortality rate (before reaching 1 year of age) | 3.52% | 3.59% |
| Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age | 3.9% | 5.83% |
| Life expectancy | 69.7 years | 63.3 years |
Children 0-14 years as share of population
| Year | Young | |
|---|---|---|
|
Laos
|
Togo
|
|
| 2100 | 14.8% | 23.1% |
| 2099 | 14.9% | 23.2% |
| 2098 | 14.9% | 23.4% |
| 2097 | 15% | 23.6% |
| 2096 | 15.1% | 23.7% |
| 2095 | 15.1% | 23.9% |
| 2094 | 15.2% | 24% |
| 2093 | 15.3% | 24.2% |
| 2092 | 15.4% | 24.4% |
| 2091 | 15.4% | 24.5% |
| 2090 | 15.5% | 24.7% |
| 2089 | 15.6% | 24.9% |
| 2088 | 15.7% | 25% |
| 2087 | 15.8% | 25.2% |
| 2086 | 15.9% | 25.4% |
| 2085 | 16% | 25.6% |
| 2084 | 16.1% | 25.8% |
| 2083 | 16.1% | 25.9% |
| 2082 | 16.2% | 26.1% |
| 2081 | 16.3% | 26.3% |
| 2080 | 16.4% | 26.5% |
| 2079 | 16.5% | 26.7% |
| 2078 | 16.6% | 26.9% |
| 2077 | 16.8% | 27.1% |
| 2076 | 16.9% | 27.3% |
| 2075 | 17% | 27.4% |
| 2074 | 17.1% | 27.6% |
| 2073 | 17.2% | 27.8% |
| 2072 | 17.3% | 28% |
| 2071 | 17.5% | 28.2% |
| 2070 | 17.6% | 28.4% |
| 2069 | 17.7% | 28.6% |
| 2068 | 17.9% | 28.7% |
| 2067 | 18.1% | 28.9% |
| 2066 | 18.2% | 29.1% |
| 2065 | 18.4% | 29.3% |
| 2064 | 18.5% | 29.6% |
| 2063 | 18.7% | 29.8% |
| 2062 | 18.9% | 30% |
| 2061 | 19.1% | 30.2% |
| 2060 | 19.3% | 30.4% |
| 2059 | 19.5% | 30.7% |
| 2058 | 19.7% | 30.9% |
| 2057 | 19.9% | 31.2% |
| 2056 | 20.1% | 31.4% |
| 2055 | 20.4% | 31.7% |
| 2054 | 20.6% | 31.9% |
| 2053 | 20.8% | 32.1% |
| 2052 | 21% | 32.4% |
| 2051 | 21.3% | 32.6% |
| 2050 | 21.5% | 32.9% |
| 2049 | 21.8% | 33.1% |
| 2048 | 22% | 33.4% |
| 2047 | 22.3% | 33.6% |
| 2046 | 22.5% | 33.8% |
| 2045 | 22.8% | 34% |
| 2044 | 23.1% | 34.3% |
| 2043 | 23.3% | 34.5% |
| 2042 | 23.6% | 34.7% |
| 2041 | 24% | 34.9% |
| 2040 | 24.3% | 35.1% |
| 2039 | 24.6% | 35.3% |
| 2038 | 24.9% | 35.5% |
| 2037 | 25.3% | 35.7% |
| 2036 | 25.7% | 36% |
| 2035 | 26% | 36.2% |
| 2034 | 26.4% | 36.5% |
| 2033 | 26.9% | 36.8% |
| 2032 | 27.3% | 37.1% |
| 2031 | 27.7% | 37.4% |
| 2030 | 28.2% | 37.7% |
| 2029 | 28.6% | 38% |
| 2028 | 28.9% | 38.3% |
| 2027 | 29.3% | 38.6% |
| 2026 | 29.7% | 39% |
| 2025 | 30% | 39.3% |
| 2024 | 30.2% | 39.5% |
| 2023 | 30.6% | 39.9% |
| 2022 | 30.9% | 40.2% |
| 2021 | 31.3% | 40.5% |
| 2020 | 31.6% | 40.7% |
| 2019 | 31.9% | 40.9% |
| 2018 | 32.2% | 41.1% |
| 2017 | 32.5% | 41.2% |
| 2016 | 32.9% | 41.4% |
| 2015 | 33.2% | 41.5% |
| 2014 | 33.7% | 41.5% |
| 2013 | 34.3% | 41.6% |
| 2012 | 34.9% | 41.6% |
| 2011 | 35.6% | 41.6% |
| 2010 | 36.3% | 41.6% |
| 2009 | 37.1% | 41.5% |
| 2008 | 38% | 41.6% |
| 2007 | 39% | 41.6% |
| 2006 | 40% | 41.8% |
| 2005 | 40.9% | 41.9% |
| 2004 | 41.5% | 42% |
| 2003 | 42% | 42.2% |
| 2002 | 42.5% | 42.3% |
| 2001 | 42.9% | 42.4% |
| 2000 | 43.2% | 42.6% |
| 1999 | 43.5% | 42.9% |
| 1998 | 43.7% | 43.2% |
| 1997 | 43.8% | 43.5% |
| 1996 | 43.9% | 43.8% |
| 1995 | 43.9% | 44% |
| 1994 | 44% | 44.2% |
| 1993 | 43.9% | 44.5% |
| 1992 | 43.9% | 44.7% |
| 1991 | 43.9% | 44.9% |
| 1990 | 43.9% | 45.2% |
| 1989 | 43.9% | 45.3% |
| 1988 | 43.9% | 45.5% |
| 1987 | 44% | 45.7% |
| 1986 | 44% | 45.8% |
| 1985 | 44% | 45.9% |
| 1984 | 44.1% | 46% |
| 1983 | 44.1% | 46.1% |
| 1982 | 44.1% | 46.2% |
| 1981 | 44% | 46.2% |
| 1980 | 43.9% | 46.2% |
| 1979 | 43.8% | 46.2% |
| 1978 | 43.5% | 46.1% |
| 1977 | 43.2% | 46% |
| 1976 | 43% | 45.9% |
| 1975 | 42.7% | 45.8% |
| 1974 | 42.5% | 45.6% |
| 1973 | 42.4% | 45.5% |
| 1972 | 42.4% | 45.4% |
| 1971 | 42.3% | 45.2% |
| 1970 | 42.2% | 45.1% |
| 1969 | 42.2% | 45% |
| 1968 | 42.2% | 44.9% |
| 1967 | 42.2% | 44.8% |
| 1966 | 42.2% | 44.7% |
| 1965 | 42.2% | 44.6% |
| 1964 | 42.1% | 44.5% |
| 1963 | 42% | 44.4% |
| 1962 | 41.9% | 44.2% |
| 1961 | 41.8% | 44.1% |
| 1960 | 41.8% | 44% |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/laos/togo | CC BY
Children aged 0-14 make up 30.2% of the population in Laos and 39.5% in Togo in 2024, compared to 43.9% and 45.2% respectively in 1990.
Fertility rates around the globe
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/laos/togo | CC BY
Maternal mortality chart: Laos vs Togo
| Year | Maternal mortality per 100K births | |
|---|---|---|
|
Laos
|
Togo
|
|
| 2023 | 112 | 349 |
| 2022 | 120 | 362 |
| 2021 | 139 | 397 |
| 2020 | 132 | 398 |
| 2019 | 137 | 416 |
| 2018 | 145 | 435 |
| 2017 | 154 | 443 |
| 2016 | 165 | 460 |
| 2015 | 180 | 470 |
| 2014 | 193 | 490 |
| 2013 | 215 | 500 |
| 2012 | 241 | 506 |
| 2011 | 267 | 501 |
| 2010 | 305 | 497 |
| 2009 | 336 | 471 |
| 2008 | 374 | 457 |
| 2007 | 402 | 448 |
| 2006 | 432 | 453 |
| 2005 | 458 | 434 |
| 2004 | 492 | 431 |
| 2003 | 524 | 431 |
| 2002 | 550 | 447 |
| 2001 | 574 | 478 |
| 2000 | 609 | 496 |
| 1999 | 638 | 529 |
| 1998 | 647 | 570 |
| 1997 | 660 | 600 |
| 1996 | 682 | 627 |
| 1995 | 709 | 663 |
| 1994 | 741 | 688 |
| 1993 | 751 | 728 |
| 1992 | 781 | 692 |
| 1991 | 798 | 676 |
| 1990 | 834 | 657 |
| 1989 | 856 | 644 |
| 1988 | 898 | 628 |
| 1987 | 930 | 636 |
| 1986 | 963 | 649 |
| 1985 | 994 | 668 |
Data sources: World Bank | Gender (1985–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/laos/togo | CC BY
The maternal mortality rate, which is the probability of dying during childbirth or within 42 days of pregnancy termination, is 112 deaths per 100,000 live births in Laos, compared to 349 deaths in Togo.
Under-five mortality rates
Probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five
| Year | Under 5 mortality rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Laos
|
Togo
|
|
| 2023 | 3.9% | 5.83% |
| 2022 | 4.04% | 6.02% |
| 2021 | 4.19% | 6.22% |
| 2020 | 4.34% | 6.43% |
| 2019 | 4.51% | 6.63% |
| 2018 | 4.68% | 6.86% |
| 2017 | 4.88% | 7.09% |
| 2016 | 5.09% | 7.32% |
| 2015 | 5.32% | 7.56% |
| 2014 | 5.58% | 7.81% |
| 2013 | 5.86% | 8.07% |
| 2012 | 6.15% | 8.33% |
| 2011 | 6.47% | 8.59% |
| 2010 | 6.8% | 8.87% |
| 2009 | 7.14% | 9.14% |
| 2008 | 7.5% | 9.41% |
| 2007 | 7.88% | 9.69% |
| 2006 | 8.27% | 9.97% |
| 2005 | 8.68% | 10.3% |
| 2004 | 9.08% | 10.6% |
| 2003 | 9.49% | 10.9% |
| 2002 | 9.91% | 11.3% |
| 2001 | 10.3% | 11.6% |
| 2000 | 10.8% | 12% |
| 1999 | 11.2% | 12.3% |
| 1998 | 11.6% | 12.7% |
| 1997 | 12% | 13% |
| 1996 | 12.5% | 13.3% |
| 1995 | 12.9% | 13.6% |
| 1994 | 13.4% | 13.9% |
| 1993 | 13.9% | 14.1% |
| 1992 | 14.4% | 14.3% |
| 1991 | 14.9% | 14.5% |
| 1990 | 15.4% | 14.7% |
| 1989 | 15.9% | 14.9% |
| 1988 | 16.4% | 15.2% |
| 1987 | 16.9% | 15.4% |
| 1986 | 17.4% | 15.7% |
| 1985 | 18% | 16% |
| 1984 | 18.4% | 16.3% |
| 1983 | 18.9% | 16.7% |
| 1982 | 19.5% | 17.1% |
| 1981 | 20% | 17.5% |
| 1980 | 20.6% | 17.9% |
| 1979 | 21.1% | 18.3% |
| 1978 | 21.7% | 18.8% |
| 1977 | - | 19.2% |
| 1976 | - | 19.7% |
| 1975 | - | 20.2% |
| 1974 | - | 20.7% |
| 1973 | - | 21.1% |
| 1972 | - | 21.6% |
| 1971 | - | 22.1% |
| 1970 | - | 22.5% |
| 1969 | - | 23% |
| 1968 | - | 23.4% |
| 1967 | - | 23.8% |
| 1966 | - | 24.2% |
| 1965 | - | 24.6% |
| 1964 | - | 24.9% |
| 1963 | - | 25.2% |
| 1962 | - | 25.5% |
| 1961 | - | 25.8% |
| 1960 | - | 26% |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/laos/togo | CC BY
The chance that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five is 3.9% in Laos and 5.83% in Togo. Above is a chart with historical data on under-five mortality rates.
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2025, retrieved 2026-02-20)
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