The latest officially reported population of Brazil was 212,812,405 in 2025 vs 21,003,705 people in Chad in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Brazil's population is 213,964,342 people compared to 21,855,137 in Chad.
Population statistics:
- Brazil's population is 9.79 times bigger than Chad's.
- Brazil is ranked the 7th most populous country in the world, while Chad is the 64th.
- The countries together account for 2.84% of the world: 2.57% for Brazil vs 0.26% for Chad.
- For the last 10 years, Brazil has had an average growth rate of +0.56% per year vs +3.63% in Chad.
- Since 2006, the population of Brazil has increased from 187M people to 214M (14.6% growth), while Chad has grown from 10.7M to 21.9M (104.1% growth).
Brazil vs Chad: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Brazil
|
Chad
|
|
| 2100 | 164,266,855 | 70,311,013 |
| 2099 | 165,476,254 | 69,986,866 |
| 2098 | 166,696,264 | 69,662,155 |
| 2097 | 167,929,414 | 69,277,239 |
| 2096 | 169,170,182 | 68,889,445 |
| 2095 | 170,418,279 | 68,502,128 |
| 2094 | 171,673,285 | 68,110,775 |
| 2093 | 172,929,867 | 67,684,792 |
| 2092 | 174,196,660 | 67,233,921 |
| 2091 | 175,465,250 | 66,781,244 |
| 2090 | 176,741,676 | 66,290,702 |
| 2089 | 178,016,467 | 65,798,812 |
| 2088 | 179,298,655 | 65,317,154 |
| 2087 | 180,582,637 | 64,800,745 |
| 2086 | 181,869,555 | 64,278,192 |
| 2085 | 183,154,436 | 63,727,856 |
| 2084 | 184,439,572 | 63,168,104 |
| 2083 | 185,726,230 | 62,596,574 |
| 2082 | 187,015,781 | 62,040,380 |
| 2081 | 188,304,247 | 61,434,119 |
| 2080 | 189,585,345 | 60,826,765 |
| 2079 | 190,860,450 | 60,198,617 |
| 2078 | 192,128,265 | 59,555,772 |
| 2077 | 193,387,405 | 58,918,103 |
| 2076 | 194,635,237 | 58,275,388 |
| 2075 | 195,871,705 | 57,618,555 |
| 2074 | 197,098,086 | 56,965,122 |
| 2073 | 198,312,538 | 56,292,259 |
| 2072 | 199,508,048 | 55,597,279 |
| 2071 | 200,684,948 | 54,903,565 |
| 2070 | 201,838,290 | 54,214,047 |
| 2069 | 202,969,511 | 53,520,311 |
| 2068 | 204,078,136 | 52,818,046 |
| 2067 | 205,156,343 | 52,125,908 |
| 2066 | 206,210,336 | 51,388,975 |
| 2065 | 207,233,670 | 50,658,129 |
| 2064 | 208,223,021 | 49,900,784 |
| 2063 | 209,184,325 | 49,155,513 |
| 2062 | 210,111,930 | 48,403,186 |
| 2061 | 211,000,165 | 47,648,039 |
| 2060 | 211,851,790 | 46,859,349 |
| 2059 | 212,667,148 | 46,066,772 |
| 2058 | 213,439,165 | 45,285,757 |
| 2057 | 214,172,487 | 44,507,961 |
| 2056 | 214,860,969 | 43,722,007 |
| 2055 | 215,511,064 | 42,925,488 |
| 2054 | 216,119,176 | 42,142,940 |
| 2053 | 216,684,051 | 41,351,412 |
| 2052 | 217,203,400 | 40,559,038 |
| 2051 | 217,673,624 | 39,768,198 |
| 2050 | 218,102,997 | 38,981,624 |
| 2049 | 218,492,176 | 38,210,212 |
| 2048 | 218,825,106 | 37,418,176 |
| 2047 | 219,107,600 | 36,648,598 |
| 2046 | 219,337,375 | 35,880,269 |
| 2045 | 219,518,678 | 35,104,973 |
| 2044 | 219,643,532 | 34,352,050 |
| 2043 | 219,714,087 | 33,590,931 |
| 2042 | 219,730,173 | 32,837,006 |
| 2041 | 219,688,816 | 32,086,067 |
| 2040 | 219,589,786 | 31,362,066 |
| 2039 | 219,450,960 | 30,621,558 |
| 2038 | 219,263,564 | 29,886,177 |
| 2037 | 219,033,555 | 29,155,330 |
| 2036 | 218,758,565 | 28,422,010 |
| 2035 | 218,441,478 | 27,709,891 |
| 2034 | 218,079,673 | 27,003,635 |
| 2033 | 217,677,081 | 26,292,134 |
| 2032 | 217,230,117 | 25,581,739 |
| 2031 | 216,739,295 | 24,875,542 |
| 2030 | 216,202,357 | 24,183,856 |
| 2029 | 215,618,762 | 23,494,522 |
| 2028 | 214,992,547 | 22,809,219 |
| 2027 | 214,315,680 | 22,131,874 |
| 2026 | 213,593,266 | 21,562,855 |
| 2025 | 212,812,405 | 21,003,705 |
| 2024 | 211,998,573 | 20,299,123 |
| 2023 | 211,140,729 | 19,319,064 |
| 2022 | 210,306,415 | 18,455,316 |
| 2021 | 209,550,294 | 17,828,273 |
| 2020 | 208,660,842 | 17,224,679 |
| 2019 | 207,455,459 | 16,685,223 |
| 2018 | 206,107,261 | 16,156,531 |
| 2017 | 204,703,445 | 15,622,759 |
| 2016 | 203,218,114 | 15,114,655 |
| 2015 | 201,675,532 | 14,647,621 |
| 2014 | 200,085,127 | 14,188,678 |
| 2013 | 198,478,299 | 13,691,079 |
| 2012 | 196,876,111 | 13,210,998 |
| 2011 | 195,284,734 | 12,754,997 |
| 2010 | 193,701,929 | 12,312,575 |
| 2009 | 192,079,951 | 11,893,754 |
| 2008 | 190,367,302 | 11,476,296 |
| 2007 | 188,552,320 | 11,081,660 |
| 2006 | 186,653,106 | 10,706,424 |
| 2005 | 184,688,101 | 10,328,092 |
| 2004 | 182,675,143 | 9,920,036 |
| 2003 | 180,622,688 | 9,487,833 |
| 2002 | 178,503,484 | 9,116,192 |
| 2001 | 176,301,203 | 8,804,124 |
| 2000 | 174,018,282 | 8,512,093 |
| 1999 | 171,641,543 | 8,222,705 |
| 1998 | 169,159,655 | 7,938,840 |
| 1997 | 166,661,659 | 7,670,366 |
| 1996 | 164,202,549 | 7,410,108 |
| 1995 | 161,735,073 | 7,089,064 |
| 1994 | 159,265,006 | 6,783,450 |
| 1993 | 156,794,577 | 6,629,146 |
| 1992 | 154,275,079 | 6,474,656 |
| 1991 | 151,724,256 | 6,205,676 |
| 1990 | 149,143,223 | 5,982,833 |
| 1989 | 146,502,972 | 5,819,586 |
| 1988 | 143,826,357 | 5,625,602 |
| 1987 | 141,104,944 | 5,438,309 |
| 1986 | 138,336,370 | 5,251,069 |
| 1985 | 135,515,595 | 5,096,269 |
| 1984 | 132,658,864 | 5,045,145 |
| 1983 | 129,790,077 | 4,979,130 |
| 1982 | 126,923,155 | 4,738,483 |
| 1981 | 124,063,109 | 4,520,959 |
| 1980 | 121,207,461 | 4,515,453 |
| 1979 | 118,380,821 | 4,505,384 |
| 1978 | 115,600,942 | 4,411,366 |
| 1977 | 112,875,292 | 4,331,667 |
| 1976 | 110,213,349 | 4,251,297 |
| 1975 | 107,619,565 | 4,167,234 |
| 1974 | 105,089,675 | 4,078,356 |
| 1973 | 102,600,976 | 3,985,909 |
| 1972 | 100,146,797 | 3,893,252 |
| 1971 | 97,739,273 | 3,807,316 |
| 1970 | 95,375,651 | 3,727,828 |
| 1969 | 93,045,777 | 3,651,113 |
| 1968 | 90,741,240 | 3,578,231 |
| 1967 | 88,446,124 | 3,508,512 |
| 1966 | 86,139,359 | 3,440,903 |
| 1965 | 83,817,583 | 3,374,220 |
| 1964 | 81,488,595 | 3,307,479 |
| 1963 | 79,164,235 | 3,240,905 |
| 1962 | 76,865,323 | 3,175,598 |
| 1961 | 74,605,447 | 3,111,947 |
| 1960 | 72,388,126 | 3,049,838 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/chad | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Brazil increased by 16,565,008 people (a 8.87% growth), while Chad gained 4,408,231 people (a 41.2% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Brazil gained 10,746,228 people (a 5.29% growth), while Chad's population increased by 6,740,482 people (a 44.6% growth).
Brazil was ranked 5th most populous country in 2006 and is 7th in 2026. Chad was ranked 76th in 2006 and ranked 64th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Brazil's population will grow by 1.93% to 218,102,997 people with a rank change from 7th to 9th. The population of Chad will increase by 78.4% to 38,981,624 people and rank change from 64th to 52nd.
Brazil is projected to reach its peak in 2042 at 220M people compared to the peak of 70.3M people in 2100 for Chad.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Brazil
|
Chad
|
|
| 2100 | -0.73% | 0.46% |
| 2099 | -0.73% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | -0.73% | 0.56% |
| 2097 | -0.73% | 0.56% |
| 2096 | -0.73% | 0.57% |
| 2095 | -0.73% | 0.57% |
| 2094 | -0.73% | 0.63% |
| 2093 | -0.73% | 0.67% |
| 2092 | -0.72% | 0.68% |
| 2091 | -0.72% | 0.74% |
| 2090 | -0.72% | 0.75% |
| 2089 | -0.72% | 0.74% |
| 2088 | -0.71% | 0.8% |
| 2087 | -0.71% | 0.81% |
| 2086 | -0.7% | 0.86% |
| 2085 | -0.7% | 0.89% |
| 2084 | -0.69% | 0.91% |
| 2083 | -0.69% | 0.9% |
| 2082 | -0.68% | 0.99% |
| 2081 | -0.68% | 1% |
| 2080 | -0.67% | 1.04% |
| 2079 | -0.66% | 1.08% |
| 2078 | -0.65% | 1.08% |
| 2077 | -0.64% | 1.1% |
| 2076 | -0.63% | 1.14% |
| 2075 | -0.62% | 1.15% |
| 2074 | -0.61% | 1.2% |
| 2073 | -0.6% | 1.25% |
| 2072 | -0.59% | 1.26% |
| 2071 | -0.57% | 1.27% |
| 2070 | -0.56% | 1.3% |
| 2069 | -0.54% | 1.33% |
| 2068 | -0.53% | 1.33% |
| 2067 | -0.51% | 1.43% |
| 2066 | -0.49% | 1.44% |
| 2065 | -0.48% | 1.52% |
| 2064 | -0.46% | 1.52% |
| 2063 | -0.44% | 1.55% |
| 2062 | -0.42% | 1.58% |
| 2061 | -0.4% | 1.68% |
| 2060 | -0.38% | 1.72% |
| 2059 | -0.36% | 1.72% |
| 2058 | -0.34% | 1.75% |
| 2057 | -0.32% | 1.8% |
| 2056 | -0.3% | 1.86% |
| 2055 | -0.28% | 1.86% |
| 2054 | -0.26% | 1.91% |
| 2053 | -0.24% | 1.95% |
| 2052 | -0.22% | 1.99% |
| 2051 | -0.2% | 2.02% |
| 2050 | -0.18% | 2.02% |
| 2049 | -0.15% | 2.12% |
| 2048 | -0.13% | 2.1% |
| 2047 | -0.1% | 2.14% |
| 2046 | -0.08% | 2.21% |
| 2045 | -0.06% | 2.19% |
| 2044 | -0.03% | 2.27% |
| 2043 | -0.007% | 2.3% |
| 2042 | 0.02% | 2.34% |
| 2041 | 0.05% | 2.31% |
| 2040 | 0.06% | 2.42% |
| 2039 | 0.09% | 2.46% |
| 2038 | 0.11% | 2.51% |
| 2037 | 0.13% | 2.58% |
| 2036 | 0.15% | 2.57% |
| 2035 | 0.17% | 2.62% |
| 2034 | 0.18% | 2.71% |
| 2033 | 0.21% | 2.78% |
| 2032 | 0.23% | 2.84% |
| 2031 | 0.25% | 2.86% |
| 2030 | 0.27% | 2.93% |
| 2029 | 0.29% | 3% |
| 2028 | 0.32% | 3.06% |
| 2027 | 0.34% | 2.64% |
| 2026 | 0.37% | 2.66% |
| 2025 | 0.38% | 3.47% |
| 2024 | 0.41% | 5.07% |
| 2023 | 0.4% | 4.68% |
| 2022 | 0.36% | 3.52% |
| 2021 | 0.43% | 3.5% |
| 2020 | 0.58% | 3.23% |
| 2019 | 0.65% | 3.27% |
| 2018 | 0.69% | 3.42% |
| 2017 | 0.73% | 3.36% |
| 2016 | 0.76% | 3.19% |
| 2015 | 0.79% | 3.23% |
| 2014 | 0.81% | 3.63% |
| 2013 | 0.81% | 3.63% |
| 2012 | 0.81% | 3.58% |
| 2011 | 0.82% | 3.59% |
| 2010 | 0.84% | 3.52% |
| 2009 | 0.9% | 3.64% |
| 2008 | 0.96% | 3.56% |
| 2007 | 1.02% | 3.5% |
| 2006 | 1.06% | 3.66% |
| 2005 | 1.1% | 4.11% |
| 2004 | 1.14% | 4.56% |
| 2003 | 1.19% | 4.08% |
| 2002 | 1.25% | 3.54% |
| 2001 | 1.31% | 3.43% |
| 2000 | 1.38% | 3.52% |
| 1999 | 1.47% | 3.58% |
| 1998 | 1.5% | 3.5% |
| 1997 | 1.5% | 3.51% |
| 1996 | 1.53% | 4.53% |
| 1995 | 1.55% | 4.51% |
| 1994 | 1.58% | 2.33% |
| 1993 | 1.63% | 2.39% |
| 1992 | 1.68% | 4.33% |
| 1991 | 1.73% | 3.72% |
| 1990 | 1.8% | 2.81% |
| 1989 | 1.86% | 3.45% |
| 1988 | 1.93% | 3.44% |
| 1987 | 2% | 3.57% |
| 1986 | 2.08% | 3.04% |
| 1985 | 2.15% | 1.01% |
| 1984 | 2.21% | 1.33% |
| 1983 | 2.26% | 5.08% |
| 1982 | 2.31% | 4.81% |
| 1981 | 2.36% | 0.12% |
| 1980 | 2.39% | 0.22% |
| 1979 | 2.4% | 2.13% |
| 1978 | 2.41% | 1.84% |
| 1977 | 2.42% | 1.89% |
| 1976 | 2.41% | 2.02% |
| 1975 | 2.41% | 2.18% |
| 1974 | 2.43% | 2.32% |
| 1973 | 2.45% | 2.38% |
| 1972 | 2.46% | 2.26% |
| 1971 | 2.48% | 2.13% |
| 1970 | 2.5% | 2.1% |
| 1969 | 2.54% | 2.04% |
| 1968 | 2.59% | 1.99% |
| 1967 | 2.68% | 1.96% |
| 1966 | 2.77% | 1.98% |
| 1965 | 2.86% | 2.02% |
| 1964 | 2.94% | 2.05% |
| 1963 | 2.99% | 2.06% |
| 1962 | 3.03% | 2.05% |
| 1961 | 3.06% | 2.04% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/chad | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Brazil grew by 0.38%, while Chad's population grew by 3.47%.
Live population counters
|
Brazil
|
Chad
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
213964342
|
21855137
|
| Population rank | 7/197 | 64/197 |
| Percent of world population | 2.57% | 0.26% |
| One net population change |
38.9 seconds
|
44.9 seconds
|
| One birth every |
12.3 seconds
|
35.9 seconds
|
| One death every |
21 seconds
|
2.34 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +2,230 | +1,930 |
| Annual growth/decline | +813,832 | +704,582 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.38% | +3.47% |
| Population growth rate rank | 141/197 | 6/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.43 minutes
|
4.28 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -217,283 | -123,104 |
| Net migration rank | 186/196 | 184/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,406,299 | 1,269,673 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 48/195 | 50/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.7% | 6.3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 163/195 | 83/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brazil
|
Chad
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -217,283 | - | -123,104 |
| 2024 | 1,073,773 | -225,510 | 653,307 | 204,040 |
| 2023 | 1,107,434 | -240,059 | 605,924 | 496,830 |
| 2022 | 1,054,897 | -253,639 | 588,060 | 36,670 |
| 2021 | 919,507 | -208,581 | 554,851 | 74,509 |
| 2020 | 1,146,174 | -78,437 | 541,234 | 36,605 |
| 2019 | 1,472,104 | -129,216 | 530,540 | -29,451 |
| 2018 | 1,583,935 | -230,334 | 509,642 | 46,661 |
| 2017 | 1,610,402 | -156,296 | 494,304 | 16,916 |
| 2016 | 1,609,488 | -92,989 | 483,442 | 21,540 |
| 2015 | 1,742,275 | -173,611 | 478,010 | -48,918 |
| 2014 | 1,757,948 | -145,732 | 467,957 | 20,842 |
| 2013 | 1,758,716 | -157,228 | 454,517 | 51,887 |
| 2012 | 1,782,516 | -179,707 | 444,246 | 9,514 |
| 2011 | 1,815,758 | -235,860 | 428,989 | 29,256 |
| 2010 | 1,847,336 | -261,539 | 416,177 | 10,427 |
| 2009 | 1,878,542 | -220,207 | 401,937 | 9,108 |
| 2008 | 1,908,051 | -141,056 | 387,439 | 36,446 |
| 2007 | 1,970,372 | -107,481 | 376,732 | -11,339 |
| 2006 | 2,026,119 | -90,634 | 362,027 | 23,052 |
| 2005 | 2,083,281 | -88,868 | 352,302 | 19,281 |
| 2004 | 2,108,072 | -76,661 | 334,136 | 110,387 |
| 2003 | 2,128,819 | -55,350 | 314,740 | 105,140 |
| 2002 | 2,207,017 | -42,008 | 302,995 | 20,400 |
| 2001 | 2,291,210 | -51,600 | 297,254 | 3,484 |
| 2000 | 2,372,043 | -45,800 | 287,173 | -3,845 |
| 1999 | 2,450,869 | -23,497 | 278,264 | 17,175 |
| 1998 | 2,514,728 | 21,666 | 270,055 | 2,232 |
| 1997 | 2,531,758 | -72,392 | 261,030 | 3,631 |
| 1996 | 2,530,690 | -71,943 | 254,589 | 1,259 |
| 1995 | 2,546,195 | -69,963 | 234,010 | 152,232 |
| 1994 | 2,532,951 | -68,961 | 223,996 | 986 |
| 1993 | 2,545,874 | -69,070 | 229,984 | -146,386 |
| 1992 | 2,547,698 | 14,394 | 219,348 | 6,013 |
| 1991 | 2,606,167 | -66,600 | 200,102 | 112,492 |
| 1990 | 2,652,959 | -30,555 | 191,959 | -58,884 |
| 1989 | 2,717,923 | -60,023 | 188,485 | 4,924 |
| 1988 | 2,768,082 | -72,825 | 178,489 | 16,085 |
| 1987 | 2,825,485 | -77,800 | 156,797 | 23,220 |
| 1986 | 2,880,440 | -90,973 | 152,360 | 42,093 |
| 1985 | 2,912,908 | -60,879 | 145,845 | -30,686 |
| 1984 | 2,931,496 | -70,035 | 151,511 | -164,489 |
| 1983 | 2,952,335 | -76,322 | 144,684 | 247 |
| 1982 | 2,948,552 | -90,766 | 119,121 | 217,242 |
| 1981 | 2,928,262 | -65,971 | 111,907 | -13,232 |
| 1980 | 2,887,768 | -38,918 | 122,468 | -210,126 |
| 1979 | 2,836,759 | -32,503 | 117,780 | -9,974 |
| 1978 | 2,778,815 | -23,416 | 115,084 | -34,856 |
| 1977 | 2,715,328 | -19,478 | 113,498 | -34,318 |
| 1976 | 2,648,647 | -20,612 | 111,324 | -29,755 |
| 1975 | 2,585,130 | -25,499 | 109,315 | -22,768 |
| 1974 | 2,524,254 | -24,093 | 106,898 | -15,686 |
| 1973 | 2,501,309 | -24,071 | 104,418 | -10,737 |
| 1972 | 2,454,698 | -23,584 | 101,142 | -9,526 |
| 1971 | 2,407,319 | -23,421 | 89,404 | -9,153 |
| 1970 | 2,362,073 | -18,779 | 87,660 | -8,931 |
| 1969 | 2,324,190 | -7,763 | 83,413 | -8,714 |
| 1968 | 2,301,561 | -8,856 | 79,465 | -8,396 |
| 1967 | 2,307,560 | -10,033 | 76,142 | -7,771 |
| 1966 | 2,325,332 | -9,317 | 73,123 | -6,283 |
| 1965 | 2,336,415 | -8,824 | 70,913 | -4,384 |
| 1964 | 2,338,478 | -8,146 | 69,483 | -2,518 |
| 1963 | 2,326,400 | -8,136 | 67,414 | -1,228 |
| 1962 | 2,286,666 | -7,171 | 65,312 | -890 |
| 1961 | 2,240,178 | 75 | 63,639 | -760 |
| 1960 | 2,190,392 | 4,066 | 62,003 | -672 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/chad | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 88.2% of the population change in Brazil is from natural causes (a gain of 13,319,989 people) and 11.8% is from migration (a loss of 1,788,672 people). In Chad 86.4% is from natural causes (a gain of 5,439,314 people) and 13.6% is from migration (a gain of 855,402 people).
As of 2024, 1,406,299 residents or 0.7% of the population were not native-born in Brazil, compared to 1,269,673 people or 6.3% in Chad.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Brazil and Chad
|
Brazil
|
Chad
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 76.4 years | 55.6 years |
| Average age | 36.7 years | 21.2 years |
| Median age | 35.8 years | 16.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.2:50.8 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 1.61 births per woman | 6.03 births per woman |
| Population density | 66.2 ppl/mi² | 44.4 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/brazil/chad | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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