The latest officially reported population of Norway was 5,572,279 in 2024 vs 23,331,886 people in Taiwan in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Norway's population is 5,671,119 people compared to 23,229,461 in Taiwan.
Population statistics:
- Taiwan's population is 4.1 times bigger than Norway's.
- Norway is ranked the 119th most populous country in the world, while Taiwan is the 60th.
- The countries together account for 0.35% of the world: 0.07% for Norway vs 0.28% for Taiwan.
- For the last 10 years, Norway has had an average growth rate of +0.85% per year vs -0.03% in Taiwan.
- Since 2006, the population of Norway has increased from 4.66M people to 5.67M (21.7% growth), while Taiwan has grown from 22.8M to 23.2M (1.78% growth).
Norway vs Taiwan: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Norway
|
Taiwan
|
|
| 2100 | 5,441,855 | 10,150,338 |
| 2099 | 5,454,583 | 10,273,881 |
| 2098 | 5,466,669 | 10,399,680 |
| 2097 | 5,478,174 | 10,527,804 |
| 2096 | 5,490,010 | 10,657,536 |
| 2095 | 5,502,418 | 10,789,978 |
| 2094 | 5,514,598 | 10,925,075 |
| 2093 | 5,527,174 | 11,062,491 |
| 2092 | 5,539,172 | 11,202,670 |
| 2091 | 5,551,172 | 11,346,131 |
| 2090 | 5,564,044 | 11,494,369 |
| 2089 | 5,576,715 | 11,644,743 |
| 2088 | 5,590,047 | 11,799,177 |
| 2087 | 5,604,159 | 11,956,109 |
| 2086 | 5,617,935 | 12,116,149 |
| 2085 | 5,631,413 | 12,281,248 |
| 2084 | 5,645,116 | 12,451,872 |
| 2083 | 5,658,044 | 12,625,681 |
| 2082 | 5,670,485 | 12,803,442 |
| 2081 | 5,682,427 | 12,986,931 |
| 2080 | 5,694,199 | 13,174,137 |
| 2079 | 5,705,317 | 13,366,920 |
| 2078 | 5,715,984 | 13,564,788 |
| 2077 | 5,726,145 | 13,765,770 |
| 2076 | 5,735,898 | 13,969,802 |
| 2075 | 5,745,619 | 14,178,904 |
| 2074 | 5,755,683 | 14,391,331 |
| 2073 | 5,765,642 | 14,606,033 |
| 2072 | 5,775,295 | 14,824,987 |
| 2071 | 5,784,119 | 15,045,310 |
| 2070 | 5,793,594 | 15,266,143 |
| 2069 | 5,802,341 | 15,488,280 |
| 2068 | 5,811,630 | 15,714,125 |
| 2067 | 5,821,550 | 15,940,945 |
| 2066 | 5,831,535 | 16,167,553 |
| 2065 | 5,841,333 | 16,396,032 |
| 2064 | 5,851,085 | 16,625,600 |
| 2063 | 5,860,548 | 16,854,355 |
| 2062 | 5,869,700 | 17,084,600 |
| 2061 | 5,877,754 | 17,314,450 |
| 2060 | 5,885,488 | 17,541,998 |
| 2059 | 5,892,036 | 17,767,014 |
| 2058 | 5,897,922 | 17,988,239 |
| 2057 | 5,904,330 | 18,208,151 |
| 2056 | 5,910,291 | 18,423,453 |
| 2055 | 5,915,286 | 18,639,554 |
| 2054 | 5,919,312 | 18,853,384 |
| 2053 | 5,922,325 | 19,063,428 |
| 2052 | 5,923,483 | 19,270,076 |
| 2051 | 5,923,938 | 19,474,323 |
| 2050 | 5,923,557 | 19,677,203 |
| 2049 | 5,922,138 | 19,878,438 |
| 2048 | 5,919,215 | 20,073,645 |
| 2047 | 5,916,146 | 20,267,326 |
| 2046 | 5,912,426 | 20,454,154 |
| 2045 | 5,907,334 | 20,640,565 |
| 2044 | 5,902,175 | 20,819,477 |
| 2043 | 5,896,614 | 20,995,111 |
| 2042 | 5,889,741 | 21,166,213 |
| 2041 | 5,881,692 | 21,331,710 |
| 2040 | 5,873,512 | 21,491,361 |
| 2039 | 5,864,063 | 21,645,911 |
| 2038 | 5,853,639 | 21,794,529 |
| 2037 | 5,842,734 | 21,939,617 |
| 2036 | 5,830,991 | 22,077,701 |
| 2035 | 5,818,882 | 22,211,115 |
| 2034 | 5,805,966 | 22,340,809 |
| 2033 | 5,792,030 | 22,463,465 |
| 2032 | 5,777,062 | 22,582,449 |
| 2031 | 5,760,828 | 22,698,460 |
| 2030 | 5,743,814 | 22,809,605 |
| 2029 | 5,725,891 | 22,916,803 |
| 2028 | 5,706,765 | 23,022,058 |
| 2027 | 5,686,336 | 23,127,410 |
| 2026 | 5,665,477 | 23,229,461 |
| 2025 | 5,626,258 | 23,331,886 |
| 2024 | 5,572,279 | 23,410,331 |
| 2023 | 5,519,601 | 23,342,541 |
| 2022 | 5,457,127 | 23,319,977 |
| 2021 | 5,408,320 | 23,468,275 |
| 2020 | 5,379,475 | 23,582,179 |
| 2019 | 5,347,896 | 23,596,027 |
| 2018 | 5,311,916 | 23,580,080 |
| 2017 | 5,276,968 | 23,555,522 |
| 2016 | 5,234,519 | 23,515,945 |
| 2015 | 5,188,607 | 23,462,914 |
| 2014 | 5,137,232 | 23,403,635 |
| 2013 | 5,079,623 | 23,344,670 |
| 2012 | 5,018,573 | 23,270,367 |
| 2011 | 4,953,088 | 23,193,518 |
| 2010 | 4,889,252 | 23,140,948 |
| 2009 | 4,828,726 | 23,078,402 |
| 2008 | 4,768,212 | 22,997,696 |
| 2007 | 4,709,153 | 22,917,444 |
| 2006 | 4,660,677 | 22,823,455 |
| 2005 | 4,623,291 | 22,729,753 |
| 2004 | 4,591,910 | 22,646,836 |
| 2003 | 4,564,855 | 22,562,663 |
| 2002 | 4,538,159 | 22,463,172 |
| 2001 | 4,513,751 | 22,341,120 |
| 2000 | 4,490,967 | 22,184,530 |
| 1999 | 4,461,913 | 22,010,489 |
| 1998 | 4,431,464 | 21,835,703 |
| 1997 | 4,405,157 | 21,634,124 |
| 1996 | 4,381,336 | 21,441,432 |
| 1995 | 4,359,184 | 21,267,653 |
| 1994 | 4,336,613 | 21,086,645 |
| 1993 | 4,311,991 | 20,899,019 |
| 1992 | 4,286,401 | 20,704,227 |
| 1991 | 4,261,732 | 20,503,568 |
| 1990 | 4,241,473 | 20,278,946 |
| 1989 | 4,226,901 | 20,055,492 |
| 1988 | 4,209,488 | 19,839,704 |
| 1987 | 4,186,905 | 19,617,046 |
| 1986 | 4,167,354 | 19,411,454 |
| 1985 | 4,152,516 | 19,191,510 |
| 1984 | 4,140,099 | 18,929,866 |
| 1983 | 4,128,432 | 18,653,146 |
| 1982 | 4,114,787 | 18,354,855 |
| 1981 | 4,099,702 | 18,029,982 |
| 1980 | 4,085,620 | 17,704,538 |
| 1979 | 4,072,517 | 17,372,779 |
| 1978 | 4,058,671 | 17,042,272 |
| 1977 | 4,043,205 | 16,730,895 |
| 1976 | 4,026,152 | 16,401,413 |
| 1975 | 4,007,313 | 16,075,128 |
| 1974 | 3,985,258 | 15,784,817 |
| 1973 | 3,960,612 | 15,505,121 |
| 1972 | 3,933,004 | 15,220,495 |
| 1971 | 3,903,039 | 14,913,564 |
| 1970 | 3,875,763 | 14,582,944 |
| 1969 | 3,847,707 | 14,068,984 |
| 1968 | 3,816,486 | 13,548,537 |
| 1967 | 3,784,539 | 13,210,344 |
| 1966 | 3,753,012 | 12,874,153 |
| 1965 | 3,723,168 | 12,511,863 |
| 1964 | 3,694,339 | 12,137,143 |
| 1963 | 3,666,537 | 11,762,101 |
| 1962 | 3,638,918 | 11,392,513 |
| 1961 | 3,609,800 | 11,030,385 |
| 1960 | 3,581,239 | 10,667,705 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); National Statistics, Taiwan (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-09); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/norway/taiwan | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Norway increased by 573,842 people (a 12.3% growth), while Taiwan gained 692,490 people (a 3.03% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Norway gained 436,600 people (a 8.34% growth), while Taiwan's population decreased by 286,484 people (a 1.22% decline).
Norway was ranked 116th most populous country in 2006 and is 119th in 2026. Taiwan was ranked 49th in 2006 and ranked 60th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Norway's population will grow by 4.45% to 5,923,557 people with a rank change from 119th to 121st. The population of Taiwan will decrease by 15.3% to 19,677,203 people and rank change from 60th to 76th.
Norway is projected to reach its peak in 2051 at 5.92M people, while Taiwan's population already peaked in 2019 at 23.6M people and is projected to decrease to 10.2M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Norway
|
Taiwan
|
|
| 2100 | -0.23% | -1.2% |
| 2099 | -0.22% | -1.21% |
| 2098 | -0.21% | -1.22% |
| 2097 | -0.22% | -1.22% |
| 2096 | -0.23% | -1.23% |
| 2095 | -0.22% | -1.24% |
| 2094 | -0.23% | -1.24% |
| 2093 | -0.22% | -1.25% |
| 2092 | -0.22% | -1.26% |
| 2091 | -0.23% | -1.29% |
| 2090 | -0.23% | -1.29% |
| 2089 | -0.24% | -1.31% |
| 2088 | -0.25% | -1.31% |
| 2087 | -0.25% | -1.32% |
| 2086 | -0.24% | -1.34% |
| 2085 | -0.24% | -1.37% |
| 2084 | -0.23% | -1.38% |
| 2083 | -0.22% | -1.39% |
| 2082 | -0.21% | -1.41% |
| 2081 | -0.21% | -1.42% |
| 2080 | -0.19% | -1.44% |
| 2079 | -0.19% | -1.46% |
| 2078 | -0.18% | -1.46% |
| 2077 | -0.17% | -1.46% |
| 2076 | -0.17% | -1.47% |
| 2075 | -0.17% | -1.48% |
| 2074 | -0.17% | -1.47% |
| 2073 | -0.17% | -1.48% |
| 2072 | -0.15% | -1.46% |
| 2071 | -0.16% | -1.45% |
| 2070 | -0.15% | -1.43% |
| 2069 | -0.16% | -1.44% |
| 2068 | -0.17% | -1.42% |
| 2067 | -0.17% | -1.4% |
| 2066 | -0.17% | -1.39% |
| 2065 | -0.17% | -1.38% |
| 2064 | -0.16% | -1.36% |
| 2063 | -0.16% | -1.35% |
| 2062 | -0.14% | -1.33% |
| 2061 | -0.13% | -1.3% |
| 2060 | -0.11% | -1.27% |
| 2059 | -0.1% | -1.23% |
| 2058 | -0.11% | -1.21% |
| 2057 | -0.1% | -1.17% |
| 2056 | -0.08% | -1.16% |
| 2055 | -0.07% | -1.13% |
| 2054 | -0.05% | -1.1% |
| 2053 | -0.02% | -1.07% |
| 2052 | -0.008% | -1.05% |
| 2051 | 0.006% | -1.03% |
| 2050 | 0.02% | -1.01% |
| 2049 | 0.05% | -0.97% |
| 2048 | 0.05% | -0.96% |
| 2047 | 0.06% | -0.91% |
| 2046 | 0.09% | -0.9% |
| 2045 | 0.09% | -0.86% |
| 2044 | 0.09% | -0.84% |
| 2043 | 0.12% | -0.81% |
| 2042 | 0.14% | -0.78% |
| 2041 | 0.14% | -0.74% |
| 2040 | 0.16% | -0.71% |
| 2039 | 0.18% | -0.68% |
| 2038 | 0.19% | -0.66% |
| 2037 | 0.2% | -0.63% |
| 2036 | 0.21% | -0.6% |
| 2035 | 0.22% | -0.58% |
| 2034 | 0.24% | -0.55% |
| 2033 | 0.26% | -0.53% |
| 2032 | 0.28% | -0.51% |
| 2031 | 0.3% | -0.49% |
| 2030 | 0.31% | -0.47% |
| 2029 | 0.34% | -0.46% |
| 2028 | 0.36% | -0.46% |
| 2027 | 0.37% | -0.44% |
| 2026 | 0.7% | -0.44% |
| 2025 | 0.97% | -0.34% |
| 2024 | 0.95% | 0.29% |
| 2023 | 1.14% | 0.1% |
| 2022 | 0.9% | -0.63% |
| 2021 | 0.54% | -0.48% |
| 2020 | 0.59% | -0.06% |
| 2019 | 0.68% | 0.07% |
| 2018 | 0.66% | 0.1% |
| 2017 | 0.81% | 0.17% |
| 2016 | 0.88% | 0.23% |
| 2015 | 1% | 0.25% |
| 2014 | 1.13% | 0.25% |
| 2013 | 1.22% | 0.32% |
| 2012 | 1.32% | 0.33% |
| 2011 | 1.31% | 0.23% |
| 2010 | 1.25% | 0.27% |
| 2009 | 1.27% | 0.35% |
| 2008 | 1.25% | 0.35% |
| 2007 | 1.04% | 0.41% |
| 2006 | 0.81% | 0.41% |
| 2005 | 0.68% | 0.37% |
| 2004 | 0.59% | 0.37% |
| 2003 | 0.59% | 0.44% |
| 2002 | 0.54% | 0.55% |
| 2001 | 0.51% | 0.71% |
| 2000 | 0.65% | 0.79% |
| 1999 | 0.69% | 0.8% |
| 1998 | 0.6% | 0.93% |
| 1997 | 0.54% | 0.9% |
| 1996 | 0.51% | 0.82% |
| 1995 | 0.52% | 0.86% |
| 1994 | 0.57% | 0.9% |
| 1993 | 0.6% | 0.94% |
| 1992 | 0.58% | 0.98% |
| 1991 | 0.48% | 1.11% |
| 1990 | 0.34% | 1.11% |
| 1989 | 0.41% | 1.09% |
| 1988 | 0.54% | 1.14% |
| 1987 | 0.47% | 1.06% |
| 1986 | 0.36% | 1.15% |
| 1985 | 0.3% | 1.38% |
| 1984 | 0.28% | 1.48% |
| 1983 | 0.33% | 1.63% |
| 1982 | 0.37% | 1.8% |
| 1981 | 0.34% | 1.84% |
| 1980 | 0.32% | 1.91% |
| 1979 | 0.34% | 1.94% |
| 1978 | 0.38% | 1.86% |
| 1977 | 0.42% | 2.01% |
| 1976 | 0.47% | 2.03% |
| 1975 | 0.55% | 1.84% |
| 1974 | 0.62% | 1.8% |
| 1973 | 0.7% | 1.87% |
| 1972 | 0.77% | 2.06% |
| 1971 | 0.7% | 2.27% |
| 1970 | 0.73% | 3.65% |
| 1969 | 0.82% | 3.84% |
| 1968 | 0.84% | 2.56% |
| 1967 | 0.84% | 2.61% |
| 1966 | 0.8% | 2.9% |
| 1965 | 0.78% | 3.09% |
| 1964 | 0.76% | 3.19% |
| 1963 | 0.76% | 3.24% |
| 1962 | 0.81% | 3.28% |
| 1961 | 0.8% | 3.4% |
| 1960 | - | 3.69% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); National Statistics, Taiwan (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-09); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/norway/taiwan | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Norway grew by 0.95%, while Taiwan's population declined by 0.34%.
Live population counters
|
Norway
|
Taiwan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
5671119
|
23229461
|
| Population rank | 119/197 | 60/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.07% | 0.28% |
| One net population change |
9.98 minutes
|
6.72 minutes
|
| One birth every |
10.1 minutes
|
3.9 minutes
|
| One death every |
12.1 minutes
|
2.6 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +144 | -215 |
| Annual growth/decline | +52,678 | -78,445 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.95% | -0.34% |
| Population growth rate rank | 105/197 | 180/197 |
| One migration net change every |
17.7 minutes
|
11.2 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +29,798 | +47,029 |
| Net migration rank | 29/196 | 23/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,012,404 | n/a |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 60/195 | |
| Foreign-born share of population | 18.2% | n/a |
| Foreign-born share rank | 33/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Norway
|
Taiwan
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 29,798 | - | - |
| 2024 | - | 44,356 | -67,188 | 47,029 |
| 2023 | 8,280 | 53,806 | -69,794 | 225,599 |
| 2022 | 5,457 | 58,040 | -68,327 | -42,430 |
| 2021 | 14,062 | 19,804 | -30,039 | -156,010 |
| 2020 | 12,372 | 11,277 | -7,782 | -33,978 |
| 2019 | 13,904 | 25,707 | 1,416 | 12,718 |
| 2018 | 14,342 | 18,473 | 8,725 | 8,888 |
| 2017 | 15,831 | 21,657 | 22,613 | 8,809 |
| 2016 | 17,797 | 26,417 | 35,980 | 11,707 |
| 2015 | 18,160 | 30,242 | 49,741 | 8,581 |
| 2014 | 18,494 | 38,522 | - | - |
| 2013 | 17,779 | 40,690 | - | - |
| 2012 | 18,066 | 47,883 | - | - |
| 2011 | 18,822 | 47,454 | 43,836 | 19,077 |
| 2010 | 20,046 | 42,865 | - | - |
| 2009 | 20,280 | 39,316 | - | - |
| 2008 | 19,073 | 44,002 | - | - |
| 2007 | 16,482 | 40,111 | - | - |
| 2006 | 17,244 | 24,054 | - | - |
| 2005 | 15,719 | 18,588 | - | - |
| 2004 | 15,612 | 13,412 | - | - |
| 2003 | 14,151 | 11,389 | - | - |
| 2002 | 10,892 | 17,279 | - | - |
| 2001 | 13,090 | 7,906 | 132,707 | -3,811 |
| 2000 | 15,269 | 9,805 | - | - |
| 1999 | 14,278 | 19,147 | - | - |
| 1998 | 14,181 | 13,519 | - | - |
| 1997 | 15,418 | 9,744 | - | - |
| 1996 | 17,087 | 5,671 | - | - |
| 1995 | 14,821 | 6,343 | - | - |
| 1994 | 16,045 | 7,580 | - | - |
| 1993 | 12,936 | 12,567 | - | - |
| 1992 | 15,431 | 10,218 | - | - |
| 1991 | 16,194 | 7,949 | 215,698 | -12,128 |
| 1990 | 14,845 | 1,818 | - | - |
| 1989 | 13,949 | -1,730 | - | - |
| 1988 | 12,207 | 10,380 | - | - |
| 1987 | 9,212 | 13,907 | - | - |
| 1986 | 8,751 | 7,616 | - | - |
| 1985 | 6,644 | 6,725 | - | - |
| 1984 | 7,452 | 3,856 | - | - |
| 1983 | 7,844 | 4,120 | - | - |
| 1982 | 9,875 | 5,749 | - | - |
| 1981 | 9,020 | 6,010 | 326,883 | 4,508 |
| 1980 | 9,806 | 3,763 | - | - |
| 1979 | 10,181 | 2,839 | - | - |
| 1978 | 11,364 | 3,823 | - | - |
| 1977 | 11,321 | 4,845 | - | - |
| 1976 | 13,286 | 4,779 | - | - |
| 1975 | 16,430 | 3,312 | - | - |
| 1974 | 20,324 | 4,425 | - | - |
| 1973 | 21,387 | 3,414 | - | - |
| 1972 | 24,777 | 5,603 | - | - |
| 1971 | 26,541 | 3,031 | - | - |
| 1970 | 25,968 | -1,034 | - | - |
| 1969 | 28,858 | 2,230 | - | - |
| 1968 | 29,387 | 1,761 | - | - |
| 1967 | 30,276 | 2,460 | - | - |
| 1966 | 31,150 | -888 | 346,958 | 18,774 |
| 1965 | 31,275 | -1,525 | - | - |
| 1964 | 30,293 | -1,571 | - | - |
| 1963 | 26,766 | 1,061 | - | - |
| 1962 | 28,020 | 655 | - | - |
| 1961 | 29,239 | 1,437 | - | - |
| 1960 | 29,366 | -1,427 | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06); National Statistics, Taiwan (1966–2024, retrieved 2026-02-09).
GeoRank.org/population/norway/taiwan | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 31.3% of the population change in Norway is from natural causes (a gain of 138,699 people) and 68.7% is from migration (a gain of 303,945 people). In Taiwan 56.7% is from natural causes (a loss of 57,467 people) and 43.3% is from migration (a gain of 43,884 people).
Biggest cities by population
|
Norway
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Oslo | 718K |
| Bergen | 291K |
| Trondheim | 199K |
| Stavanger | 150K |
| Baerum | 132K |
| Drammen | 105K |
| Asker | 100K |
| Lillestrom | 95.8K |
| Fredrikstad | 85.9K |
| Sandnes | 84.9K |
|
Taiwan
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| New Taipei | 4.05M |
| Taichung | 2.87M |
| Kaohsiung | 2.72M |
| Taipei | 2.44M |
| Taoyuan | 2.35M |
| Tainan | 1.85M |
| Hsinchu | 455K |
| Keelung | 360K |
| Chiayi | 261K |
| Changhua | 221K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Norway and Taiwan
|
Norway
|
Taiwan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 83.8 years | 81.1 years |
| Average age | 41.3 years | 44.1 years |
| Median age | 40.7 years | 45.1 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.4:49.6 | 49.3:50.7 |
| Fertility rate | 1.4 births per woman | 0.89 births per woman |
| Population density | 40.3 ppl/mi² | 1,662 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); National Statistics, Taiwan (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-09); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/norway/taiwan | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- National Statistics, Taiwan (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-02-09)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.