The latest officially reported population of Equatorial Guinea was 1,938,431 in 2025 vs 4,865,298 people in Kuwait in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Equatorial Guinea's population is 2,008,950 people compared to 4,981,316 in Kuwait.
Population statistics:
- Kuwait's population is 2.48 times bigger than Equatorial Guinea's.
- Equatorial Guinea is ranked the 148th most populous country in the world, while Kuwait is the 127th.
- The countries together account for 0.08% of the world: 0.02% for Equatorial Guinea vs 0.06% for Kuwait.
- For the last 10 years, Equatorial Guinea has had an average growth rate of +3.01% per year vs +2.64% in Kuwait.
- Since 2006, the population of Equatorial Guinea has increased from 990K people to 2.01M (102.9% growth), while Kuwait has grown from 2.36M to 4.98M (110.7% growth).
Equatorial Guinea vs Kuwait: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Kuwait
|
|
| 2100 | 5,052,131 | 9,334,340 |
| 2099 | 5,029,652 | 9,260,081 |
| 2098 | 5,006,084 | 9,186,463 |
| 2097 | 4,982,012 | 9,113,170 |
| 2096 | 4,957,949 | 9,040,141 |
| 2095 | 4,932,205 | 8,967,450 |
| 2094 | 4,904,343 | 8,895,114 |
| 2093 | 4,876,701 | 8,823,113 |
| 2092 | 4,848,908 | 8,751,505 |
| 2091 | 4,822,809 | 8,680,321 |
| 2090 | 4,795,108 | 8,609,595 |
| 2089 | 4,764,284 | 8,539,136 |
| 2088 | 4,733,165 | 8,469,109 |
| 2087 | 4,702,620 | 8,399,564 |
| 2086 | 4,672,149 | 8,330,533 |
| 2085 | 4,641,070 | 8,261,971 |
| 2084 | 4,606,158 | 8,193,896 |
| 2083 | 4,573,271 | 8,126,269 |
| 2082 | 4,539,781 | 8,059,106 |
| 2081 | 4,504,490 | 7,992,347 |
| 2080 | 4,468,448 | 7,926,024 |
| 2079 | 4,429,954 | 7,860,286 |
| 2078 | 4,392,051 | 7,795,005 |
| 2077 | 4,353,283 | 7,730,203 |
| 2076 | 4,311,896 | 7,665,903 |
| 2075 | 4,270,301 | 7,602,169 |
| 2074 | 4,229,407 | 7,538,993 |
| 2073 | 4,188,677 | 7,476,318 |
| 2072 | 4,147,163 | 7,414,183 |
| 2071 | 4,106,058 | 7,352,798 |
| 2070 | 4,063,448 | 7,292,103 |
| 2069 | 4,020,982 | 7,231,928 |
| 2068 | 3,980,402 | 7,172,407 |
| 2067 | 3,938,530 | 7,113,525 |
| 2066 | 3,895,974 | 7,055,300 |
| 2065 | 3,851,911 | 6,997,659 |
| 2064 | 3,807,263 | 6,940,617 |
| 2063 | 3,763,880 | 6,883,966 |
| 2062 | 3,720,515 | 6,827,893 |
| 2061 | 3,676,341 | 6,772,426 |
| 2060 | 3,631,498 | 6,717,567 |
| 2059 | 3,585,230 | 6,663,194 |
| 2058 | 3,537,155 | 6,609,283 |
| 2057 | 3,490,505 | 6,555,790 |
| 2056 | 3,443,649 | 6,502,807 |
| 2055 | 3,395,823 | 6,450,126 |
| 2054 | 3,347,521 | 6,397,735 |
| 2053 | 3,299,880 | 6,345,468 |
| 2052 | 3,252,101 | 6,293,294 |
| 2051 | 3,204,837 | 6,241,127 |
| 2050 | 3,158,169 | 6,188,892 |
| 2049 | 3,111,550 | 6,136,684 |
| 2048 | 3,064,766 | 6,084,369 |
| 2047 | 3,018,583 | 6,032,063 |
| 2046 | 2,970,723 | 5,979,700 |
| 2045 | 2,921,709 | 5,927,211 |
| 2044 | 2,872,120 | 5,874,608 |
| 2043 | 2,823,047 | 5,822,127 |
| 2042 | 2,772,948 | 5,769,628 |
| 2041 | 2,723,274 | 5,717,337 |
| 2040 | 2,671,956 | 5,665,332 |
| 2039 | 2,621,748 | 5,613,613 |
| 2038 | 2,569,597 | 5,562,201 |
| 2037 | 2,518,735 | 5,511,310 |
| 2036 | 2,468,255 | 5,460,951 |
| 2035 | 2,418,303 | 5,411,185 |
| 2034 | 2,368,234 | 5,362,082 |
| 2033 | 2,319,422 | 5,313,716 |
| 2032 | 2,269,119 | 5,266,162 |
| 2031 | 2,220,354 | 5,219,420 |
| 2030 | 2,172,696 | 5,173,547 |
| 2029 | 2,125,745 | 5,125,419 |
| 2028 | 2,078,701 | 5,073,776 |
| 2027 | 2,031,611 | 5,015,009 |
| 2026 | 1,985,016 | 4,945,732 |
| 2025 | 1,938,431 | 4,865,298 |
| 2024 | 1,892,516 | 4,897,263 |
| 2023 | 1,847,549 | 4,853,420 |
| 2022 | 1,803,545 | 4,589,643 |
| 2021 | 1,758,786 | 4,360,865 |
| 2020 | 1,716,468 | 4,400,267 |
| 2019 | 1,670,177 | 4,442,316 |
| 2018 | 1,616,422 | 4,323,515 |
| 2017 | 1,562,396 | 4,154,812 |
| 2016 | 1,508,186 | 4,004,096 |
| 2015 | 1,453,923 | 3,834,574 |
| 2014 | 1,399,828 | 3,665,876 |
| 2013 | 1,346,218 | 3,507,844 |
| 2012 | 1,293,483 | 3,337,109 |
| 2011 | 1,241,835 | 3,132,814 |
| 2010 | 1,189,085 | 2,943,372 |
| 2009 | 1,135,673 | 2,795,484 |
| 2008 | 1,084,530 | 2,651,421 |
| 2007 | 1,036,044 | 2,507,887 |
| 2006 | 990,343 | 2,364,733 |
| 2005 | 947,367 | 2,236,788 |
| 2004 | 899,917 | 2,157,320 |
| 2003 | 847,862 | 2,109,881 |
| 2002 | 797,957 | 2,059,974 |
| 2001 | 749,836 | 2,008,121 |
| 2000 | 703,279 | 1,954,709 |
| 1999 | 667,214 | 1,900,030 |
| 1998 | 641,474 | 1,844,302 |
| 1997 | 616,893 | 1,787,683 |
| 1996 | 593,492 | 1,730,246 |
| 1995 | 571,264 | 1,681,513 |
| 1994 | 550,138 | 1,664,361 |
| 1993 | 530,023 | 1,672,151 |
| 1992 | 510,770 | 1,634,961 |
| 1991 | 492,217 | 1,351,399 |
| 1990 | 474,274 | 1,684,819 |
| 1989 | 456,808 | 2,217,468 |
| 1988 | 439,651 | 2,134,707 |
| 1987 | 422,522 | 2,052,994 |
| 1986 | 404,728 | 1,972,520 |
| 1985 | 385,547 | 1,894,242 |
| 1984 | 364,899 | 1,820,688 |
| 1983 | 343,421 | 1,744,295 |
| 1982 | 322,216 | 1,662,480 |
| 1981 | 303,252 | 1,583,426 |
| 1980 | 288,644 | 1,504,782 |
| 1979 | 279,846 | 1,423,514 |
| 1978 | 276,531 | 1,340,319 |
| 1977 | 276,779 | 1,258,023 |
| 1976 | 281,031 | 1,178,711 |
| 1975 | 287,901 | 1,104,863 |
| 1974 | 294,953 | 1,038,346 |
| 1973 | 302,281 | 977,654 |
| 1972 | 309,468 | 920,352 |
| 1971 | 315,940 | 865,076 |
| 1970 | 320,803 | 809,114 |
| 1969 | 322,517 | 749,452 |
| 1968 | 318,849 | 687,716 |
| 1967 | 311,805 | 628,089 |
| 1966 | 304,859 | 572,590 |
| 1965 | 298,238 | 521,174 |
| 1964 | 291,942 | 473,115 |
| 1963 | 285,965 | 427,694 |
| 1962 | 280,286 | 384,995 |
| 1961 | 274,896 | 345,945 |
| 1960 | 269,807 | 311,060 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/equatorial-guinea/kuwait | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Equatorial Guinea increased by 517,843 people (a 52.3% growth), while Kuwait gained 1,639,363 people (a 69.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Equatorial Guinea gained 500,764 people (a 33.2% growth), while Kuwait's population increased by 977,220 people (a 24.4% growth).
Equatorial Guinea was ranked 154th most populous country in 2006 and is 148th in 2026. Kuwait was ranked 139th in 2006 and ranked 127th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Equatorial Guinea's population will grow by 57.2% to 3,158,169 people with a rank change from 148th to 140th. The population of Kuwait will increase by 24.2% to 6,188,892 people and rank change from 127th to 119th.
Equatorial Guinea is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 5.05M people compared to the peak of 9.33M people in 2100 for Kuwait.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Kuwait
|
|
| 2100 | 0.45% | 0.8% |
| 2099 | 0.47% | 0.8% |
| 2098 | 0.48% | 0.8% |
| 2097 | 0.49% | 0.81% |
| 2096 | 0.52% | 0.81% |
| 2095 | 0.57% | 0.81% |
| 2094 | 0.57% | 0.82% |
| 2093 | 0.57% | 0.82% |
| 2092 | 0.54% | 0.82% |
| 2091 | 0.58% | 0.82% |
| 2090 | 0.65% | 0.83% |
| 2089 | 0.66% | 0.83% |
| 2088 | 0.65% | 0.83% |
| 2087 | 0.65% | 0.83% |
| 2086 | 0.67% | 0.83% |
| 2085 | 0.76% | 0.83% |
| 2084 | 0.72% | 0.83% |
| 2083 | 0.74% | 0.83% |
| 2082 | 0.78% | 0.84% |
| 2081 | 0.81% | 0.84% |
| 2080 | 0.87% | 0.84% |
| 2079 | 0.86% | 0.84% |
| 2078 | 0.89% | 0.84% |
| 2077 | 0.96% | 0.84% |
| 2076 | 0.97% | 0.84% |
| 2075 | 0.97% | 0.84% |
| 2074 | 0.97% | 0.84% |
| 2073 | 1% | 0.84% |
| 2072 | 1% | 0.83% |
| 2071 | 1.05% | 0.83% |
| 2070 | 1.06% | 0.83% |
| 2069 | 1.02% | 0.83% |
| 2068 | 1.06% | 0.83% |
| 2067 | 1.09% | 0.83% |
| 2066 | 1.14% | 0.82% |
| 2065 | 1.17% | 0.82% |
| 2064 | 1.15% | 0.82% |
| 2063 | 1.17% | 0.82% |
| 2062 | 1.2% | 0.82% |
| 2061 | 1.23% | 0.82% |
| 2060 | 1.29% | 0.82% |
| 2059 | 1.36% | 0.82% |
| 2058 | 1.34% | 0.82% |
| 2057 | 1.36% | 0.81% |
| 2056 | 1.41% | 0.82% |
| 2055 | 1.44% | 0.82% |
| 2054 | 1.44% | 0.82% |
| 2053 | 1.47% | 0.83% |
| 2052 | 1.47% | 0.84% |
| 2051 | 1.48% | 0.84% |
| 2050 | 1.5% | 0.85% |
| 2049 | 1.53% | 0.86% |
| 2048 | 1.53% | 0.87% |
| 2047 | 1.61% | 0.88% |
| 2046 | 1.68% | 0.89% |
| 2045 | 1.73% | 0.9% |
| 2044 | 1.74% | 0.9% |
| 2043 | 1.81% | 0.91% |
| 2042 | 1.82% | 0.91% |
| 2041 | 1.92% | 0.92% |
| 2040 | 1.92% | 0.92% |
| 2039 | 2.03% | 0.92% |
| 2038 | 2.02% | 0.92% |
| 2037 | 2.05% | 0.92% |
| 2036 | 2.07% | 0.92% |
| 2035 | 2.11% | 0.92% |
| 2034 | 2.1% | 0.91% |
| 2033 | 2.22% | 0.9% |
| 2032 | 2.2% | 0.9% |
| 2031 | 2.19% | 0.89% |
| 2030 | 2.21% | 0.94% |
| 2029 | 2.26% | 1.02% |
| 2028 | 2.32% | 1.17% |
| 2027 | 2.35% | 1.4% |
| 2026 | 2.4% | 1.65% |
| 2025 | 2.43% | -0.65% |
| 2024 | 2.43% | 0.9% |
| 2023 | 2.44% | 5.75% |
| 2022 | 2.54% | 5.25% |
| 2021 | 2.47% | -0.9% |
| 2020 | 2.77% | -0.95% |
| 2019 | 3.33% | 2.75% |
| 2018 | 3.46% | 4.06% |
| 2017 | 3.59% | 3.76% |
| 2016 | 3.73% | 4.42% |
| 2015 | 3.86% | 4.6% |
| 2014 | 3.98% | 4.51% |
| 2013 | 4.08% | 5.12% |
| 2012 | 4.16% | 6.52% |
| 2011 | 4.44% | 6.44% |
| 2010 | 4.7% | 5.29% |
| 2009 | 4.72% | 5.43% |
| 2008 | 4.68% | 5.72% |
| 2007 | 4.61% | 6.05% |
| 2006 | 4.54% | 5.72% |
| 2005 | 5.27% | 3.68% |
| 2004 | 6.14% | 2.25% |
| 2003 | 6.25% | 2.42% |
| 2002 | 6.42% | 2.58% |
| 2001 | 6.62% | 2.73% |
| 2000 | 5.41% | 2.88% |
| 1999 | 4.01% | 3.02% |
| 1998 | 3.98% | 3.17% |
| 1997 | 3.94% | 3.32% |
| 1996 | 3.89% | 2.9% |
| 1995 | 3.84% | 1.03% |
| 1994 | 3.8% | -0.47% |
| 1993 | 3.77% | 2.27% |
| 1992 | 3.77% | 21% |
| 1991 | 3.78% | -19.8% |
| 1990 | 3.82% | -24% |
| 1989 | 3.9% | 3.88% |
| 1988 | 4.05% | 3.98% |
| 1987 | 4.4% | 4.08% |
| 1986 | 4.98% | 4.13% |
| 1985 | 5.66% | 4.04% |
| 1984 | 6.25% | 4.38% |
| 1983 | 6.58% | 4.92% |
| 1982 | 6.25% | 4.99% |
| 1981 | 5.06% | 5.23% |
| 1980 | 3.14% | 5.71% |
| 1979 | 1.2% | 6.21% |
| 1978 | -0.09% | 6.54% |
| 1977 | -1.51% | 6.73% |
| 1976 | -2.39% | 6.68% |
| 1975 | -2.39% | 6.41% |
| 1974 | -2.42% | 6.21% |
| 1973 | -2.32% | 6.23% |
| 1972 | -2.05% | 6.39% |
| 1971 | -1.52% | 6.92% |
| 1970 | -0.53% | 7.96% |
| 1969 | 1.15% | 8.98% |
| 1968 | 2.26% | 9.49% |
| 1967 | 2.28% | 9.69% |
| 1966 | 2.22% | 9.87% |
| 1965 | 2.16% | 10.2% |
| 1964 | 2.09% | 10.6% |
| 1963 | 2.03% | 11.1% |
| 1962 | 1.96% | 11.3% |
| 1961 | 1.89% | 11.2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/equatorial-guinea/kuwait | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Equatorial Guinea grew by 2.43%, while Kuwait's population declined by 0.65%.
Live population counters
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Kuwait
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2008950
|
4981316
|
| Population rank | 148/197 | 127/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 0.06% |
| One net population change |
11.5 minutes
|
16.5 minutes
|
| One birth every |
9.26 minutes
|
10.7 minutes
|
| One death every |
35.4 minutes
|
1.18 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | +126 | -88 |
| Annual growth/decline | +45,915 | -31,965 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.43% | -0.65% |
| Population growth rate rank | 29/197 | 188/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.3 hours
|
12.3 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +3,812 | +42,775 |
| Net migration rank | 53/196 | 24/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 248,930 | 3,323,191 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 106/195 | 20/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 13.2% | 67.3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 52/195 | 5/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Kuwait
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 3,812 | - | 42,775 |
| 2024 | 41,906 | 3,891 | 41,627 | 61,624 |
| 2023 | 40,140 | 3,997 | 42,568 | 50,008 |
| 2022 | 39,873 | 3,997 | 41,752 | 368,560 |
| 2021 | 39,160 | 6,493 | 42,057 | 19,678 |
| 2020 | 38,994 | 0 | 41,083 | -168,379 |
| 2019 | 38,894 | 14,695 | 46,268 | 181 |
| 2018 | 38,332 | 15,581 | 47,222 | 145,973 |
| 2017 | 37,740 | 16,399 | 51,498 | 92,717 |
| 2016 | 37,180 | 17,107 | 51,397 | 105,818 |
| 2015 | 36,543 | 17,697 | 52,127 | 129,695 |
| 2014 | 35,889 | 18,058 | 54,673 | 100,891 |
| 2013 | 35,158 | 18,106 | 52,666 | 107,821 |
| 2012 | 34,347 | 17,860 | 53,181 | 127,777 |
| 2011 | 33,502 | 17,604 | 50,733 | 176,732 |
| 2010 | 32,368 | 22,027 | 49,838 | 101,566 |
| 2009 | 31,184 | 21,235 | 48,879 | 95,483 |
| 2008 | 29,941 | 19,925 | 47,505 | 96,268 |
| 2007 | 28,672 | 18,433 | 46,539 | 96,765 |
| 2006 | 27,404 | 16,889 | 45,911 | 97,087 |
| 2005 | 26,116 | 15,548 | 45,243 | 67,638 |
| 2004 | 24,666 | 28,578 | 44,341 | 1,713 |
| 2003 | 23,168 | 27,696 | 42,934 | 5,895 |
| 2002 | 21,744 | 27,198 | 41,651 | 9,335 |
| 2001 | 20,376 | 26,919 | 40,662 | 12,055 |
| 2000 | 19,132 | 26,695 | 39,811 | 14,296 |
| 1999 | 18,465 | 7,846 | 39,342 | 15,912 |
| 1998 | 17,854 | 7,307 | 39,324 | 16,878 |
| 1997 | 17,305 | 6,696 | 39,581 | 17,457 |
| 1996 | 16,802 | 6,003 | 39,920 | 17,914 |
| 1995 | 16,345 | 5,300 | 39,198 | 438 |
| 1994 | 15,937 | 4,664 | 36,533 | -41,862 |
| 1993 | 15,459 | 4,175 | 33,239 | -43,501 |
| 1992 | 15,010 | 3,867 | 32,016 | 52,620 |
| 1991 | 14,581 | 3,642 | 21,867 | 460,628 |
| 1990 | 14,158 | 3,511 | 46,720 | -1,196,050 |
| 1989 | 13,724 | 3,545 | 49,390 | 34,643 |
| 1988 | 13,266 | 3,777 | 50,037 | 31,455 |
| 1987 | 12,727 | 4,482 | 50,690 | 31,243 |
| 1986 | 12,061 | 6,317 | 51,824 | 27,187 |
| 1985 | 11,179 | 8,816 | 51,772 | 25,777 |
| 1984 | 10,076 | 11,221 | 52,539 | 17,020 |
| 1983 | 8,886 | 12,766 | 51,460 | 31,758 |
| 1982 | 8,182 | 12,568 | 49,981 | 30,437 |
| 1981 | 7,573 | 9,605 | 48,098 | 29,600 |
| 1980 | 7,142 | 4,903 | 47,096 | 32,483 |
| 1979 | 5,786 | -235 | 45,569 | 37,383 |
| 1978 | 5,635 | -4,553 | 44,277 | 39,159 |
| 1977 | 5,550 | -7,131 | 42,922 | 38,225 |
| 1976 | 2,451 | -9,377 | 41,439 | 36,050 |
| 1975 | 4,580 | -11,398 | 39,295 | 30,909 |
| 1974 | 5,697 | -12,983 | 37,425 | 25,398 |
| 1973 | 6,508 | -13,875 | 35,741 | 22,830 |
| 1972 | 6,572 | -13,576 | 34,045 | 21,984 |
| 1971 | 4,822 | -10,760 | 32,339 | 22,182 |
| 1970 | 2,715 | -6,499 | 30,789 | 26,614 |
| 1969 | 2,593 | -2,237 | 28,774 | 33,143 |
| 1968 | 6,417 | 565 | 26,161 | 35,399 |
| 1967 | 6,135 | 974 | 23,520 | 34,177 |
| 1966 | 5,868 | 915 | 20,914 | 32,383 |
| 1965 | 5,618 | 837 | 18,952 | 30,580 |
| 1964 | 5,393 | 735 | 17,064 | 29,537 |
| 1963 | 5,192 | 632 | 15,357 | 28,889 |
| 1962 | 5,013 | 528 | 13,730 | 27,417 |
| 1961 | 4,858 | 384 | 12,327 | 24,618 |
| 1960 | 4,727 | 210 | 11,054 | 21,769 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/equatorial-guinea/kuwait | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 79.6% of the population change in Equatorial Guinea is from natural causes (a gain of 388,762 people) and 20.4% is from migration (a gain of 99,857 people). In Kuwait 36.2% is from natural causes (a gain of 457,599 people) and 63.8% is from migration (a gain of 805,875 people).
As of 2024, 248,930 residents or 13.2% of the population were not native-born in Equatorial Guinea, compared to 3,323,191 people or 67.3% in Kuwait.
Biggest cities by population
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Malabo | 297K |
| Bata | 290K |
|
Kuwait
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Kuwait | 2.99M |
| Al Wafrah | 10K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Equatorial Guinea and Kuwait
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Kuwait
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 64.3 years | 81 years |
| Average age | 26 years | 34.2 years |
| Median age | 22 years | 35.8 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 52.7:47.3 | 61.1:38.9 |
| Fertility rate | 4.12 births per woman | 1.56 births per woman |
| Population density | 183.3 ppl/mi² | 719 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/equatorial-guinea/kuwait | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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