The latest officially reported population of Chad was 20,299,123 in 2024 vs 1,892,516 people in Equatorial Guinea in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Chad's population is 21,893,857 people compared to 1,998,075 in Equatorial Guinea.
Population statistics:
- Chad's population is 11 times bigger than Equatorial Guinea's.
- Chad is ranked the 64th most populous country in the world, while Equatorial Guinea is the 148th.
- The countries together account for 0.29% of the world: 0.26% for Chad vs 0.02% for Equatorial Guinea.
- For the last 10 years, Chad has had an average growth rate of +3.65% per year vs +3.15% in Equatorial Guinea.
- Since 2006, the population of Chad has increased from 10.7M people to 21.9M (104.5% growth), while Equatorial Guinea has grown from 990K to 2M (101.8% growth).
Chad vs Equatorial Guinea: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Chad
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
| 2100 | 70,884,357 | 5,053,285 |
| 2099 | 70,557,567 | 5,030,801 |
| 2098 | 70,230,207 | 5,007,228 |
| 2097 | 69,842,152 | 4,983,150 |
| 2096 | 69,451,196 | 4,959,082 |
| 2095 | 69,060,721 | 4,933,332 |
| 2094 | 68,666,177 | 4,905,464 |
| 2093 | 68,236,720 | 4,877,815 |
| 2092 | 67,782,173 | 4,850,016 |
| 2091 | 67,325,804 | 4,823,911 |
| 2090 | 66,831,262 | 4,796,204 |
| 2089 | 66,335,362 | 4,765,373 |
| 2088 | 65,849,776 | 4,734,246 |
| 2087 | 65,329,155 | 4,703,695 |
| 2086 | 64,802,341 | 4,673,217 |
| 2085 | 64,247,517 | 4,642,131 |
| 2084 | 63,683,201 | 4,607,210 |
| 2083 | 63,107,011 | 4,574,316 |
| 2082 | 62,546,281 | 4,540,818 |
| 2081 | 61,935,077 | 4,505,519 |
| 2080 | 61,322,770 | 4,469,469 |
| 2079 | 60,689,500 | 4,430,966 |
| 2078 | 60,041,413 | 4,393,054 |
| 2077 | 59,398,544 | 4,354,278 |
| 2076 | 58,750,589 | 4,312,881 |
| 2075 | 58,088,399 | 4,271,277 |
| 2074 | 57,429,638 | 4,230,374 |
| 2073 | 56,751,288 | 4,189,634 |
| 2072 | 56,050,641 | 4,148,110 |
| 2071 | 55,351,270 | 4,106,996 |
| 2070 | 54,656,129 | 4,064,376 |
| 2069 | 53,956,737 | 4,021,900 |
| 2068 | 53,248,745 | 3,981,311 |
| 2067 | 52,550,963 | 3,939,430 |
| 2066 | 51,808,021 | 3,896,865 |
| 2065 | 51,071,215 | 3,852,791 |
| 2064 | 50,307,695 | 3,808,133 |
| 2063 | 49,556,347 | 3,764,740 |
| 2062 | 48,797,884 | 3,721,365 |
| 2061 | 48,036,580 | 3,677,181 |
| 2060 | 47,241,459 | 3,632,328 |
| 2059 | 46,442,418 | 3,586,049 |
| 2058 | 45,655,034 | 3,537,963 |
| 2057 | 44,870,896 | 3,491,303 |
| 2056 | 44,078,534 | 3,444,436 |
| 2055 | 43,275,519 | 3,396,599 |
| 2054 | 42,486,590 | 3,348,286 |
| 2053 | 41,688,608 | 3,300,634 |
| 2052 | 40,889,772 | 3,252,844 |
| 2051 | 40,092,484 | 3,205,569 |
| 2050 | 39,299,495 | 3,158,891 |
| 2049 | 38,521,793 | 3,112,260 |
| 2048 | 37,723,298 | 3,065,466 |
| 2047 | 36,947,445 | 3,019,272 |
| 2046 | 36,172,851 | 2,971,402 |
| 2045 | 35,391,232 | 2,922,377 |
| 2044 | 34,632,170 | 2,872,776 |
| 2043 | 33,864,845 | 2,823,692 |
| 2042 | 33,104,772 | 2,773,582 |
| 2041 | 32,347,709 | 2,723,897 |
| 2040 | 31,617,805 | 2,672,567 |
| 2039 | 30,871,258 | 2,622,347 |
| 2038 | 30,129,880 | 2,570,184 |
| 2037 | 29,393,074 | 2,519,310 |
| 2036 | 28,653,774 | 2,468,819 |
| 2035 | 27,935,849 | 2,418,856 |
| 2034 | 27,223,833 | 2,368,775 |
| 2033 | 26,506,530 | 2,319,952 |
| 2032 | 25,790,343 | 2,269,637 |
| 2031 | 25,078,386 | 2,220,861 |
| 2030 | 24,381,060 | 2,173,192 |
| 2029 | 23,686,105 | 2,126,230 |
| 2028 | 22,995,214 | 2,079,176 |
| 2027 | 22,312,346 | 2,032,075 |
| 2026 | 21,738,687 | 1,985,469 |
| 2025 | 21,174,977 | 1,938,873 |
| 2024 | 20,299,123 | 1,892,516 |
| 2023 | 19,319,064 | 1,847,549 |
| 2022 | 18,455,316 | 1,803,545 |
| 2021 | 17,828,273 | 1,758,786 |
| 2020 | 17,224,679 | 1,716,468 |
| 2019 | 16,685,223 | 1,670,177 |
| 2018 | 16,156,531 | 1,616,422 |
| 2017 | 15,622,759 | 1,562,396 |
| 2016 | 15,114,655 | 1,508,186 |
| 2015 | 14,647,621 | 1,453,923 |
| 2014 | 14,188,678 | 1,399,828 |
| 2013 | 13,691,079 | 1,346,218 |
| 2012 | 13,210,998 | 1,293,483 |
| 2011 | 12,754,997 | 1,241,835 |
| 2010 | 12,312,575 | 1,189,085 |
| 2009 | 11,893,754 | 1,135,673 |
| 2008 | 11,476,296 | 1,084,530 |
| 2007 | 11,081,660 | 1,036,044 |
| 2006 | 10,706,424 | 990,343 |
| 2005 | 10,328,092 | 947,367 |
| 2004 | 9,920,036 | 899,917 |
| 2003 | 9,487,833 | 847,862 |
| 2002 | 9,116,192 | 797,957 |
| 2001 | 8,804,124 | 749,836 |
| 2000 | 8,512,093 | 703,279 |
| 1999 | 8,222,705 | 667,214 |
| 1998 | 7,938,840 | 641,474 |
| 1997 | 7,670,366 | 616,893 |
| 1996 | 7,410,108 | 593,492 |
| 1995 | 7,089,064 | 571,264 |
| 1994 | 6,783,450 | 550,138 |
| 1993 | 6,629,146 | 530,023 |
| 1992 | 6,474,656 | 510,770 |
| 1991 | 6,205,676 | 492,217 |
| 1990 | 5,982,833 | 474,274 |
| 1989 | 5,819,586 | 456,808 |
| 1988 | 5,625,602 | 439,651 |
| 1987 | 5,438,309 | 422,522 |
| 1986 | 5,251,069 | 404,728 |
| 1985 | 5,096,269 | 385,547 |
| 1984 | 5,045,145 | 364,899 |
| 1983 | 4,979,130 | 343,421 |
| 1982 | 4,738,483 | 322,216 |
| 1981 | 4,520,959 | 303,252 |
| 1980 | 4,515,453 | 288,644 |
| 1979 | 4,505,384 | 279,846 |
| 1978 | 4,411,366 | 276,531 |
| 1977 | 4,331,667 | 276,779 |
| 1976 | 4,251,297 | 281,031 |
| 1975 | 4,167,234 | 287,901 |
| 1974 | 4,078,356 | 294,953 |
| 1973 | 3,985,909 | 302,281 |
| 1972 | 3,893,252 | 309,468 |
| 1971 | 3,807,316 | 315,940 |
| 1970 | 3,727,828 | 320,803 |
| 1969 | 3,651,113 | 322,517 |
| 1968 | 3,578,231 | 318,849 |
| 1967 | 3,508,512 | 311,805 |
| 1966 | 3,440,903 | 304,859 |
| 1965 | 3,374,220 | 298,238 |
| 1964 | 3,307,479 | 291,942 |
| 1963 | 3,240,905 | 285,965 |
| 1962 | 3,175,598 | 280,286 |
| 1961 | 3,111,947 | 274,896 |
| 1960 | 3,049,838 | 269,807 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/equatorial-guinea | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Chad increased by 4,408,231 people (a 41.2% growth), while Equatorial Guinea gained 517,843 people (a 52.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Chad gained 6,779,202 people (a 44.9% growth), while Equatorial Guinea's population increased by 489,889 people (a 32.5% growth).
Chad was ranked 76th most populous country in 2006 and is 64th in 2026. Equatorial Guinea was ranked 154th in 2006 and ranked 148th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Chad's population will grow by 79.5% to 39,299,495 people with a rank change from 64th to 52nd. The population of Equatorial Guinea will increase by 58.1% to 3,158,891 people and rank change from 148th to 140th.
Chad is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 70.9M people compared to the peak of 5.05M people in 2100 for Equatorial Guinea.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
| 2100 | 0.46% | 0.45% |
| 2099 | 0.47% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | 0.56% | 0.48% |
| 2097 | 0.56% | 0.49% |
| 2096 | 0.57% | 0.52% |
| 2095 | 0.57% | 0.57% |
| 2094 | 0.63% | 0.57% |
| 2093 | 0.67% | 0.57% |
| 2092 | 0.68% | 0.54% |
| 2091 | 0.74% | 0.58% |
| 2090 | 0.75% | 0.65% |
| 2089 | 0.74% | 0.66% |
| 2088 | 0.8% | 0.65% |
| 2087 | 0.81% | 0.65% |
| 2086 | 0.86% | 0.67% |
| 2085 | 0.89% | 0.76% |
| 2084 | 0.91% | 0.72% |
| 2083 | 0.9% | 0.74% |
| 2082 | 0.99% | 0.78% |
| 2081 | 1% | 0.81% |
| 2080 | 1.04% | 0.87% |
| 2079 | 1.08% | 0.86% |
| 2078 | 1.08% | 0.89% |
| 2077 | 1.1% | 0.96% |
| 2076 | 1.14% | 0.97% |
| 2075 | 1.15% | 0.97% |
| 2074 | 1.2% | 0.97% |
| 2073 | 1.25% | 1% |
| 2072 | 1.26% | 1% |
| 2071 | 1.27% | 1.05% |
| 2070 | 1.3% | 1.06% |
| 2069 | 1.33% | 1.02% |
| 2068 | 1.33% | 1.06% |
| 2067 | 1.43% | 1.09% |
| 2066 | 1.44% | 1.14% |
| 2065 | 1.52% | 1.17% |
| 2064 | 1.52% | 1.15% |
| 2063 | 1.55% | 1.17% |
| 2062 | 1.58% | 1.2% |
| 2061 | 1.68% | 1.23% |
| 2060 | 1.72% | 1.29% |
| 2059 | 1.72% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | 1.75% | 1.34% |
| 2057 | 1.8% | 1.36% |
| 2056 | 1.86% | 1.41% |
| 2055 | 1.86% | 1.44% |
| 2054 | 1.91% | 1.44% |
| 2053 | 1.95% | 1.47% |
| 2052 | 1.99% | 1.47% |
| 2051 | 2.02% | 1.48% |
| 2050 | 2.02% | 1.5% |
| 2049 | 2.12% | 1.53% |
| 2048 | 2.1% | 1.53% |
| 2047 | 2.14% | 1.61% |
| 2046 | 2.21% | 1.68% |
| 2045 | 2.19% | 1.73% |
| 2044 | 2.27% | 1.74% |
| 2043 | 2.3% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | 2.34% | 1.82% |
| 2041 | 2.31% | 1.92% |
| 2040 | 2.42% | 1.92% |
| 2039 | 2.46% | 2.03% |
| 2038 | 2.51% | 2.02% |
| 2037 | 2.58% | 2.05% |
| 2036 | 2.57% | 2.07% |
| 2035 | 2.62% | 2.11% |
| 2034 | 2.71% | 2.1% |
| 2033 | 2.78% | 2.22% |
| 2032 | 2.84% | 2.2% |
| 2031 | 2.86% | 2.19% |
| 2030 | 2.93% | 2.21% |
| 2029 | 3% | 2.26% |
| 2028 | 3.06% | 2.32% |
| 2027 | 2.64% | 2.35% |
| 2026 | 2.66% | 2.4% |
| 2025 | 4.31% | 2.45% |
| 2024 | 5.07% | 2.43% |
| 2023 | 4.68% | 2.44% |
| 2022 | 3.52% | 2.54% |
| 2021 | 3.5% | 2.47% |
| 2020 | 3.23% | 2.77% |
| 2019 | 3.27% | 3.33% |
| 2018 | 3.42% | 3.46% |
| 2017 | 3.36% | 3.59% |
| 2016 | 3.19% | 3.73% |
| 2015 | 3.23% | 3.86% |
| 2014 | 3.63% | 3.98% |
| 2013 | 3.63% | 4.08% |
| 2012 | 3.58% | 4.16% |
| 2011 | 3.59% | 4.44% |
| 2010 | 3.52% | 4.7% |
| 2009 | 3.64% | 4.72% |
| 2008 | 3.56% | 4.68% |
| 2007 | 3.5% | 4.61% |
| 2006 | 3.66% | 4.54% |
| 2005 | 4.11% | 5.27% |
| 2004 | 4.56% | 6.14% |
| 2003 | 4.08% | 6.25% |
| 2002 | 3.54% | 6.42% |
| 2001 | 3.43% | 6.62% |
| 2000 | 3.52% | 5.41% |
| 1999 | 3.58% | 4.01% |
| 1998 | 3.5% | 3.98% |
| 1997 | 3.51% | 3.94% |
| 1996 | 4.53% | 3.89% |
| 1995 | 4.51% | 3.84% |
| 1994 | 2.33% | 3.8% |
| 1993 | 2.39% | 3.77% |
| 1992 | 4.33% | 3.77% |
| 1991 | 3.72% | 3.78% |
| 1990 | 2.81% | 3.82% |
| 1989 | 3.45% | 3.9% |
| 1988 | 3.44% | 4.05% |
| 1987 | 3.57% | 4.4% |
| 1986 | 3.04% | 4.98% |
| 1985 | 1.01% | 5.66% |
| 1984 | 1.33% | 6.25% |
| 1983 | 5.08% | 6.58% |
| 1982 | 4.81% | 6.25% |
| 1981 | 0.12% | 5.06% |
| 1980 | 0.22% | 3.14% |
| 1979 | 2.13% | 1.2% |
| 1978 | 1.84% | -0.09% |
| 1977 | 1.89% | -1.51% |
| 1976 | 2.02% | -2.39% |
| 1975 | 2.18% | -2.39% |
| 1974 | 2.32% | -2.42% |
| 1973 | 2.38% | -2.32% |
| 1972 | 2.26% | -2.05% |
| 1971 | 2.13% | -1.52% |
| 1970 | 2.1% | -0.53% |
| 1969 | 2.04% | 1.15% |
| 1968 | 1.99% | 2.26% |
| 1967 | 1.96% | 2.28% |
| 1966 | 1.98% | 2.22% |
| 1965 | 2.02% | 2.16% |
| 1964 | 2.05% | 2.09% |
| 1963 | 2.06% | 2.03% |
| 1962 | 2.05% | 1.96% |
| 1961 | 2.04% | 1.89% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/equatorial-guinea | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Chad grew by 5.07%, while Equatorial Guinea's population grew by 2.43%.
Live population counters
|
Chad
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
21893857
|
1998075
|
| Population rank | 64/197 | 148/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.26% | 0.02% |
| One net population change |
32.2 seconds
|
11.7 minutes
|
| One birth every |
38.5 seconds
|
9.61 minutes
|
| One death every |
2.47 minutes
|
36.1 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +2,685 | +123 |
| Annual growth/decline | +980,059 | +44,967 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +5.07% | +2.43% |
| Population growth rate rank | 2/197 | 30/197 |
| One migration net change every |
4.28 minutes
|
2.3 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -123,104 | +3,812 |
| Net migration rank | 184/196 | 53/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,269,673 | 248,930 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 50/195 | 106/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 6.3% | 13.2% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 83/195 | 52/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -123,104 | - | 3,812 |
| 2024 | - | 204,040 | - | 3,891 |
| 2023 | 605,924 | 496,830 | 40,140 | 3,997 |
| 2022 | 588,060 | 36,670 | 39,873 | 3,997 |
| 2021 | 554,851 | 74,509 | 39,160 | 6,493 |
| 2020 | 541,234 | 36,605 | 38,994 | 0 |
| 2019 | 530,540 | -29,451 | 38,894 | 14,695 |
| 2018 | 509,642 | 46,661 | 38,332 | 15,581 |
| 2017 | 494,304 | 16,916 | 37,740 | 16,399 |
| 2016 | 483,442 | 21,540 | 37,180 | 17,107 |
| 2015 | 478,010 | -48,918 | 36,543 | 17,697 |
| 2014 | 467,957 | 20,842 | 35,889 | 18,058 |
| 2013 | 454,517 | 51,887 | 35,158 | 18,106 |
| 2012 | 444,246 | 9,514 | 34,347 | 17,860 |
| 2011 | 428,989 | 29,256 | 33,502 | 17,604 |
| 2010 | 416,177 | 10,427 | 32,368 | 22,027 |
| 2009 | 401,937 | 9,108 | 31,184 | 21,235 |
| 2008 | 387,439 | 36,446 | 29,941 | 19,925 |
| 2007 | 376,732 | -11,339 | 28,672 | 18,433 |
| 2006 | 362,027 | 23,052 | 27,404 | 16,889 |
| 2005 | 352,302 | 19,281 | 26,116 | 15,548 |
| 2004 | 334,136 | 110,387 | 24,666 | 28,578 |
| 2003 | 314,740 | 105,140 | 23,168 | 27,696 |
| 2002 | 302,995 | 20,400 | 21,744 | 27,198 |
| 2001 | 297,254 | 3,484 | 20,376 | 26,919 |
| 2000 | 287,173 | -3,845 | 19,132 | 26,695 |
| 1999 | 278,264 | 17,175 | 18,465 | 7,846 |
| 1998 | 270,055 | 2,232 | 17,854 | 7,307 |
| 1997 | 261,030 | 3,631 | 17,305 | 6,696 |
| 1996 | 254,589 | 1,259 | 16,802 | 6,003 |
| 1995 | 234,010 | 152,232 | 16,345 | 5,300 |
| 1994 | 223,996 | 986 | 15,937 | 4,664 |
| 1993 | 229,984 | -146,386 | 15,459 | 4,175 |
| 1992 | 219,348 | 6,013 | 15,010 | 3,867 |
| 1991 | 200,102 | 112,492 | 14,581 | 3,642 |
| 1990 | 191,959 | -58,884 | 14,158 | 3,511 |
| 1989 | 188,485 | 4,924 | 13,724 | 3,545 |
| 1988 | 178,489 | 16,085 | 13,266 | 3,777 |
| 1987 | 156,797 | 23,220 | 12,727 | 4,482 |
| 1986 | 152,360 | 42,093 | 12,061 | 6,317 |
| 1985 | 145,845 | -30,686 | 11,179 | 8,816 |
| 1984 | 151,511 | -164,489 | 10,076 | 11,221 |
| 1983 | 144,684 | 247 | 8,886 | 12,766 |
| 1982 | 119,121 | 217,242 | 8,182 | 12,568 |
| 1981 | 111,907 | -13,232 | 7,573 | 9,605 |
| 1980 | 122,468 | -210,126 | 7,142 | 4,903 |
| 1979 | 117,780 | -9,974 | 5,786 | -235 |
| 1978 | 115,084 | -34,856 | 5,635 | -4,553 |
| 1977 | 113,498 | -34,318 | 5,550 | -7,131 |
| 1976 | 111,324 | -29,755 | 2,451 | -9,377 |
| 1975 | 109,315 | -22,768 | 4,580 | -11,398 |
| 1974 | 106,898 | -15,686 | 5,697 | -12,983 |
| 1973 | 104,418 | -10,737 | 6,508 | -13,875 |
| 1972 | 101,142 | -9,526 | 6,572 | -13,576 |
| 1971 | 89,404 | -9,153 | 4,822 | -10,760 |
| 1970 | 87,660 | -8,931 | 2,715 | -6,499 |
| 1969 | 83,413 | -8,714 | 2,593 | -2,237 |
| 1968 | 79,465 | -8,396 | 6,417 | 565 |
| 1967 | 76,142 | -7,771 | 6,135 | 974 |
| 1966 | 73,123 | -6,283 | 5,868 | 915 |
| 1965 | 70,913 | -4,384 | 5,618 | 837 |
| 1964 | 69,483 | -2,518 | 5,393 | 735 |
| 1963 | 67,414 | -1,228 | 5,192 | 632 |
| 1962 | 65,312 | -890 | 5,013 | 528 |
| 1961 | 63,639 | -760 | 4,858 | 384 |
| 1960 | 62,003 | -672 | 4,727 | 210 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/equatorial-guinea | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 88.7% of the population change in Chad is from natural causes (a gain of 5,253,964 people) and 11.3% is from migration (a gain of 672,204 people). In Equatorial Guinea 77% is from natural causes (a gain of 382,745 people) and 23% is from migration (a gain of 114,024 people).
As of 2024, 1,269,673 residents or 6.3% of the population were not native-born in Chad, compared to 248,930 people or 13.2% in Equatorial Guinea.
Biggest cities by population
|
Chad
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| N'Djamena | 1.09M |
| Sarh | 108K |
| Abeche | 76.5K |
| Bongor | 27.8K |
| Bol | 11.7K |
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Malabo | 297K |
| Bata | 290K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Chad and Equatorial Guinea
|
Chad
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 55.6 years | 64.3 years |
| Average age | 21.2 years | 25.9 years |
| Median age | 16.8 years | 22 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 52.7:47.3 |
| Fertility rate | 6.12 births per woman | 4.08 births per woman |
| Population density | 44.7 ppl/mi² | 183.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/equatorial-guinea | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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