Iraq has an annual birth rate of 25.7 births per 1,000 people, compared to 21.3 for Laos. The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime — the fertility rate, is 3.25 in Iraq and 2.42 in Laos — 25.5% difference.
1960 vs 2023, the fertility rate has decreased by 38.7% in Iraq and by 61.5% in Laos — in 1960, it was 5.3 and 6.29, respectively.
- Iraq is ranked 51/196 by birth rate compared to 65/196 for Laos.
- The mean age at childbearing (for all the births, not just the first) is 28.6 in Iraq — it's 26.1 in Laos.
- Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 (adolescent birth rate or teenage mother rate) is 58 in Iraq vs 81.7 in Laos.
- In Iraq, 25.3% of the population is composed of women of reproductive age (15-49), compared to 27% in Laos.
Fertility rate in Iraq vs Laos by year
| Year | Fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|
Iraq
|
Laos
|
|
| 2023 | 3.25 | 2.42 |
| 2022 | 3.29 | 2.46 |
| 2021 | 3.36 | 2.49 |
| 2020 | 3.42 | 2.54 |
| 2019 | 3.48 | 2.59 |
| 2018 | 3.55 | 2.63 |
| 2017 | 3.64 | 2.69 |
| 2016 | 3.84 | 2.74 |
| 2015 | 4.08 | 2.8 |
| 2014 | 4.31 | 2.8 |
| 2013 | 4.44 | 2.87 |
| 2012 | 4.54 | 2.95 |
| 2011 | 4.59 | 3.05 |
| 2010 | 4.46 | 3.14 |
| 2009 | 4.38 | 3.23 |
| 2008 | 4.37 | 3.33 |
| 2007 | 4.4 | 3.44 |
| 2006 | 4.46 | 3.56 |
| 2005 | 4.45 | 3.69 |
| 2004 | 4.53 | 3.9 |
| 2003 | 4.58 | 4.02 |
| 2002 | 4.67 | 4.13 |
| 2001 | 4.8 | 4.29 |
| 2000 | 4.92 | 4.43 |
| 1999 | 5.04 | 4.64 |
| 1998 | 5.11 | 4.79 |
| 1997 | 5.19 | 4.96 |
| 1996 | 5.25 | 5.15 |
| 1995 | 5.36 | 5.36 |
| 1994 | 5.49 | 5.6 |
| 1993 | 5.61 | 5.8 |
| 1992 | 5.72 | 5.9 |
| 1991 | 5.83 | 5.99 |
| 1990 | 5.93 | 6.06 |
| 1989 | 5.99 | 6.1 |
| 1988 | 6.05 | 6.16 |
| 1987 | 6.11 | 6.21 |
| 1986 | 6.18 | 6.26 |
| 1985 | 6.25 | 6.33 |
| 1984 | 6.32 | 6.37 |
| 1983 | 6.39 | 6.38 |
| 1982 | 6.46 | 6.37 |
| 1981 | 6.53 | 6.35 |
| 1980 | 6.59 | 6.33 |
| 1979 | 6.66 | 6.31 |
| 1978 | 6.73 | 6.3 |
| 1977 | 6.8 | 6.29 |
| 1976 | 6.86 | 6.29 |
| 1975 | 6.91 | 6.29 |
| 1974 | 6.95 | 6.29 |
| 1973 | 6.99 | 6.28 |
| 1972 | 7.02 | 6.28 |
| 1971 | 7.06 | 6.3 |
| 1970 | 7.07 | 6.31 |
| 1969 | 7.08 | 6.3 |
| 1968 | 7.06 | 6.3 |
| 1967 | 7.03 | 6.31 |
| 1966 | 7.02 | 6.31 |
| 1965 | 7.02 | 6.32 |
| 1964 | 7.01 | 6.31 |
| 1963 | 7.01 | 6.32 |
| 1962 | 6.99 | 6.31 |
| 1961 | 5.8 | 6.31 |
| 1960 | 5.3 | 6.29 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/iraq/laos | CC BY 
According to the latest available data on birth rates, the fertility rate in Iraq was 3.25 children per woman in 2023, compared to 2.42 in Laos in 2023. The replacement level is considered to be 2.1 children per woman.
Check Iraq vs Laos population clock for a dynamic visualization of the changing population.
Natural population change by year
| Year | Natural population change | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Laos
|
|
| 2023 | 973,420 | 115,359 |
| 2022 | 962,501 | 116,620 |
| 2021 | 941,924 | 115,323 |
| 2020 | 919,953 | 118,609 |
| 2019 | 942,972 | 119,797 |
| 2018 | 938,310 | 119,986 |
| 2017 | 924,507 | 120,515 |
| 2016 | 946,968 | 119,978 |
| 2015 | 1,007,561 | 118,723 |
| 2014 | 1,040,726 | 118,103 |
| 2013 | 1,026,036 | 119,845 |
| 2012 | 999,987 | 121,324 |
| 2011 | 971,082 | 122,863 |
| 2010 | 906,369 | 122,516 |
| 2009 | 855,096 | 122,174 |
| 2008 | 802,382 | 121,042 |
| 2007 | 784,119 | 119,980 |
| 2006 | 797,342 | 118,602 |
| 2005 | 776,603 | 118,165 |
| 2004 | 761,563 | 121,888 |
| 2003 | 746,159 | 122,158 |
| 2002 | 739,419 | 122,110 |
| 2001 | 729,704 | 123,847 |
| 2000 | 715,771 | 124,201 |
| 1999 | 702,170 | 127,255 |
| 1998 | 684,152 | 128,409 |
| 1997 | 667,582 | 130,388 |
| 1996 | 652,866 | 131,142 |
| 1995 | 642,977 | 132,241 |
| 1994 | 634,344 | 134,201 |
| 1993 | 606,700 | 135,295 |
| 1992 | 591,886 | 132,417 |
| 1991 | 550,146 | 129,523 |
| 1990 | 518,575 | 125,297 |
| 1989 | 496,852 | 121,044 |
| 1988 | 476,778 | 117,050 |
| 1987 | 488,742 | 113,005 |
| 1986 | 474,348 | 109,266 |
| 1985 | 467,445 | 106,047 |
| 1984 | 455,740 | 102,318 |
| 1983 | 439,800 | 98,178 |
| 1982 | 428,336 | 94,058 |
| 1981 | 416,998 | 89,963 |
| 1980 | 419,653 | 86,548 |
| 1979 | 428,458 | 82,852 |
| 1978 | 418,756 | 80,604 |
| 1977 | 410,229 | 79,149 |
| 1976 | 402,260 | 77,575 |
| 1975 | 385,916 | 76,725 |
| 1974 | 376,197 | 74,652 |
| 1973 | 373,191 | 70,513 |
| 1972 | 362,334 | 68,095 |
| 1971 | 351,464 | 65,959 |
| 1970 | 338,030 | 63,896 |
| 1969 | 324,792 | 61,595 |
| 1968 | 310,644 | 59,567 |
| 1967 | 298,192 | 57,763 |
| 1966 | 285,507 | 55,494 |
| 1965 | 274,551 | 54,268 |
| 1964 | 262,825 | 52,482 |
| 1963 | 254,046 | 51,056 |
| 1962 | 247,520 | 51,244 |
| 1961 | 184,792 | 48,992 |
| 1960 | 155,651 | 47,575 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/iraq/laos | CC BY
The chart above illustrates the comparison of the absolute yearly changes in population resulting from births and deaths.
Excluding migration, the natural population change due to births and deaths from 2022 to 2023 was +2.16% in Iraq and +1.51% in Laos.
For the past 10 years, the annual natural population change has been +2.37% in Iraq and +1.65% in Laos.
Birth rate in Iraq vs Laos by year
Annual births per 1,000 people
| Year | Annual births per 1,000 people | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Laos
|
|
| 2023 | 25.7 | 21.3 |
| 2022 | 26 | 21.7 |
| 2021 | 26.4 | 22.1 |
| 2020 | 26.8 | 22.6 |
| 2019 | 27.3 | 23.2 |
| 2018 | 27.7 | 23.6 |
| 2017 | 28.3 | 24.1 |
| 2016 | 29.8 | 24.6 |
| 2015 | 31.6 | 25 |
| 2014 | 33.3 | 25 |
| 2013 | 34.1 | 25.6 |
| 2012 | 34.8 | 26.2 |
| 2011 | 35.5 | 26.8 |
| 2010 | 34.6 | 27.2 |
| 2009 | 33.9 | 27.6 |
| 2008 | 33.6 | 27.9 |
| 2007 | 34.5 | 28.1 |
| 2006 | 35 | 28.4 |
| 2005 | 33.9 | 28.8 |
| 2004 | 34.3 | 30.1 |
| 2003 | 34.5 | 30.7 |
| 2002 | 34.8 | 31.2 |
| 2001 | 35.5 | 32.1 |
| 2000 | 36.1 | 32.9 |
| 1999 | 36.7 | 34.2 |
| 1998 | 37 | 35.1 |
| 1997 | 37.3 | 36.2 |
| 1996 | 37.5 | 37.2 |
| 1995 | 38 | 38.5 |
| 1994 | 38.6 | 40 |
| 1993 | 38.6 | 41.2 |
| 1992 | 39.5 | 41.7 |
| 1991 | 40 | 42.2 |
| 1990 | 40.6 | 42.5 |
| 1989 | 39.6 | 42.6 |
| 1988 | 39.4 | 42.8 |
| 1987 | 39 | 43 |
| 1986 | 39 | 43.1 |
| 1985 | 39.5 | 43.5 |
| 1984 | 39.6 | 43.6 |
| 1983 | 39.6 | 43.5 |
| 1982 | 39.9 | 43.4 |
| 1981 | 40.2 | 43.3 |
| 1980 | 40.5 | 43.4 |
| 1979 | 41 | 43.5 |
| 1978 | 41.4 | 43.8 |
| 1977 | 42.1 | 44.1 |
| 1976 | 42.8 | 44.3 |
| 1975 | 43.4 | 44.4 |
| 1974 | 44 | 44.4 |
| 1973 | 44.4 | 44.3 |
| 1972 | 44.9 | 44.3 |
| 1971 | 45.4 | 44.3 |
| 1970 | 45.6 | 44.3 |
| 1969 | 45.9 | 44.2 |
| 1968 | 46 | 44.2 |
| 1967 | 46.1 | 44.2 |
| 1966 | 46.4 | 44.2 |
| 1965 | 46.7 | 44.3 |
| 1964 | 47.1 | 44.3 |
| 1963 | 47.5 | 44.5 |
| 1962 | 47.9 | 44.6 |
| 1961 | 40 | 44.8 |
| 1960 | 36.7 | 44.9 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/iraq/laos | CC BY
The latest reported birth rate per 1,000 people in 2023 was 25.7 in Iraq and 21.3 in Laos, compared with 36.7 and 44.9, respectively, in 1960.
Birth rate data compared
|
Iraq
|
Laos
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Fertility rate | 3.25 | 2.42 |
| Fertility rate rank | 49/196 | 78/196 |
| Birth rate | 25.7 | 21.3 |
| Birth rate rank | 51/196 | 65/196 |
| Population change due to births and deaths | +973,420 | +115,359 |
| Natural population change rank | 20/196 | 75/196 |
| Natural population change rate | +2.16% | +1.51% |
| Population growth | +2.15% | +1.37% |
| Population growth rank | 46/197 | 77/197 |
| Average age at childbearing | 28.6 years | 26.1 years |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 | 56 | 81.7 |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 20-29 | 162.2 | 131.8 |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 30+ | 44.9 | 21.5 |
| Female of reproductive age (15-49), share of population | 25.3% | 27% |
| Any modern method of contraceptive prevalence among married women ages 15-49 | 36.1% | 51% |
| Share of births attended by skilled health staff | 95.6% | 64.4% |
| Maternal mortality per live birth | 0.07% | 0.11% |
| Neonatal mortality rate (before reaching 28 days of age) | 1.29% | 2% |
| Infant mortality rate (before reaching 1 year of age) | 2.08% | 3.52% |
| Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age | 2.26% | 3.9% |
| Life expectancy | 72.6 years | 69.7 years |
Children 0-14 years as share of population
| Year | Young | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Laos
|
|
| 2100 | 18.2% | 14.8% |
| 2099 | 18.3% | 14.9% |
| 2098 | 18.4% | 14.9% |
| 2097 | 18.5% | 15% |
| 2096 | 18.6% | 15.1% |
| 2095 | 18.8% | 15.1% |
| 2094 | 18.9% | 15.2% |
| 2093 | 19% | 15.3% |
| 2092 | 19.1% | 15.4% |
| 2091 | 19.2% | 15.4% |
| 2090 | 19.4% | 15.5% |
| 2089 | 19.5% | 15.6% |
| 2088 | 19.7% | 15.7% |
| 2087 | 19.8% | 15.8% |
| 2086 | 19.9% | 15.9% |
| 2085 | 20.1% | 16% |
| 2084 | 20.3% | 16.1% |
| 2083 | 20.4% | 16.1% |
| 2082 | 20.6% | 16.2% |
| 2081 | 20.8% | 16.3% |
| 2080 | 20.9% | 16.4% |
| 2079 | 21.1% | 16.5% |
| 2078 | 21.3% | 16.6% |
| 2077 | 21.5% | 16.8% |
| 2076 | 21.6% | 16.9% |
| 2075 | 21.8% | 17% |
| 2074 | 22% | 17.1% |
| 2073 | 22.2% | 17.2% |
| 2072 | 22.3% | 17.3% |
| 2071 | 22.5% | 17.5% |
| 2070 | 22.7% | 17.6% |
| 2069 | 22.8% | 17.7% |
| 2068 | 23% | 17.9% |
| 2067 | 23.2% | 18.1% |
| 2066 | 23.4% | 18.2% |
| 2065 | 23.6% | 18.4% |
| 2064 | 23.8% | 18.5% |
| 2063 | 24% | 18.7% |
| 2062 | 24.2% | 18.9% |
| 2061 | 24.4% | 19.1% |
| 2060 | 24.6% | 19.3% |
| 2059 | 24.9% | 19.5% |
| 2058 | 25.1% | 19.7% |
| 2057 | 25.4% | 19.9% |
| 2056 | 25.7% | 20.1% |
| 2055 | 26% | 20.4% |
| 2054 | 26.3% | 20.6% |
| 2053 | 26.6% | 20.8% |
| 2052 | 26.9% | 21% |
| 2051 | 27.2% | 21.3% |
| 2050 | 27.5% | 21.5% |
| 2049 | 27.8% | 21.8% |
| 2048 | 28.1% | 22% |
| 2047 | 28.4% | 22.3% |
| 2046 | 28.7% | 22.5% |
| 2045 | 29% | 22.8% |
| 2044 | 29.3% | 23.1% |
| 2043 | 29.5% | 23.3% |
| 2042 | 29.8% | 23.6% |
| 2041 | 30% | 24% |
| 2040 | 30.3% | 24.3% |
| 2039 | 30.5% | 24.6% |
| 2038 | 30.7% | 24.9% |
| 2037 | 31% | 25.3% |
| 2036 | 31.2% | 25.7% |
| 2035 | 31.5% | 26% |
| 2034 | 31.7% | 26.4% |
| 2033 | 32% | 26.9% |
| 2032 | 32.3% | 27.3% |
| 2031 | 32.7% | 27.7% |
| 2030 | 33.2% | 28.2% |
| 2029 | 33.7% | 28.6% |
| 2028 | 34.4% | 28.9% |
| 2027 | 35.1% | 29.3% |
| 2026 | 35.7% | 29.7% |
| 2025 | 36.3% | 30% |
| 2024 | 36.6% | 30.2% |
| 2023 | 37.1% | 30.6% |
| 2022 | 37.6% | 30.9% |
| 2021 | 38.1% | 31.3% |
| 2020 | 38.5% | 31.6% |
| 2019 | 38.9% | 31.9% |
| 2018 | 39.3% | 32.2% |
| 2017 | 39.7% | 32.5% |
| 2016 | 40.1% | 32.9% |
| 2015 | 40.4% | 33.2% |
| 2014 | 40.6% | 33.7% |
| 2013 | 40.8% | 34.3% |
| 2012 | 41% | 34.9% |
| 2011 | 41.1% | 35.6% |
| 2010 | 41.2% | 36.3% |
| 2009 | 41.5% | 37.1% |
| 2008 | 41.8% | 38% |
| 2007 | 42.1% | 39% |
| 2006 | 42.3% | 40% |
| 2005 | 42.6% | 40.9% |
| 2004 | 42.9% | 41.5% |
| 2003 | 43.1% | 42% |
| 2002 | 43.3% | 42.5% |
| 2001 | 43.5% | 42.9% |
| 2000 | 43.7% | 43.2% |
| 1999 | 43.8% | 43.5% |
| 1998 | 44% | 43.7% |
| 1997 | 44.1% | 43.8% |
| 1996 | 44.3% | 43.9% |
| 1995 | 44.4% | 43.9% |
| 1994 | 44.6% | 44% |
| 1993 | 44.7% | 43.9% |
| 1992 | 44.9% | 43.9% |
| 1991 | 45% | 43.9% |
| 1990 | 45.2% | 43.9% |
| 1989 | 45.4% | 43.9% |
| 1988 | 45.6% | 43.9% |
| 1987 | 45.8% | 44% |
| 1986 | 46% | 44% |
| 1985 | 46.2% | 44% |
| 1984 | 46.3% | 44.1% |
| 1983 | 46.5% | 44.1% |
| 1982 | 46.6% | 44.1% |
| 1981 | 46.7% | 44% |
| 1980 | 46.8% | 43.9% |
| 1979 | 47% | 43.8% |
| 1978 | 47.1% | 43.5% |
| 1977 | 47.3% | 43.2% |
| 1976 | 47.2% | 43% |
| 1975 | 46.7% | 42.7% |
| 1974 | 46.2% | 42.5% |
| 1973 | 45.5% | 42.4% |
| 1972 | 44.7% | 42.4% |
| 1971 | 44.1% | 42.3% |
| 1970 | 43.6% | 42.2% |
| 1969 | 43.3% | 42.2% |
| 1968 | 43% | 42.2% |
| 1967 | 42.8% | 42.2% |
| 1966 | 42.5% | 42.2% |
| 1965 | 42.1% | 42.2% |
| 1964 | 41.5% | 42.1% |
| 1963 | 41% | 42% |
| 1962 | 40.4% | 41.9% |
| 1961 | 39.9% | 41.8% |
| 1960 | 39.8% | 41.8% |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/iraq/laos | CC BY
Children aged 0-14 make up 36.6% of the population in Iraq and 30.2% in Laos in 2024, compared to 45.2% and 43.9% respectively in 1990.
Fertility rates around the globe
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/iraq/laos | CC BY
Maternal mortality chart: Iraq vs Laos
| Year | Maternal mortality per 100K births | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Laos
|
|
| 2023 | 66 | 112 |
| 2022 | 59 | 120 |
| 2021 | 77 | 139 |
| 2020 | 63 | 132 |
| 2019 | 74 | 137 |
| 2018 | 76 | 145 |
| 2017 | 81 | 154 |
| 2016 | 87 | 165 |
| 2015 | 86 | 180 |
| 2014 | 90 | 193 |
| 2013 | 96 | 215 |
| 2012 | 100 | 241 |
| 2011 | 105 | 267 |
| 2010 | 107 | 305 |
| 2009 | 107 | 336 |
| 2008 | 109 | 374 |
| 2007 | 117 | 402 |
| 2006 | 120 | 432 |
| 2005 | 118 | 458 |
| 2004 | 122 | 492 |
| 2003 | 125 | 524 |
| 2002 | 128 | 550 |
| 2001 | 137 | 574 |
| 2000 | 146 | 609 |
| 1999 | 156 | 638 |
| 1998 | 163 | 647 |
| 1997 | 165 | 660 |
| 1996 | 158 | 682 |
| 1995 | 152 | 709 |
| 1994 | 142 | 741 |
| 1993 | 132 | 751 |
| 1992 | 126 | 781 |
| 1991 | 157 | 798 |
| 1990 | 195 | 834 |
| 1989 | 190 | 856 |
| 1988 | 174 | 898 |
| 1987 | 145 | 930 |
| 1986 | 147 | 963 |
| 1985 | 152 | 994 |
Data sources: World Bank | Gender (1985–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/iraq/laos | CC BY
The maternal mortality rate, which is the probability of dying during childbirth or within 42 days of pregnancy termination, is 66 deaths per 100,000 live births in Iraq, compared to 112 deaths in Laos.
Under-five mortality rates
Probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five
| Year | Under 5 mortality rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Laos
|
|
| 2023 | 2.26% | 3.9% |
| 2022 | 2.33% | 4.04% |
| 2021 | 2.41% | 4.19% |
| 2020 | 2.49% | 4.34% |
| 2019 | 2.57% | 4.51% |
| 2018 | 2.66% | 4.68% |
| 2017 | 2.75% | 4.88% |
| 2016 | 2.84% | 5.09% |
| 2015 | 2.94% | 5.32% |
| 2014 | 3.04% | 5.58% |
| 2013 | 3.14% | 5.86% |
| 2012 | 3.24% | 6.15% |
| 2011 | 3.35% | 6.47% |
| 2010 | 3.46% | 6.8% |
| 2009 | 3.56% | 7.14% |
| 2008 | 3.67% | 7.5% |
| 2007 | 3.78% | 7.88% |
| 2006 | 3.88% | 8.27% |
| 2005 | 3.97% | 8.68% |
| 2004 | 4.07% | 9.08% |
| 2003 | 4.16% | 9.49% |
| 2002 | 4.24% | 9.91% |
| 2001 | 4.33% | 10.3% |
| 2000 | 4.43% | 10.8% |
| 1999 | 4.52% | 11.2% |
| 1998 | 4.61% | 11.6% |
| 1997 | 4.71% | 12% |
| 1996 | 4.8% | 12.5% |
| 1995 | 4.89% | 12.9% |
| 1994 | 4.98% | 13.4% |
| 1993 | 5.07% | 13.9% |
| 1992 | 5.17% | 14.4% |
| 1991 | 6.49% | 14.9% |
| 1990 | 7.97% | 15.4% |
| 1989 | 8.12% | 15.9% |
| 1988 | 6.92% | 16.4% |
| 1987 | 5.75% | 16.9% |
| 1986 | 5.91% | 17.4% |
| 1985 | 6.09% | 18% |
| 1984 | 6.28% | 18.4% |
| 1983 | 6.49% | 18.9% |
| 1982 | 6.71% | 19.5% |
| 1981 | 6.96% | 20% |
| 1980 | 7.23% | 20.6% |
| 1979 | 7.52% | 21.1% |
| 1978 | 7.83% | 21.7% |
| 1977 | 8.17% | - |
| 1976 | 8.54% | - |
| 1975 | 8.93% | - |
| 1974 | 9.35% | - |
| 1973 | 9.79% | - |
| 1972 | 10.3% | - |
| 1971 | 10.7% | - |
| 1970 | 11.2% | - |
| 1969 | 11.8% | - |
| 1968 | 12.4% | - |
| 1967 | 13% | - |
| 1966 | 13.6% | - |
| 1965 | 14.4% | - |
| 1964 | 15.1% | - |
| 1963 | 16% | - |
| 1962 | 16.9% | - |
| 1961 | 17.9% | - |
| 1960 | 19% | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/iraq/laos | CC BY
The chance that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five is 2.26% in Iraq and 3.9% in Laos. Above is a chart with historical data on under-five mortality rates.
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
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