Iraq has a GDP of $280B compared to $11B for Malawi, ranking 51/197 and 151/197 by economy size, respectively.
Iraq has $120B in government debt (50.2% of GDP), compared to $8.19B (73% of GDP) in Malawi.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | $1,537,252,193 | $7,007,485,325 | - | $944,667,422 |
| 1961 | $1,671,960,965 | $7,520,837,448 | - | $1,016,836,214 |
| 1962 | $1,784,174,541 | $7,867,047,599 | - | $1,023,632,389 |
| 1963 | $1,805,901,510 | $8,059,609,508 | - | $1,009,392,859 |
| 1964 | $2,136,408,198 | $9,254,568,662 | - | $1,036,253,845 |
| 1965 | $2,335,785,506 | $10,250,719,342 | - | $1,177,355,282 |
| 1966 | $2,530,306,096 | $10,759,449,895 | - | $1,333,343,511 |
| 1967 | $2,551,522,656 | $9,806,505,272 | - | $1,430,431,584 |
| 1968 | $2,896,598,841 | $11,719,960,412 | - | $1,402,923,252 |
| 1969 | $3,007,758,797 | $12,100,177,781 | - | $1,485,448,247 |
| 1970 | $3,281,318,687 | $12,650,053,065 | - | $1,492,567,971 |
| 1971 | $3,865,346,535 | $13,329,936,812 | - | $1,734,641,057 |
| 1972 | $4,113,848,002 | $13,827,850,447 | - | $1,842,732,595 |
| 1973 | $5,134,367,778 | $14,438,869,358 | - | $1,885,127,636 |
| 1974 | $11,516,762,614 | $16,765,457,418 | - | $2,020,403,709 |
| 1975 | $13,458,516,763 | $18,859,574,485 | - | $2,143,382,123 |
| 1976 | $17,754,825,601 | $22,098,725,967 | - | $2,250,502,601 |
| 1977 | $19,838,130,715 | $22,518,592,787 | - | $2,361,183,025 |
| 1978 | $23,762,275,652 | $26,359,581,202 | - | $2,591,281,917 |
| 1979 | $37,816,457,839 | $31,860,629,534 | - | $2,705,198,654 |
| 1980 | $52,569,000,000 | $39,747,322,740 | $1,801,156,775 | $2,716,201,952 |
| 1981 | $37,823,000,000 | $39,457,673,065 | $1,801,193,910 | $2,572,511,629 |
| 1982 | $42,382,333,333 | $40,812,640,889 | $1,717,379,495 | $2,636,913,268 |
| 1983 | $40,712,903,226 | $35,477,076,846 | $1,780,148,049 | $2,734,972,403 |
| 1984 | $46,938,387,097 | $34,950,156,507 | $1,758,028,656 | $2,881,575,239 |
| 1985 | $48,425,161,290 | $35,458,295,527 | $1,646,442,273 | $3,013,291,524 |
| 1986 | $47,264,516,129 | $37,106,251,927 | $1,722,586,299 | $3,006,818,902 |
| 1987 | $56,774,193,548 | $40,559,093,083 | $1,721,711,808 | $3,055,686,904 |
| 1988 | $62,684,516,129 | $40,551,371,874 | $2,008,189,508 | $3,152,774,981 |
| 1989 | $65,831,935,484 | $39,286,763,062 | $2,314,205,130 | $3,195,170,016 |
| 1990 | $180,408,064,516 | $62,001,516,292 | $2,737,087,862 | $3,377,048,507 |
| 1991 | $407,796,350 | $22,291,338,827 | $3,206,783,830 | $3,671,872,669 |
| 1992 | $553,671,958 | $29,556,579,056 | $2,618,837,835 | $3,402,615,041 |
| 1993 | $1,031,944,881 | $38,509,216,456 | $3,013,392,658 | $3,732,391,067 |
| 1994 | $3,991,349,283 | $39,993,566,700 | $1,719,864,761 | $3,350,187,440 |
| 1995 | $12,894,029,888 | $40,841,438,912 | $2,033,701,498 | $3,910,634,176 |
| 1996 | $10,433,698,621 | $45,342,486,348 | $3,319,573,750 | $4,196,762,834 |
| 1997 | $20,764,857,056 | $54,972,294,638 | $3,875,785,863 | $4,355,921,669 |
| 1998 | $20,617,405,044 | $74,213,129,684 | $2,547,609,590 | $4,525,595,860 |
| 1999 | $36,881,601,584 | $87,259,924,322 | $2,584,478,924 | $4,663,277,074 |
| 2000 | $48,364,250,944 | $101,916,218,527 | $2,537,307,580 | $4,736,773,940 |
| 2001 | $36,176,430,129 | $103,716,679,378 | $2,498,008,665 | $4,501,121,160 |
| 2002 | $32,928,454,672 | $95,208,069,161 | $5,087,328,438 | $4,577,640,221 |
| 2003 | $21,921,569,479 | $60,307,856,289 | $4,669,789,300 | $4,838,823,865 |
| 2004 | $36,633,669,269 | $92,503,535,427 | $5,058,726,350 | $5,101,112,195 |
| 2005 | $50,065,104,668 | $94,053,181,142 | $5,320,409,651 | $5,267,853,576 |
| 2006 | $65,147,051,918 | $99,356,180,856 | $5,818,279,739 | $5,515,442,682 |
| 2007 | $88,837,057,320 | $101,232,561,441 | $6,451,210,219 | $6,044,925,173 |
| 2008 | $131,614,434,154 | $109,562,085,020 | $7,743,617,352 | $6,506,741,521 |
| 2009 | $111,657,580,326 | $113,264,515,567 | $9,009,887,947 | $7,048,630,103 |
| 2010 | $138,516,722,650 | $120,516,349,622 | $10,128,323,011 | $7,533,157,578 |
| 2011 | $185,749,664,444 | $129,611,081,239 | $11,648,142,958 | $7,904,743,382 |
| 2012 | $218,002,476,129 | $147,674,239,073 | $8,773,203,178 | $8,054,933,506 |
| 2013 | $234,637,675,129 | $158,939,252,264 | $8,031,571,928 | $8,490,733,601 |
| 2014 | $228,415,656,175 | $162,537,141,324 | $8,801,326,169 | $8,968,360,291 |
| 2015 | $166,774,104,959 | $166,774,104,959 | $9,219,474,379 | $9,219,474,379 |
| 2016 | $166,743,557,748 | $189,767,872,908 | $7,909,868,618 | $9,449,961,239 |
| 2017 | $187,217,660,051 | $186,314,571,375 | $8,943,543,794 | $9,827,959,688 |
| 2018 | $227,367,469,034 | $191,221,819,559 | $9,879,231,592 | $10,255,826,274 |
| 2019 | $233,636,097,800 | $201,765,390,224 | $11,051,865,580 | $10,842,133,934 |
| 2020 | $180,898,797,517 | $177,479,307,670 | $11,769,313,598 | $10,928,176,722 |
| 2021 | $209,691,945,713 | $180,145,367,593 | $12,378,129,751 | $11,426,314,940 |
| 2022 | $287,372,232,138 | $194,483,223,959 | $12,429,060,151 | $11,531,564,449 |
| 2023 | $268,881,051,644 | $195,490,074,355 | $12,712,150,082 | $11,749,794,461 |
| 2024 | $279,641,257,615 | $192,469,260,104 | $11,008,925,323 | $11,964,445,581 |
Economic indicators
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$280B
2024 |
$11B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
51/197
2024 |
151/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
4%
2023-2024 |
-13.4%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$6,074
2024 |
$508
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
114/197
2024 |
195/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$14,464
2024 |
$1,859
2024 |
| Government debt |
$120B
2024 |
$8.19B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
50.2%
2025 |
73%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$2,606
2024 |
$378
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
108/185
2024 |
173/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$6,159
2025 |
$2,610
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
24.2%
2023 |
31%
2019 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.7%
2023 |
2.9%
2019 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
42.1%
2025 |
28%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
-12.3%
2023-2024 |
28.2%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
26%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
16.2%
2021 |
0.91%
2020 |
| Population |
47813338
|
22673513
|
GDP per capita in Iraq vs Malawi
Iraq's GDP per capita is $6,074, ranking 114/197, compared to $508 in Malawi, ranking 195/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Iraq ranks 115th at $14,464, while Malawi ranks 189th at $1,859.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | $218.9 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $232.4 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $240.7 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $235.5 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $269.4 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $284.8 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $298.2 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $290.6 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $319 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $320 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $337 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $384 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $394 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $476 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $1,031 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $1,166 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $1,489 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $1,609 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $1,863 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $2,871 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $3,868 | - | $287.5 | - |
| 1981 | $2,700 | - | $276.4 | - |
| 1982 | $2,942 | - | $253.3 | - |
| 1983 | $2,743 | - | $252.4 | - |
| 1984 | $3,066 | - | $239.7 | - |
| 1985 | $3,088 | - | $216.1 | - |
| 1986 | $2,940 | - | $217.9 | - |
| 1987 | $3,436 | - | $207.6 | - |
| 1988 | $3,707 | - | $229.4 | - |
| 1989 | $3,791 | - | $252.2 | - |
| 1990 | $10,261 | - | $286.7 | $672 |
| 1991 | $23 | $2,694 | $326 | $732 |
| 1992 | $30.3 | $3,547 | $258.4 | $674 |
| 1993 | $53.7 | $4,509 | $293 | $746 |
| 1994 | $198.2 | $4,560 | $169.2 | $692 |
| 1995 | $619 | $4,598 | $200.4 | $825 |
| 1996 | $485 | $5,034 | $321 | $884 |
| 1997 | $936 | $6,020 | $367 | $915 |
| 1998 | $901 | $7,964 | $236 | $941 |
| 1999 | $1,560 | $9,194 | $233.9 | $961 |
| 2000 | $1,980 | $10,628 | $224.2 | $974 |
| 2001 | $1,436 | $10,720 | $215.5 | $924 |
| 2002 | $1,266 | $9,682 | $428 | $931 |
| 2003 | $818 | $6,068 | $383 | $979 |
| 2004 | $1,328 | $9,290 | $405 | $1,033 |
| 2005 | $1,762 | $9,457 | $414 | $1,071 |
| 2006 | $2,277 | $10,223 | $441 | $1,124 |
| 2007 | $3,129 | $10,783 | $475 | $1,231 |
| 2008 | $4,543 | $11,657 | $554 | $1,311 |
| 2009 | $3,715 | $11,687 | $626 | $1,388 |
| 2010 | $4,462 | $12,186 | $683 | $1,458 |
| 2011 | $5,776 | $12,912 | $763 | $1,516 |
| 2012 | $6,478 | $14,402 | $558 | $1,464 |
| 2013 | $6,650 | $14,669 | $497 | $1,558 |
| 2014 | $6,249 | $13,168 | $530 | $1,506 |
| 2015 | $4,440 | $9,334 | $540 | $1,403 |
| 2016 | $4,334 | $9,079 | $451 | $1,410 |
| 2017 | $4,759 | $10,192 | $496 | $1,380 |
| 2018 | $5,647 | $12,034 | $533 | $1,364 |
| 2019 | $5,672 | $12,249 | $581 | $1,450 |
| 2020 | $4,295 | $10,574 | $603 | $1,513 |
| 2021 | $4,868 | $12,732 | $617 | $1,688 |
| 2022 | $6,521 | $14,391 | $604 | $1,778 |
| 2023 | $5,965 | $14,653 | $602 | $1,830 |
| 2024 | $6,074 | $14,464 | $508 | $1,859 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Iraq's government spending was $113B, accounting for 42.1% of its GDP, while Malawi's spent $2.91B, or 28% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.2% in Iraq and 73% in Malawi, ranking 109/185 and 52/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2002 | - | - | 13.8% | 101.5% |
| 2003 | - | - | 15.4% | 84.7% |
| 2004 | 91.5% | 344% | 17.2% | 74.7% |
| 2005 | 63.2% | 227.3% | 17.4% | 70.9% |
| 2006 | 50.3% | 143.2% | 17.8% | 17.9% |
| 2007 | 44% | 117.1% | 20.7% | 18.9% |
| 2008 | 57.3% | 74.2% | 20.6% | 23.5% |
| 2009 | 61.1% | 87.4% | 20.2% | 23.5% |
| 2010 | 49.6% | 53.5% | 19.6% | 19.3% |
| 2011 | 43.4% | 40.7% | 17% | 20% |
| 2012 | 42.9% | 34.8% | 18.8% | 28.6% |
| 2013 | 48.2% | 32% | 20.7% | 35.3% |
| 2014 | 43.8% | 27.6% | 18.3% | 33.5% |
| 2015 | 43.5% | 48.3% | 19.5% | 35.5% |
| 2016 | 42.4% | 60.3% | 19.7% | 37.1% |
| 2017 | 35.5% | 55.9% | 21% | 40% |
| 2018 | 31.1% | 44.4% | 19.4% | 40.8% |
| 2019 | 34.7% | 41.7% | 19.3% | 41.2% |
| 2020 | 41.9% | 72.5% | 22.7% | 53.9% |
| 2021 | 36.3% | 54.7% | 23.7% | 66.5% |
| 2022 | 33.9% | 39% | 26.7% | 75.5% |
| 2023 | 41.2% | 42.1% | 25.5% | 86.1% |
| 2024 | 40.4% | 42.9% | 26.4% | 74.4% |
| 2025 | 42.1% | 50.2% | 28% | 73% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Iraq's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$4.17B, equivalent to -1.49% of GDP. This compares to Malawi's deficit of -$891M, or -8.1% of GDP.
Over the past 21 years, Iraq recorded a fiscal deficit in 13 of those years, while Malawi ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Iraq posted an annual deficit equal to -2.93% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.19% of GDP for Malawi.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|
| 2002 | - | -4.47% |
| 2003 | - | -2.6% |
| 2004 | -35.4% | -2.61% |
| 2005 | 4.07% | -1.63% |
| 2006 | 10.7% | -0.05% |
| 2007 | 9.98% | -2.56% |
| 2008 | -0.86% | -2.92% |
| 2009 | -14.9% | -2.97% |
| 2010 | -4.18% | 0.63% |
| 2011 | 4.74% | -2.85% |
| 2012 | 4.09% | -1.45% |
| 2013 | -6.06% | -3.73% |
| 2014 | -5.63% | -3.08% |
| 2015 | -12.8% | -4.17% |
| 2016 | -14.4% | -4.9% |
| 2017 | -1.52% | -5.15% |
| 2018 | 7.69% | -4.35% |
| 2019 | 0.83% | -4.55% |
| 2020 | -12.8% | -8.03% |
| 2021 | -0.38% | -8.34% |
| 2022 | 8.1% | -9.32% |
| 2023 | -1.14% | -7.84% |
| 2024 | -1.49% | -8.1% |
| 2025 | -4.18% | -8.94% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Iraq has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.97%, compared with 18.1% in Malawi. In 2024, inflation was -12.3% in Iraq and 28.2% in Malawi.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
| 1996 | -16.1% | 37.7% | |
| 1997 | 23.1% | 9.1% | |
| 1998 | 14.8% | 29.8% | |
| 1999 | 12.6% | 44.8% | |
| 2000 | 4.98% | 29.6% | |
| 2001 | 16.4% | 22.7% | |
| 2002 | 19.3% | 14.7% | |
| 2003 | 33.6% | 9.6% | |
| 2004 | 27% | 11.4% | |
| 2005 | 37% | 15.5% | |
| 2006 | 53.2% | 13.9% | |
| 2007 | -10.1% | 7.9% | |
| 2008 | 12.7% | 8.7% | |
| 2009 | 6.87% | 8.4% | |
| 2010 | 2.88% | 7.4% | |
| 2011 | 5.8% | 7.6% | |
| 2012 | 6.09% | 21.3% | |
| 2013 | 1.88% | 28.3% | |
| 2014 | 2.24% | 23.8% | |
| 2015 | 1.39% | 21.9% | |
| 2016 | 0.56% | 21.7% | |
| 2017 | 0.18% | 11.5% | |
| 2018 | 0.37% | 9.2% | |
| 2019 | -0.2% | 9.4% | |
| 2020 | 0.57% | 8.6% | |
| 2021 | 6.04% | 9.3% | |
| 2022 | 4.99% | 20.8% | |
| 2023 | 4.36% | 28.8% | |
| 2024 | -12.3% | 32.2% | |
| 2025 | - | 28.2% | |
Balance of trade
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$28.4B
2023 |
-$2.28B
2023 |
| Current account balance ranking |
17/189
2023 |
144/189
2023 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+10.6%
2023 |
-17.9%
2023 |
| Goods imports |
$56B
2023 |
$3B
2023 |
| Goods exports |
$99.1B
2023 |
$1.05B
2023 |
| Service imports |
$25.2B
2023 |
$998M
2023 |
| Service exports |
$8.7B
2023 |
$475M
2023 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
37.2%
2024 |
n/a |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
37.5%
2024 |
14%
2025 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 15.6 | 50.9 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 196/197 | 160/197 |
| Property rights | 6.3 | 49.4 |
| Government integrity | 19.9 | 34.4 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 7.1 | 52.3 |
| Tax burden | 95.5 | 77.1 |
| Government spending | 65.3 | 79.4 |
| Fiscal health | 94.7 | 3.3 |
| Business freedom | 43.1 | 31.3 |
| Labor freedom | 56.8 | 56 |
| Monetary freedom | 67.1 | 58.3 |
| Trade freedom | 40 | 68.8 |
| Investment freedom | 10 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 10 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Iraq is 15.6, ranking 196/197, compared to 50.9 for Malawi, ranking 160/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|
| 1995 | - | 54.7 |
| 1996 | 17.2 | 56.2 |
| 1997 | 17.2 | 53.4 |
| 1998 | 17.2 | 54.1 |
| 1999 | 17.2 | 54 |
| 2000 | 17.2 | 57.4 |
| 2001 | 17.2 | 56.2 |
| 2002 | 15.6 | 56.9 |
| 2003 | - | 53.2 |
| 2004 | - | 53.6 |
| 2005 | - | 53.6 |
| 2006 | - | 55.4 |
| 2007 | - | 52.9 |
| 2008 | - | 52.7 |
| 2009 | - | 53.7 |
| 2010 | - | 54.1 |
| 2011 | - | 55.8 |
| 2012 | - | 56.4 |
| 2013 | - | 55.3 |
| 2014 | - | 55.4 |
| 2015 | - | 54.8 |
| 2016 | - | 51.8 |
| 2017 | - | 52.2 |
| 2018 | - | 52 |
| 2019 | - | 51.4 |
| 2020 | - | 52.8 |
| 2021 | - | 53 |
| 2022 | - | 53 |
| 2023 | - | 52.8 |
| 2024 | - | 52.1 |
| 2025 | - | 50.9 |
More economic indicators
|
Iraq
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
45.8%
2024 |
44.9%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
51.6%
2024 |
16%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
3.39%
2024 |
32.4%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$278B
2024 |
$11.8B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$14,550
2024 |
$1,790
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$101B
2024 |
$594M
2020 |
| Total reserves ranking |
28/177
2024 |
154/177
2020 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
$5.65B
2023 |
-$134M
2023 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$7.46B
2024 |
$220M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$439M
2024 |
$48.3M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
1.66%
2023 |
1.22%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
17.5%
2023 |
50.7%
2019 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
29.4%
2024 |
n/a |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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comparisons:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.