The latest officially reported population of Chad was 21,003,705 in 2025 vs 9,514,251 people in Hungary in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Chad's population is 21,855,137 people compared to 9,454,659 in Hungary.
Population statistics:
- Chad's population is 2.31 times bigger than Hungary's.
- Chad is ranked the 64th most populous country in the world, while Hungary is the 97th.
- The countries together account for 0.38% of the world: 0.26% for Chad vs 0.11% for Hungary.
- For the last 10 years, Chad has had an average growth rate of +3.63% per year vs -0.3% in Hungary.
- Since 2006, the population of Chad has increased from 10.7M people to 21.9M (104.1% growth), while Hungary has declined from 10.1M to 9.45M (6.12% decline).
Chad vs Hungary: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Chad
|
Hungary
|
|
| 2100 | 70,311,013 | 7,354,125 |
| 2099 | 69,986,866 | 7,369,935 |
| 2098 | 69,662,155 | 7,385,110 |
| 2097 | 69,277,239 | 7,399,578 |
| 2096 | 68,889,445 | 7,414,169 |
| 2095 | 68,502,128 | 7,428,875 |
| 2094 | 68,110,775 | 7,443,681 |
| 2093 | 67,684,792 | 7,458,651 |
| 2092 | 67,233,921 | 7,473,041 |
| 2091 | 66,781,244 | 7,487,818 |
| 2090 | 66,290,702 | 7,502,719 |
| 2089 | 65,798,812 | 7,518,368 |
| 2088 | 65,317,154 | 7,533,773 |
| 2087 | 64,800,745 | 7,549,845 |
| 2086 | 64,278,192 | 7,566,819 |
| 2085 | 63,727,856 | 7,584,011 |
| 2084 | 63,168,104 | 7,600,723 |
| 2083 | 62,596,574 | 7,618,082 |
| 2082 | 62,040,380 | 7,636,419 |
| 2081 | 61,434,119 | 7,655,375 |
| 2080 | 60,826,765 | 7,675,218 |
| 2079 | 60,198,617 | 7,695,945 |
| 2078 | 59,555,772 | 7,717,087 |
| 2077 | 58,918,103 | 7,739,401 |
| 2076 | 58,275,388 | 7,763,134 |
| 2075 | 57,618,555 | 7,788,149 |
| 2074 | 56,965,122 | 7,814,821 |
| 2073 | 56,292,259 | 7,842,708 |
| 2072 | 55,597,279 | 7,872,075 |
| 2071 | 54,903,565 | 7,902,830 |
| 2070 | 54,214,047 | 7,934,859 |
| 2069 | 53,520,311 | 7,967,725 |
| 2068 | 52,818,046 | 8,001,662 |
| 2067 | 52,125,908 | 8,036,057 |
| 2066 | 51,388,975 | 8,071,042 |
| 2065 | 50,658,129 | 8,107,187 |
| 2064 | 49,900,784 | 8,144,020 |
| 2063 | 49,155,513 | 8,179,967 |
| 2062 | 48,403,186 | 8,215,823 |
| 2061 | 47,648,039 | 8,251,186 |
| 2060 | 46,859,349 | 8,286,212 |
| 2059 | 46,066,772 | 8,320,988 |
| 2058 | 45,285,757 | 8,354,080 |
| 2057 | 44,507,961 | 8,386,894 |
| 2056 | 43,722,007 | 8,419,815 |
| 2055 | 42,925,488 | 8,451,799 |
| 2054 | 42,142,940 | 8,483,442 |
| 2053 | 41,351,412 | 8,514,311 |
| 2052 | 40,559,038 | 8,545,085 |
| 2051 | 39,768,198 | 8,575,999 |
| 2050 | 38,981,624 | 8,606,870 |
| 2049 | 38,210,212 | 8,638,405 |
| 2048 | 37,418,176 | 8,670,073 |
| 2047 | 36,648,598 | 8,702,640 |
| 2046 | 35,880,269 | 8,735,821 |
| 2045 | 35,104,973 | 8,769,752 |
| 2044 | 34,352,050 | 8,803,827 |
| 2043 | 33,590,931 | 8,838,318 |
| 2042 | 32,837,006 | 8,873,924 |
| 2041 | 32,086,067 | 8,910,032 |
| 2040 | 31,362,066 | 8,946,870 |
| 2039 | 30,621,558 | 8,984,555 |
| 2038 | 29,886,177 | 9,022,078 |
| 2037 | 29,155,330 | 9,060,601 |
| 2036 | 28,422,010 | 9,098,588 |
| 2035 | 27,709,891 | 9,136,984 |
| 2034 | 27,003,635 | 9,175,038 |
| 2033 | 26,292,134 | 9,212,552 |
| 2032 | 25,581,739 | 9,249,719 |
| 2031 | 24,875,542 | 9,286,177 |
| 2030 | 24,183,856 | 9,322,011 |
| 2029 | 23,494,522 | 9,357,056 |
| 2028 | 22,809,219 | 9,390,506 |
| 2027 | 22,131,874 | 9,422,739 |
| 2026 | 21,562,855 | 9,454,659 |
| 2025 | 21,003,705 | 9,514,251 |
| 2024 | 20,299,123 | 9,562,065 |
| 2023 | 19,319,064 | 9,592,186 |
| 2022 | 18,455,316 | 9,605,074 |
| 2021 | 17,828,273 | 9,630,932 |
| 2020 | 17,224,679 | 9,670,419 |
| 2019 | 16,685,223 | 9,694,824 |
| 2018 | 16,156,531 | 9,706,964 |
| 2017 | 15,622,759 | 9,726,756 |
| 2016 | 15,114,655 | 9,759,755 |
| 2015 | 14,647,621 | 9,797,755 |
| 2014 | 14,188,678 | 9,833,038 |
| 2013 | 13,691,079 | 9,872,734 |
| 2012 | 13,210,998 | 9,920,362 |
| 2011 | 12,754,997 | 9,971,727 |
| 2010 | 12,312,575 | 10,000,023 |
| 2009 | 11,893,754 | 10,022,650 |
| 2008 | 11,476,296 | 10,038,188 |
| 2007 | 11,081,660 | 10,055,780 |
| 2006 | 10,706,424 | 10,071,370 |
| 2005 | 10,328,092 | 10,087,065 |
| 2004 | 9,920,036 | 10,107,146 |
| 2003 | 9,487,833 | 10,129,552 |
| 2002 | 9,116,192 | 10,158,608 |
| 2001 | 8,804,124 | 10,187,576 |
| 2000 | 8,512,093 | 10,210,971 |
| 1999 | 8,222,705 | 10,237,530 |
| 1998 | 7,938,840 | 10,266,570 |
| 1997 | 7,670,366 | 10,290,486 |
| 1996 | 7,410,108 | 10,311,238 |
| 1995 | 7,089,064 | 10,328,965 |
| 1994 | 6,783,450 | 10,343,355 |
| 1993 | 6,629,146 | 10,357,523 |
| 1992 | 6,474,656 | 10,369,341 |
| 1991 | 6,205,676 | 10,373,400 |
| 1990 | 5,982,833 | 10,373,988 |
| 1989 | 5,819,586 | 10,481,719 |
| 1988 | 5,625,602 | 10,596,487 |
| 1987 | 5,438,309 | 10,612,741 |
| 1986 | 5,251,069 | 10,630,564 |
| 1985 | 5,096,269 | 10,648,713 |
| 1984 | 5,045,145 | 10,668,095 |
| 1983 | 4,979,130 | 10,689,463 |
| 1982 | 4,738,483 | 10,705,535 |
| 1981 | 4,520,959 | 10,711,848 |
| 1980 | 4,515,453 | 10,711,122 |
| 1979 | 4,505,384 | 10,704,152 |
| 1978 | 4,411,366 | 10,684,822 |
| 1977 | 4,331,667 | 10,648,031 |
| 1976 | 4,251,297 | 10,598,677 |
| 1975 | 4,167,234 | 10,540,525 |
| 1974 | 4,078,356 | 10,478,720 |
| 1973 | 3,985,909 | 10,432,055 |
| 1972 | 3,893,252 | 10,398,489 |
| 1971 | 3,807,316 | 10,367,537 |
| 1970 | 3,727,828 | 10,337,910 |
| 1969 | 3,651,113 | 10,298,723 |
| 1968 | 3,578,231 | 10,255,815 |
| 1967 | 3,508,512 | 10,216,604 |
| 1966 | 3,440,903 | 10,178,653 |
| 1965 | 3,374,220 | 10,147,935 |
| 1964 | 3,307,479 | 10,119,835 |
| 1963 | 3,240,905 | 10,087,947 |
| 1962 | 3,175,598 | 10,060,825 |
| 1961 | 3,111,947 | 10,027,958 |
| 1960 | 3,049,838 | 9,983,512 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/hungary | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Chad increased by 4,408,231 people (a 41.2% growth), while Hungary lost 311,615 people (a 3.09% decline).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Chad gained 6,740,482 people (a 44.6% growth), while Hungary's population decreased by 305,096 people (a 3.13% decline).
Chad was ranked 76th most populous country in 2006 and is 64th in 2026. Hungary was ranked 81st in 2006 and ranked 97th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Chad's population will grow by 78.4% to 38,981,624 people with a rank change from 64th to 52nd. The population of Hungary will decrease by 8.97% to 8,606,870 people and rank change from 97th to 111th.
Chad is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 70.3M people, while Hungary's population already peaked in 1981 at 10.7M people and is projected to decrease to 7.35M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Hungary
|
|
| 2100 | 0.46% | -0.21% |
| 2099 | 0.47% | -0.21% |
| 2098 | 0.56% | -0.2% |
| 2097 | 0.56% | -0.2% |
| 2096 | 0.57% | -0.2% |
| 2095 | 0.57% | -0.2% |
| 2094 | 0.63% | -0.2% |
| 2093 | 0.67% | -0.19% |
| 2092 | 0.68% | -0.2% |
| 2091 | 0.74% | -0.2% |
| 2090 | 0.75% | -0.21% |
| 2089 | 0.74% | -0.2% |
| 2088 | 0.8% | -0.21% |
| 2087 | 0.81% | -0.22% |
| 2086 | 0.86% | -0.23% |
| 2085 | 0.89% | -0.22% |
| 2084 | 0.91% | -0.23% |
| 2083 | 0.9% | -0.24% |
| 2082 | 0.99% | -0.25% |
| 2081 | 1% | -0.26% |
| 2080 | 1.04% | -0.27% |
| 2079 | 1.08% | -0.27% |
| 2078 | 1.08% | -0.29% |
| 2077 | 1.1% | -0.31% |
| 2076 | 1.14% | -0.32% |
| 2075 | 1.15% | -0.34% |
| 2074 | 1.2% | -0.36% |
| 2073 | 1.25% | -0.37% |
| 2072 | 1.26% | -0.39% |
| 2071 | 1.27% | -0.4% |
| 2070 | 1.3% | -0.41% |
| 2069 | 1.33% | -0.42% |
| 2068 | 1.33% | -0.43% |
| 2067 | 1.43% | -0.43% |
| 2066 | 1.44% | -0.45% |
| 2065 | 1.52% | -0.45% |
| 2064 | 1.52% | -0.44% |
| 2063 | 1.55% | -0.44% |
| 2062 | 1.58% | -0.43% |
| 2061 | 1.68% | -0.42% |
| 2060 | 1.72% | -0.42% |
| 2059 | 1.72% | -0.4% |
| 2058 | 1.75% | -0.39% |
| 2057 | 1.8% | -0.39% |
| 2056 | 1.86% | -0.38% |
| 2055 | 1.86% | -0.37% |
| 2054 | 1.91% | -0.36% |
| 2053 | 1.95% | -0.36% |
| 2052 | 1.99% | -0.36% |
| 2051 | 2.02% | -0.36% |
| 2050 | 2.02% | -0.37% |
| 2049 | 2.12% | -0.37% |
| 2048 | 2.1% | -0.37% |
| 2047 | 2.14% | -0.38% |
| 2046 | 2.21% | -0.39% |
| 2045 | 2.19% | -0.39% |
| 2044 | 2.27% | -0.39% |
| 2043 | 2.3% | -0.4% |
| 2042 | 2.34% | -0.41% |
| 2041 | 2.31% | -0.41% |
| 2040 | 2.42% | -0.42% |
| 2039 | 2.46% | -0.42% |
| 2038 | 2.51% | -0.43% |
| 2037 | 2.58% | -0.42% |
| 2036 | 2.57% | -0.42% |
| 2035 | 2.62% | -0.41% |
| 2034 | 2.71% | -0.41% |
| 2033 | 2.78% | -0.4% |
| 2032 | 2.84% | -0.39% |
| 2031 | 2.86% | -0.38% |
| 2030 | 2.93% | -0.37% |
| 2029 | 3% | -0.36% |
| 2028 | 3.06% | -0.34% |
| 2027 | 2.64% | -0.34% |
| 2026 | 2.66% | -0.63% |
| 2025 | 3.47% | -0.5% |
| 2024 | 5.07% | -0.31% |
| 2023 | 4.68% | -0.13% |
| 2022 | 3.52% | -0.27% |
| 2021 | 3.5% | -0.41% |
| 2020 | 3.23% | -0.25% |
| 2019 | 3.27% | -0.13% |
| 2018 | 3.42% | -0.2% |
| 2017 | 3.36% | -0.34% |
| 2016 | 3.19% | -0.39% |
| 2015 | 3.23% | -0.36% |
| 2014 | 3.63% | -0.4% |
| 2013 | 3.63% | -0.48% |
| 2012 | 3.58% | -0.52% |
| 2011 | 3.59% | -0.28% |
| 2010 | 3.52% | -0.23% |
| 2009 | 3.64% | -0.15% |
| 2008 | 3.56% | -0.17% |
| 2007 | 3.5% | -0.15% |
| 2006 | 3.66% | -0.16% |
| 2005 | 4.11% | -0.2% |
| 2004 | 4.56% | -0.22% |
| 2003 | 4.08% | -0.29% |
| 2002 | 3.54% | -0.28% |
| 2001 | 3.43% | -0.23% |
| 2000 | 3.52% | -0.26% |
| 1999 | 3.58% | -0.28% |
| 1998 | 3.5% | -0.23% |
| 1997 | 3.51% | -0.2% |
| 1996 | 4.53% | -0.17% |
| 1995 | 4.51% | -0.14% |
| 1994 | 2.33% | -0.14% |
| 1993 | 2.39% | -0.11% |
| 1992 | 4.33% | -0.04% |
| 1991 | 3.72% | -0.006% |
| 1990 | 2.81% | -1.03% |
| 1989 | 3.45% | -1.08% |
| 1988 | 3.44% | -0.15% |
| 1987 | 3.57% | -0.17% |
| 1986 | 3.04% | -0.17% |
| 1985 | 1.01% | -0.18% |
| 1984 | 1.33% | -0.2% |
| 1983 | 5.08% | -0.15% |
| 1982 | 4.81% | -0.06% |
| 1981 | 0.12% | 0.007% |
| 1980 | 0.22% | 0.07% |
| 1979 | 2.13% | 0.18% |
| 1978 | 1.84% | 0.35% |
| 1977 | 1.89% | 0.47% |
| 1976 | 2.02% | 0.55% |
| 1975 | 2.18% | 0.59% |
| 1974 | 2.32% | 0.45% |
| 1973 | 2.38% | 0.32% |
| 1972 | 2.26% | 0.3% |
| 1971 | 2.13% | 0.29% |
| 1970 | 2.1% | 0.38% |
| 1969 | 2.04% | 0.42% |
| 1968 | 1.99% | 0.38% |
| 1967 | 1.96% | 0.37% |
| 1966 | 1.98% | 0.3% |
| 1965 | 2.02% | 0.28% |
| 1964 | 2.05% | 0.32% |
| 1963 | 2.06% | 0.27% |
| 1962 | 2.05% | 0.33% |
| 1961 | 2.04% | 0.45% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/hungary | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Chad grew by 3.47%, while Hungary's population declined by 0.5%.
Live population counters
|
Chad
|
Hungary
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
21855137
|
9454659
|
| Population rank | 64/197 | 97/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.26% | 0.11% |
| One net population change |
44.9 seconds
|
11 minutes
|
| One birth every |
35.9 seconds
|
6.7 minutes
|
| One death every |
2.34 minutes
|
4.1 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +1,930 | -131 |
| Annual growth/decline | +704,582 | -47,814 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.47% | -0.5% |
| Population growth rate rank | 6/197 | 184/197 |
| One migration net change every |
4.28 minutes
|
32.3 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -123,104 | -16,331 |
| Net migration rank | 184/196 | 149/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,269,673 | 689,565 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 50/195 | 71/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 6.3% | 7.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 83/195 | 79/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Hungary
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -123,104 | - | -16,331 |
| 2024 | 653,307 | 204,040 | -49,723 | 16,223 |
| 2023 | 605,924 | 496,830 | -41,247 | 49,213 |
| 2022 | 588,060 | 36,670 | -47,065 | 41,871 |
| 2021 | 554,851 | 74,509 | -61,638 | 20,372 |
| 2020 | 541,234 | 36,605 | -47,385 | 9,147 |
| 2019 | 530,540 | -29,451 | -36,840 | 34,339 |
| 2018 | 509,642 | 46,661 | -37,858 | 34,190 |
| 2017 | 494,304 | 16,916 | -37,934 | 20,200 |
| 2016 | 483,442 | 21,540 | -31,231 | 68 |
| 2015 | 478,010 | -48,918 | -39,191 | 13,856 |
| 2014 | 467,957 | 20,842 | -32,449 | 11,581 |
| 2013 | 454,517 | 51,887 | -36,529 | 5,635 |
| 2012 | 444,246 | 9,514 | -38,689 | 15,286 |
| 2011 | 428,989 | 29,256 | -40,884 | 1,859 |
| 2010 | 416,177 | 10,427 | -40,000 | 10,592 |
| 2009 | 401,937 | 9,108 | -34,077 | 17,281 |
| 2008 | 387,439 | 36,446 | -31,118 | 16,166 |
| 2007 | 376,732 | -11,339 | -35,195 | 13,697 |
| 2006 | 362,027 | 23,052 | -32,228 | 19,890 |
| 2005 | 352,302 | 19,281 | -38,331 | 16,925 |
| 2004 | 334,136 | 110,387 | -37,396 | 16,637 |
| 2003 | 314,740 | 105,140 | -41,531 | 13,879 |
| 2002 | 302,995 | 20,400 | -36,571 | 2,822 |
| 2001 | 297,254 | 3,484 | -35,657 | 10,386 |
| 2000 | 287,173 | -3,845 | -37,780 | 13,414 |
| 1999 | 278,264 | 17,175 | -49,140 | 12,819 |
| 1998 | 270,055 | 2,232 | -43,120 | 13,568 |
| 1997 | 261,030 | 3,631 | -38,075 | 14,186 |
| 1996 | 254,589 | 1,259 | -38,152 | 14,605 |
| 1995 | 234,010 | 152,232 | -34,086 | 14,927 |
| 1994 | 223,996 | 986 | -31,030 | 15,159 |
| 1993 | 229,984 | -146,386 | -33,144 | 15,540 |
| 1992 | 219,348 | 6,013 | -26,960 | 16,238 |
| 1991 | 200,102 | 112,492 | -17,635 | 16,873 |
| 1990 | 191,959 | -58,884 | -19,710 | 16,991 |
| 1989 | 188,485 | 4,924 | -20,963 | -16,991 |
| 1988 | 178,489 | 16,085 | -15,895 | -16,052 |
| 1987 | 156,797 | 23,220 | -15,919 | -16,175 |
| 1986 | 152,360 | 42,093 | -18,072 | -16,339 |
| 1985 | 145,845 | -30,686 | -18,103 | -15,890 |
| 1984 | 151,511 | -164,489 | -21,336 | -16,216 |
| 1983 | 144,684 | 247 | -21,379 | -16,047 |
| 1982 | 119,121 | 217,242 | -10,705 | -16,531 |
| 1981 | 111,907 | -13,232 | -2,142 | -16,869 |
| 1980 | 122,468 | -210,126 | 3,213 | -17,795 |
| 1979 | 117,780 | -9,974 | 23,549 | 3,629 |
| 1978 | 115,084 | -34,856 | 27,780 | 290 |
| 1977 | 113,498 | -34,318 | 45,787 | -54 |
| 1976 | 111,324 | -29,755 | 52,993 | -472 |
| 1975 | 109,315 | -22,768 | 63,243 | -335 |
| 1974 | 106,898 | -15,686 | 60,777 | 132 |
| 1973 | 104,418 | -10,737 | 33,382 | -1,512 |
| 1972 | 101,142 | -9,526 | 34,315 | -8 |
| 1971 | 89,404 | -9,153 | 26,956 | -15 |
| 1970 | 87,660 | -8,931 | 32,048 | -96 |
| 1969 | 83,413 | -8,714 | 38,105 | -333 |
| 1968 | 79,465 | -8,396 | 39,997 | -324 |
| 1967 | 76,142 | -7,771 | 39,845 | -414 |
| 1966 | 73,123 | -6,283 | 36,643 | -726 |
| 1965 | 70,913 | -4,384 | 24,355 | -537 |
| 1964 | 69,483 | -2,518 | 31,371 | -739 |
| 1963 | 67,414 | -1,228 | 32,282 | -822 |
| 1962 | 65,312 | -890 | 21,128 | -1,738 |
| 1961 | 63,639 | -760 | 44,123 | -1,177 |
| 1960 | 62,003 | -672 | 44,926 | -1,108 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/hungary | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 86.4% of the population change in Chad is from natural causes (a gain of 5,439,314 people) and 13.6% is from migration (a gain of 855,402 people). In Hungary 64.2% is from natural causes (a loss of 430,112 people) and 35.8% is from migration (a gain of 239,479 people).
As of 2024, 1,269,673 residents or 6.3% of the population were not native-born in Chad, compared to 689,565 people or 7.1% in Hungary.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Chad and Hungary
|
Chad
|
Hungary
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 55.6 years | 77.5 years |
| Average age | 21.2 years | 43.4 years |
| Median age | 16.9 years | 44.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 48.1:51.9 |
| Fertility rate | 6.03 births per woman | 1.41 births per woman |
| Population density | 44.4 ppl/mi² | 268.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/hungary | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.