Jamaica has a GDP of $22.7B compared to $1.28T for Saudi Arabia, ranking 125/197 and 19/197 by economy size, respectively.
Jamaica has $15.4B in government debt (67.7% of GDP), compared to $405B (31.7% of GDP) in Saudi Arabia.
Jamaica vs Saudi Arabia GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
| 2025 | $22,704,903,218 | $1,276,942,933,333 |
| 2024 | $22,014,429,051 | $1,254,140,800,000 |
| 2023 | $21,418,797,833 | $1,218,584,800,000 |
| 2022 | $18,813,516,805 | $1,239,075,200,000 |
| 2021 | $15,963,885,376 | $982,661,066,667 |
| 2020 | $15,000,214,216 | $767,951,200,000 |
| 2019 | $17,026,269,263 | $888,890,133,333 |
| 2018 | $16,855,447,986 | $886,564,800,000 |
| 2017 | $15,783,583,237 | $741,266,133,333 |
| 2016 | $14,898,999,754 | $689,279,466,667 |
| 2015 | $14,963,589,916 | $693,414,400,000 |
| 2014 | $13,899,217,680 | $787,153,066,667 |
| 2013 | $14,264,205,153 | $769,755,733,333 |
| 2012 | $14,807,086,556 | $751,921,333,333 |
| 2011 | $14,444,661,522 | $680,660,800,000 |
| 2010 | $13,220,549,908 | $528,207,466,667 |
| 2009 | $12,120,458,115 | $429,097,866,667 |
| 2008 | $13,709,401,520 | $519,796,800,000 |
| 2007 | $12,799,600,047 | $415,964,509,673 |
| 2006 | $11,930,179,090 | $376,900,133,511 |
| 2005 | $11,243,865,778 | $328,459,608,764 |
| 2004 | $10,174,664,854 | $258,742,133,333 |
| 2003 | $9,430,234,811 | $215,807,733,333 |
| 2002 | $9,719,009,495 | $189,605,866,667 |
| 2001 | $9,194,727,831 | $184,137,600,000 |
| 2000 | $9,005,064,475 | $189,514,933,333 |
| 1999 | $8,887,057,997 | $161,717,066,667 |
| 1998 | $8,787,195,622 | $146,775,466,667 |
| 1997 | $8,400,041,724 | $165,963,684,913 |
| 1996 | $7,393,891,921 | $158,662,483,311 |
| 1995 | $6,577,520,643 | $143,343,124,166 |
| 1994 | $5,452,558,947 | $135,174,899,866 |
| 1993 | $5,440,075,676 | $132,967,957,276 |
| 1992 | $3,535,460,090 | $137,087,850,467 |
| 1991 | $4,106,207,649 | $132,223,230,975 |
| 1990 | $4,592,208,087 | $117,630,173,565 |
| 1989 | $4,404,937,853 | $95,344,459,279 |
| 1988 | $3,828,342,820 | $88,256,074,766 |
| 1987 | $3,287,007,322 | $85,695,861,148 |
| 1986 | $2,754,549,582 | $86,961,922,765 |
| 1985 | $2,100,239,019 | $103,897,846,494 |
| 1984 | $2,373,564,549 | $119,624,858,116 |
| 1983 | $3,619,262,277 | $129,171,635,311 |
| 1982 | $3,293,496,312 | $153,240,313,858 |
| 1981 | $2,979,027,966 | $184,291,360,139 |
| 1980 | $2,679,379,372 | $164,539,660,725 |
| 1979 | $2,425,064,229 | $111,858,444,786 |
| 1978 | $2,644,527,822 | $80,266,516,687 |
| 1977 | $3,249,733,140 | $74,188,986,586 |
| 1976 | $2,966,042,856 | $64,005,665,722 |
| 1975 | $2,860,442,750 | $46,773,208,643 |
| 1974 | $2,375,122,375 | $45,412,957,746 |
| 1973 | $1,905,917,553 | $14,947,435,499 |
| 1972 | $1,875,146,587 | $9,664,267,087 |
| 1971 | $1,539,861,816 | $7,184,806,909 |
| 1970 | $1,404,720,442 | $5,377,333,333 |
| 1969 | $1,191,239,047 | $4,485,777,644 |
| 1968 | $1,083,839,133 | $4,187,777,711 |
| 1967 | $1,148,014,311 | $3,257,022,223 |
| 1966 | $1,096,759,561 | $2,920,555,557 |
| 1965 | $972,159,611 | $2,647,955,558 |
| 1964 | $897,949,001 | $2,371,808,713 |
| 1963 | $826,706,669 | $2,207,393,172 |
| 1962 | $777,727,689 | $2,130,606,532 |
| 1961 | $748,043,501 | $1,920,811,284 |
| 1960 | $699,064,380 | $1,748,124,064 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saudi-arabia | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Jamaica vs Saudi Arabia by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $8,003 | - | $34,537 | - |
| 2024 | $7,754 | $12,890 | $35,528 | $71,375 |
| 2023 | $7,542 | $12,651 | $36,157 | $71,565 |
| 2022 | $6,626 | $11,888 | $38,510 | $71,968 |
| 2021 | $5,626 | $10,431 | $31,921 | $62,690 |
| 2020 | $5,299 | $9,764 | $24,339 | $47,518 |
| 2019 | $6,031 | $10,845 | $29,567 | $59,560 |
| 2018 | $5,977 | $10,753 | $29,360 | $59,378 |
| 2017 | $5,605 | $10,466 | $23,929 | $53,120 |
| 2016 | $5,302 | $9,948 | $22,268 | $49,937 |
| 2015 | $5,339 | $9,476 | $23,256 | $53,931 |
| 2014 | $4,975 | $9,210 | $27,805 | $62,578 |
| 2013 | $5,124 | $9,101 | $27,865 | $62,203 |
| 2012 | $5,341 | $8,831 | $28,733 | $65,034 |
| 2011 | $5,233 | $8,809 | $27,127 | $64,125 |
| 2010 | $4,810 | $8,521 | $22,028 | $58,829 |
| 2009 | $4,428 | $8,580 | $17,718 | $54,787 |
| 2008 | $5,030 | $8,952 | $22,320 | $57,236 |
| 2007 | $4,716 | $8,893 | $18,596 | $55,030 |
| 2006 | $4,417 | $8,577 | $17,564 | $54,639 |
| 2005 | $4,184 | $8,127 | $15,976 | $53,548 |
| 2004 | $3,808 | $7,854 | $13,154 | $51,225 |
| 2003 | $3,550 | $7,593 | $11,487 | $48,078 |
| 2002 | $3,681 | $7,226 | $10,586 | $45,466 |
| 2001 | $3,504 | $7,019 | $10,805 | $47,381 |
| 2000 | $3,453 | $6,816 | $11,715 | $48,644 |
| 1999 | $3,432 | $6,653 | $10,452 | $47,495 |
| 1998 | $3,419 | $6,543 | $9,836 | $48,867 |
| 1997 | $3,297 | $6,682 | $11,545 | $48,796 |
| 1996 | $2,929 | $6,706 | $11,472 | $48,569 |
| 1995 | $2,631 | $6,657 | $10,786 | $48,052 |
| 1994 | $2,203 | $6,435 | $10,602 | $48,904 |
| 1993 | $2,221 | $6,279 | $10,885 | $49,503 |
| 1992 | $1,458 | $5,664 | $11,730 | $50,355 |
| 1991 | $1,710 | $5,485 | $11,847 | $49,295 |
| 1990 | $1,930 | $5,106 | $11,055 | $46,214 |
| 1989 | $1,865 | - | $9,414 | - |
| 1988 | $1,632 | - | $9,165 | - |
| 1987 | $1,411 | - | $9,386 | - |
| 1986 | $1,191 | - | $10,078 | - |
| 1985 | $917 | - | $12,745 | - |
| 1984 | $1,048 | - | $15,541 | - |
| 1983 | $1,619 | - | $17,810 | - |
| 1982 | $1,494 | - | $22,454 | - |
| 1981 | $1,370 | - | $28,703 | - |
| 1980 | $1,249 | - | $27,206 | - |
| 1979 | $1,144 | - | $19,612 | - |
| 1978 | $1,262 | - | $14,914 | - |
| 1977 | $1,569 | - | $14,595 | - |
| 1976 | $1,450 | - | $13,313 | - |
| 1975 | $1,417 | - | $10,266 | - |
| 1974 | $1,193 | - | $10,503 | - |
| 1973 | $972 | - | $3,640 | - |
| 1972 | $971 | - | $2,474 | - |
| 1971 | $809 | - | $1,929 | - |
| 1970 | $748 | - | $1,509 | - |
| 1969 | $642 | - | $1,313 | - |
| 1968 | $591 | - | $1,276 | - |
| 1967 | $633 | - | $1,032 | - |
| 1966 | $612 | - | $961 | - |
| 1965 | $549 | - | $904 | - |
| 1964 | $514 | - | $840 | - |
| 1963 | $480 | - | $812 | - |
| 1962 | $458 | - | $813 | - |
| 1961 | $447 | - | $760 | - |
| 1960 | $424 | - | $718 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saudi-arabia | CC BY
Jamaica's GDP per capita is $8,003, ranking 98/197, compared to $34,537 in Saudi Arabia, ranking 36/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Jamaica ranks 121st at $12,890, while Saudi Arabia ranks 24th at $71,375.
Economic indicators
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$22.7B
2025 |
$1.28T
2025 |
| GDP rank |
125/197
2025 |
19/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
0.08%
2024-2025 |
4.5%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$8,003
2025 |
$34,537
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
98/197
2025 |
36/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$12,890
2024 |
$71,375
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
121/197
2024 |
24/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$15.4B
2025 |
$405B
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
67.7%
2025 |
31.7%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$5,419
2025 |
$10,956
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
80/185
2025 |
57/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$8,390
2026 |
$22,010
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$11.6B
2025 |
$2.36T
2025 |
| Number of millionaires | n/a |
348,000
2026 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
15
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
29.6%
2021 |
n/a |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.2%
2021 |
n/a |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
33.8%
2025 |
29%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
4%
2024-2025 |
2.08%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
5.75%
2025 |
4.25%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.02%
2023 |
3.24%
2025 |
| Population |
2834177
|
37955120
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 33.8% | 67.7% | 29% | 31.7% |
| 2024 | 30.1% | 62.5% | 29.2% | 25.9% |
| 2023 | 27.7% | 66.5% | 28.3% | 23% |
| 2022 | 27.1% | 70.2% | 25.3% | 21.3% |
| 2021 | 27.6% | 86.3% | 28.2% | 25.5% |
| 2020 | 30.1% | 101.3% | 37.4% | 29.7% |
| 2019 | 27.5% | 87.7% | 31.8% | 20.3% |
| 2018 | 27.5% | 88.3% | 32.4% | 16.8% |
| 2017 | 26.9% | 95.1% | 30.9% | 15.9% |
| 2016 | 26.5% | 106.9% | 33.3% | 12.2% |
| 2015 | 25.9% | 115.9% | 38.5% | 5.47% |
| 2014 | 26.1% | 134.4% | 38.6% | 1.5% |
| 2013 | 26.3% | 135.2% | 34.5% | 2.08% |
| 2012 | 29.1% | 140.3% | 32.5% | 2.97% |
| 2011 | 31.2% | 135.9% | 32.4% | 5.31% |
| 2010 | 32.3% | 137.8% | 33% | 8.43% |
| 2009 | 37.7% | 138.3% | 37.1% | 14% |
| 2008 | 33.9% | 123.8% | 26.7% | 12.1% |
| 2007 | 30.6% | 111.6% | 29.5% | 17.1% |
| 2006 | 30.1% | 114.2% | 27.3% | 25.8% |
| 2005 | 28.6% | 121.5% | 28.2% | 37.3% |
| 2004 | 30.7% | 116.9% | 31.1% | 62.9% |
| 2003 | 31.1% | 120.1% | 33.1% | 81.6% |
| 2002 | 30.1% | 115.4% | 35.9% | 96.4% |
| 2001 | 27.8% | 105.3% | 36.9% | 93.1% |
| 2000 | 25.7% | 89.5% | 33.1% | 86.7% |
| 1999 | 27.9% | 80.7% | 30.3% | 103% |
| 1998 | 27.9% | 75.6% | 34.5% | 101.5% |
| 1997 | 27.6% | 74.4% | 35.6% | 76.7% |
| 1996 | 27.4% | 70.2% | 33.3% | 75.2% |
| 1995 | 22.1% | 85.2% | 32.4% | 74.2% |
| 1994 | 19.9% | 90.4% | 33.8% | 67.9% |
| 1993 | 19.6% | 106.2% | 37.7% | 58.6% |
| 1992 | 18.2% | 100.4% | 41.2% | 47.8% |
| 1991 | 19.9% | 175.1% | 34.9% | 39.4% |
| 1990 | 22.6% | 128.8% | 39.3% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1990–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saudi-arabia | CC BY
In 2025, Jamaica's government spending was $7.68B, accounting for 33.8% of its GDP, while Saudi Arabia spent $370B, or 29% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 67.7% in Jamaica and 31.7% in Saudi Arabia, ranking 62/185 and 151/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
| 2025 | -3.77% | -5.77% |
| 2024 | 0.22% | -2.46% |
| 2023 | 0.04% | -1.77% |
| 2022 | 0.26% | 2.24% |
| 2021 | 0.84% | -1.99% |
| 2020 | -2.87% | -10.2% |
| 2019 | 0.85% | -3.96% |
| 2018 | 1.1% | -5.21% |
| 2017 | 0.42% | -8.57% |
| 2016 | -0.18% | -13.2% |
| 2015 | -0.28% | -14.9% |
| 2014 | -0.48% | -3.4% |
| 2013 | 0.12% | 5.47% |
| 2012 | -3.97% | 11.7% |
| 2011 | -6.24% | 11.4% |
| 2010 | -6.17% | 4.39% |
| 2009 | -10.8% | -5.38% |
| 2008 | -7.32% | 29.8% |
| 2007 | -3.7% | 11.8% |
| 2006 | -4.74% | 20.8% |
| 2005 | -3.22% | 18% |
| 2004 | -4.56% | 9.72% |
| 2003 | -5.42% | 1.2% |
| 2002 | -6.55% | -5.91% |
| 2001 | -4.77% | -3.91% |
| 2000 | -0.78% | 3.18% |
| 1999 | -3.41% | -5.99% |
| 1998 | -5.73% | -8.88% |
| 1997 | -6.39% | -2.51% |
| 1996 | -5.25% | -3.25% |
| 1995 | 1.53% | -5.12% |
| 1994 | 2.4% | -8.31% |
| 1993 | 2.37% | -9.33% |
| 1992 | 2.83% | -8.12% |
| 1991 | 3.14% | -3.28% |
| 1990 | 2.06% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saudi-arabia | CC BY
In 2025, Jamaica's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $856M, equivalent to 3.77% of GDP. This compares to Saudi Arabia's deficit of $73.7B, or 5.77% of GDP.
Over the past 35 years, Jamaica recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Saudi Arabia ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Jamaica posted an annual deficit equal to 2.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.34% of GDP for Saudi Arabia.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
| 2025 | 4% | 2.08% |
| 2024 | 5.41% | 1.69% |
| 2023 | 6.47% | 2.33% |
| 2022 | 10.3% | 2.47% |
| 2021 | 5.86% | 3.06% |
| 2020 | 5.23% | 3.37% |
| 2019 | 3.91% | -1.19% |
| 2018 | 3.74% | 2.47% |
| 2017 | 4.38% | -0.83% |
| 2016 | 2.35% | 2.05% |
| 2015 | 3.69% | 1.22% |
| 2014 | 8.27% | 2.24% |
| 2013 | 9.34% | 3.51% |
| 2012 | 6.87% | 2.87% |
| 2011 | 7.56% | 5.83% |
| 2010 | 12.6% | 5.34% |
| 2009 | 9.59% | 5.06% |
| 2008 | 22% | 9.87% |
| 2007 | 9.24% | 4.17% |
| 2006 | 8.56% | 2.21% |
| 2005 | 15.1% | 0.48% |
| 2004 | 13.6% | 0.52% |
| 2003 | 10.1% | 0.61% |
| 2002 | 7.08% | 0.25% |
| 2001 | 6.8% | -1.12% |
| 2000 | 8.17% | -1.12% |
| 1999 | 5.95% | -1.33% |
| 1998 | 8.63% | -0.37% |
| 1997 | 9.66% | 0.06% |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saudi-arabia | CC BY
Over the past 29 years, Jamaica has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.08%, compared with 1.99% in Saudi Arabia. In 2025, inflation was 4% in Jamaica and 2.08% in Saudi Arabia.
Top exports between countries
|
Jamaica
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $112K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $57K |
| Miscellaneous | $33K |
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Chemicals & pharma | $172K |
| Metals | $50K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $41K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $14K |
| Miscellaneous | $2K |
Balance of trade
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$679M
2024 |
-$32.7B
2025 |
| Current account balance ranking |
53/190
2024 |
185/190
2025 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+3.08%
2024 |
-2.56%
2025 |
| Goods imports |
$6.07B
2024 |
$230B
2025 |
| Goods exports |
$1.87B
2024 |
$311B
2025 |
| Service imports |
$3.46B
2024 |
$129B
2025 |
| Service exports |
$5.26B
2024 |
$69.4B
2025 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
52.1%
2019 |
28.2%
2025 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
38%
2019 |
29.7%
2025 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 68.2 | 65.4 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 48/197 | 65/197 |
| Property rights | 66.8 | 51.4 |
| Government integrity | 49.4 | 52.7 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 75.6 | 38.2 |
| Tax burden | 76.3 | 99.2 |
| Government spending | 76 | 77 |
| Fiscal health | 92.2 | 97.9 |
| Business freedom | 68.5 | 71.2 |
| Labor freedom | 59.2 | 41.8 |
| Monetary freedom | 74.2 | 81.2 |
| Trade freedom | 70.4 | 73.8 |
| Investment freedom | 60 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 50 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
| 2026 | 68.2 | 65.4 |
| 2025 | 68.7 | 64.4 |
| 2024 | 68.1 | 61.9 |
| 2023 | 68.1 | 58.3 |
| 2022 | 67.4 | 55.5 |
| 2021 | 69 | 66 |
| 2020 | 68.5 | 62.4 |
| 2019 | 68.6 | 60.7 |
| 2018 | 69.1 | 59.6 |
| 2017 | 69.5 | 64.4 |
| 2016 | 67.5 | 62.1 |
| 2015 | 67.7 | 62.1 |
| 2014 | 66.7 | 62.2 |
| 2013 | 66.8 | 60.6 |
| 2012 | 65.1 | 62.5 |
| 2011 | 65.7 | 66.2 |
| 2010 | 65.5 | 64.1 |
| 2009 | 65.2 | 64.3 |
| 2008 | 65.7 | 62.5 |
| 2007 | 65.5 | 60.9 |
| 2006 | 66.4 | 63 |
| 2005 | 67 | 63 |
| 2004 | 66.7 | 60.4 |
| 2003 | 67 | 63.2 |
| 2002 | 61.7 | 65.3 |
| 2001 | 63.7 | 62.2 |
| 2000 | 65.5 | 66.5 |
| 1999 | 64.7 | 65.5 |
| 1998 | 67.1 | 69.3 |
| 1997 | 67.7 | 68.7 |
| 1996 | 66.7 | 68.3 |
| 1995 | 64.4 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saudi-arabia | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Jamaica is 68.2, ranking 48/197, compared to 65.4 for Saudi Arabia, ranking 65/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Jamaica
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
59.8%
2025 |
48.9%
2025 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
16.3%
2025 |
43%
2025 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
8.74%
2025 |
2.59%
2025 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$22.1B
2025 |
$1.33T
2025 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$13,090
2025 |
$74,400
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$6.3B
2025 |
$505B
2025 |
| Total reserves ranking |
92/177
2025 |
8/177
2025 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$304M
2024 |
-$5.6B
2025 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$305M
2024 |
$21.3B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.07M
2024 |
$27.6B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
11.3%
2024 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
8.2%
2023 |
n/a |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
22.6%
2019 |
31.6%
2025 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1990–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.