Mongolia has a GDP of $23.6B compared to $915B for Poland, ranking 121/197 and 21/197 by economy size, respectively.
Mongolia has $10.5B in government debt (42.6% of GDP), compared to $506B (60.7% of GDP) in Poland.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1980 | $2,101,394,100 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $2,310,099,100 | $2,484,401,291 | - | - |
| 1982 | $2,552,401,933 | $2,691,653,428 | - | - |
| 1983 | $2,725,736,633 | $2,848,685,511 | - | - |
| 1984 | $2,098,734,600 | $3,017,709,971 | - | - |
| 1985 | $2,186,505,475 | $3,190,107,887 | - | - |
| 1986 | $2,896,178,867 | $3,489,180,327 | - | - |
| 1987 | $3,020,611,600 | $3,609,858,809 | - | - |
| 1988 | $3,204,461,567 | $3,794,249,397 | - | - |
| 1989 | $3,576,966,800 | $3,952,780,564 | - | - |
| 1990 | $2,560,785,660 | $3,826,905,841 | $65,977,748,211 | $194,797,367,585 |
| 1991 | $2,379,018,326 | $3,494,212,070 | $85,500,935,935 | $181,131,204,775 |
| 1992 | $1,317,611,864 | $3,170,771,528 | $94,337,050,693 | $185,686,615,838 |
| 1993 | $768,401,634 | $3,070,296,388 | $96,043,157,273 | $192,628,157,713 |
| 1994 | $925,817,092 | $3,135,828,262 | $110,803,635,288 | $202,823,584,826 |
| 1995 | $1,452,165,005 | $3,335,782,059 | $142,838,527,115 | $218,906,804,616 |
| 1996 | $1,345,719,472 | $3,410,339,918 | $160,813,026,223 | $232,246,717,071 |
| 1997 | $1,180,934,203 | $3,543,231,097 | $159,893,964,917 | $247,015,068,311 |
| 1998 | $1,124,440,205 | $3,661,572,769 | $175,282,269,667 | $258,431,144,714 |
| 1999 | $1,057,408,589 | $3,773,996,565 | $170,704,452,715 | $270,575,301,764 |
| 2000 | $1,136,896,124 | $3,817,248,911 | $172,953,527,033 | $283,174,187,558 |
| 2001 | $1,267,997,934 | $3,929,961,222 | $191,823,200,371 | $286,667,833,930 |
| 2002 | $1,396,555,720 | $4,115,965,440 | $199,694,463,256 | $292,117,946,677 |
| 2003 | $1,595,297,356 | $4,404,273,778 | $218,561,225,998 | $302,410,346,200 |
| 2004 | $1,992,066,808 | $4,872,245,747 | $256,268,656,145 | $317,805,438,387 |
| 2005 | $2,523,471,601 | $5,225,662,153 | $306,999,913,151 | $328,168,510,413 |
| 2006 | $3,414,055,662 | $5,672,782,077 | $345,897,630,736 | $348,521,872,927 |
| 2007 | $4,234,999,704 | $6,254,129,712 | $429,715,132,138 | $372,083,512,402 |
| 2008 | $5,623,216,608 | $6,810,770,268 | $535,612,030,672 | $388,394,800,371 |
| 2009 | $4,583,850,368 | $6,724,368,909 | $440,891,472,247 | $398,551,823,849 |
| 2010 | $7,189,481,999 | $7,152,385,862 | $478,111,630,684 | $411,181,642,128 |
| 2011 | $10,409,797,378 | $8,389,088,994 | $527,848,543,023 | $432,791,139,408 |
| 2012 | $12,292,770,632 | $9,422,609,645 | $498,148,649,703 | $439,333,996,551 |
| 2013 | $12,582,122,604 | $10,520,241,545 | $518,179,836,405 | $442,340,098,156 |
| 2014 | $12,226,514,668 | $11,349,786,312 | $542,134,167,179 | $459,682,079,851 |
| 2015 | $11,619,892,591 | $11,619,892,591 | $480,054,118,583 | $480,054,118,583 |
| 2016 | $11,181,350,649 | $11,793,003,948 | $473,259,623,976 | $494,605,411,858 |
| 2017 | $11,480,847,741 | $12,457,761,003 | $528,356,723,263 | $520,089,746,651 |
| 2018 | $13,178,094,720 | $13,422,599,720 | $594,616,632,477 | $552,573,816,156 |
| 2019 | $14,206,359,018 | $14,174,566,537 | $602,683,770,145 | $577,884,228,678 |
| 2020 | $13,312,981,429 | $13,528,524,951 | $605,914,186,118 | $566,120,997,480 |
| 2021 | $15,286,441,738 | $13,749,955,732 | $689,170,171,187 | $605,337,233,055 |
| 2022 | $17,146,471,714 | $14,441,951,079 | $695,607,522,885 | $637,150,470,885 |
| 2023 | $20,325,121,394 | $15,513,848,973 | $812,451,128,979 | $638,740,867,489 |
| 2024 | $23,586,055,802 | $16,268,442,809 | $914,696,430,325 | $657,413,741,876 |
Economic indicators
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$23.6B
2024 |
$915B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
121/197
2024 |
21/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
16%
2023-2024 |
12.6%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$6,691
2024 |
$25,023
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
107/197
2024 |
48/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$19,098
2024 |
$50,378
2024 |
| Government debt |
$10.5B
2024 |
$506B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
42.6%
2025 |
60.7%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$2,969
2024 |
$13,833
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
101/185
2024 |
41/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$6,196
2025 |
$19,229
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$197B
2024 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
10
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
24.6%
2022 |
22.9%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.4%
2022 |
3.3%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
36.6%
2025 |
50.1%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
8.3%
2024-2025 |
3.78%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
12%
2025 |
4.75%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
5.18%
2023 |
2.81%
2024 |
| Population |
3599274
|
36176920
|
GDP per capita in Mongolia vs Poland
Mongolia's GDP per capita is $6,691, ranking 107/197, compared to $25,023 in Poland, ranking 48/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Mongolia ranks 96th at $19,098, while Poland ranks 44th at $50,378.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1980 | $1,235 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $1,325 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $1,430 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $1,490 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $1,120 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $1,138 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $1,469 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $1,493 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $1,543 | - | - | - |
| 1989 | $1,684 | - | - | - |
| 1990 | $1,220 | $3,479 | $1,731 | $6,181 |
| 1991 | $1,099 | $3,183 | $2,236 | $5,921 |
| 1992 | $608 | $2,951 | $2,459 | $6,189 |
| 1993 | $355 | $2,929 | $2,497 | $6,556 |
| 1994 | $423 | $3,021 | $2,875 | $7,035 |
| 1995 | $653 | $3,229 | $3,701 | $7,709 |
| 1996 | $596 | $3,310 | $4,164 | $8,307 |
| 1997 | $515 | $3,449 | $4,137 | $8,965 |
| 1998 | $484 | $3,555 | $4,534 | $9,520 |
| 1999 | $449 | $3,664 | $4,416 | $10,081 |
| 2000 | $476 | $3,740 | $4,521 | $10,719 |
| 2001 | $524 | $3,889 | $5,015 | $11,176 |
| 2002 | $570 | $4,083 | $5,223 | $11,841 |
| 2003 | $643 | $4,399 | $5,721 | $12,330 |
| 2004 | $794 | $4,942 | $6,712 | $13,415 |
| 2005 | $995 | $5,406 | $8,044 | $13,936 |
| 2006 | $1,330 | $5,977 | $9,069 | $15,208 |
| 2007 | $1,628 | $6,678 | $11,273 | $16,834 |
| 2008 | $2,127 | $7,297 | $14,049 | $18,372 |
| 2009 | $1,703 | $7,119 | $11,556 | $19,290 |
| 2010 | $2,625 | $7,532 | $12,568 | $20,993 |
| 2011 | $3,736 | $8,862 | $13,868 | $22,809 |
| 2012 | $4,329 | $10,152 | $13,087 | $23,728 |
| 2013 | $4,340 | $10,442 | $13,622 | $24,434 |
| 2014 | $4,126 | $10,900 | $14,262 | $25,460 |
| 2015 | $3,839 | $10,458 | $12,638 | $26,995 |
| 2016 | $3,620 | $10,511 | $12,464 | $28,360 |
| 2017 | $3,646 | $11,096 | $13,913 | $30,170 |
| 2018 | $4,108 | $12,317 | $15,658 | $32,345 |
| 2019 | $4,348 | $13,605 | $15,875 | $35,882 |
| 2020 | $4,001 | $13,693 | $16,151 | $37,089 |
| 2021 | $4,518 | $14,792 | $18,636 | $41,060 |
| 2022 | $4,994 | $16,402 | $18,891 | $46,077 |
| 2023 | $5,839 | $18,005 | $22,145 | $46,758 |
| 2024 | $6,691 | $19,098 | $25,023 | $50,378 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Mongolia's government spending was $8.92B, accounting for 36.6% of its GDP, while Poland's spent $454B, or 50.1% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42.6% in Mongolia and 60.7% in Poland, ranking 129/185 and 75/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1960 | - | - | 39.2% | - |
| 1961 | - | - | 42.8% | - |
| 1962 | - | - | 43% | - |
| 1963 | - | - | 33.3% | - |
| 1964 | - | - | 33.5% | - |
| 1965 | - | - | 31.8% | - |
| 1966 | - | - | 31.7% | - |
| 1967 | - | - | 29.6% | - |
| 1968 | - | - | 27.3% | - |
| 1969 | - | - | 26.3% | - |
| 1970 | - | - | 25.8% | - |
| 1971 | - | - | 24.1% | - |
| 1972 | - | - | 24.1% | - |
| 1973 | - | - | 24.5% | - |
| 1974 | - | - | 28.6% | - |
| 1975 | - | - | 34.1% | - |
| 1976 | - | - | 34.8% | - |
| 1977 | - | - | 35.6% | - |
| 1978 | - | - | 35.8% | - |
| 1979 | - | - | 35.6% | - |
| 1980 | - | - | - | - |
| 1981 | - | - | - | - |
| 1982 | - | - | - | - |
| 1983 | - | - | - | - |
| 1984 | - | - | - | - |
| 1985 | - | - | - | - |
| 1986 | - | - | - | - |
| 1987 | - | - | - | - |
| 1988 | - | - | - | - |
| 1989 | - | - | - | - |
| 1990 | 51.7% | - | - | 90% |
| 1991 | 46% | - | - | 77.2% |
| 1992 | 29.1% | 29.3% | - | 82.2% |
| 1993 | 38.3% | 57.8% | - | 84.2% |
| 1994 | 32.2% | 57.6% | - | 64.5% |
| 1995 | 26.6% | 40.2% | 47.5% | 48.7% |
| 1996 | 28.6% | 49.7% | 50.7% | 43.2% |
| 1997 | 30.8% | 61% | 46.1% | 42.7% |
| 1998 | 36.2% | 77.5% | 44% | 38.7% |
| 1999 | 33.2% | 103.7% | 42.5% | 39.4% |
| 2000 | 34.5% | 79.3% | 43.1% | 36.4% |
| 2001 | 35.2% | 69.2% | 44.7% | 37.2% |
| 2002 | 35.5% | 72% | 45.1% | 41.6% |
| 2003 | 33.7% | 90% | 45.5% | 46.4% |
| 2004 | 31.8% | 75% | 43.3% | 44.9% |
| 2005 | 25.1% | 55.9% | 44.1% | 46.5% |
| 2006 | 26.2% | 40.9% | 44.3% | 47.1% |
| 2007 | 35.3% | 36.1% | 42.8% | 44.4% |
| 2008 | 37.6% | 31% | 44% | 46.6% |
| 2009 | 35.5% | 48.5% | 44.9% | 49.7% |
| 2010 | 31.6% | 31% | 46% | 53.7% |
| 2011 | 37.9% | 32.7% | 44.1% | 54.8% |
| 2012 | 36.1% | 43.7% | 43.2% | 54.5% |
| 2013 | 32.2% | 49.4% | 43.2% | 56.9% |
| 2014 | 32.1% | 44% | 42.7% | 51.1% |
| 2015 | 31.2% | 50.5% | 41.5% | 51.1% |
| 2016 | 39.7% | 78.7% | 41.1% | 54.1% |
| 2017 | 32.2% | 86.9% | 41.1% | 50.4% |
| 2018 | 28.4% | 76.5% | 41% | 48.2% |
| 2019 | 30.8% | 66.8% | 41.4% | 45.2% |
| 2020 | 37.1% | 83.4% | 47.7% | 56.6% |
| 2021 | 35.9% | 67.7% | 43.6% | 53% |
| 2022 | 33.7% | 64.5% | 43.3% | 48.8% |
| 2023 | 31.9% | 45.9% | 47% | 49.7% |
| 2024 | 37.8% | 44.4% | 49.7% | 55.3% |
| 2025 | 36.6% | 42.6% | 50.1% | 60.7% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Mongolia's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $332M, equivalent to 1.41% of GDP. This compares to Poland's deficit of -$60.2B, or -6.58% of GDP.
Over the past 30 years, Mongolia recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Poland ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Mongolia posted an annual deficit equal to -3.38% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.02% of GDP for Poland.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|
| 1990 | -9.37% | - |
| 1991 | -6.37% | - |
| 1992 | -8.1% | - |
| 1993 | -13.3% | - |
| 1994 | -9.74% | - |
| 1995 | -4.97% | -4.39% |
| 1996 | -6.88% | -4.84% |
| 1997 | -8.09% | -4.61% |
| 1998 | -12.3% | -4.25% |
| 1999 | -9.91% | -2.3% |
| 2000 | -5.82% | -4% |
| 2001 | -4.33% | -4.73% |
| 2002 | -4.74% | -4.8% |
| 2003 | -3.38% | -6.02% |
| 2004 | -1.62% | -4.99% |
| 2005 | 2.43% | -3.93% |
| 2006 | 7.58% | -3.53% |
| 2007 | 2.64% | -1.88% |
| 2008 | -4.52% | -3.6% |
| 2009 | -5.2% | -7.24% |
| 2010 | 0.43% | -7.43% |
| 2011 | -4.01% | -4.97% |
| 2012 | -6.24% | -3.8% |
| 2013 | -0.93% | -4.25% |
| 2014 | -3.73% | -3.66% |
| 2015 | -5.04% | -2.59% |
| 2016 | -15.3% | -2.38% |
| 2017 | -3.72% | -1.49% |
| 2018 | 2.85% | -0.24% |
| 2019 | 1% | -0.73% |
| 2020 | -9.24% | -6.85% |
| 2021 | -3.05% | -1.75% |
| 2022 | 0.67% | -3.43% |
| 2023 | 2.73% | -5.29% |
| 2024 | 1.41% | -6.58% |
| 2025 | 0.95% | -6.16% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Mongolia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 10.7%, compared with 4.92% in Poland. In 2024, inflation was 8.3% in Mongolia and 3.78% in Poland.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
| 1996 | 46.8% | 19.8% | |
| 1997 | 30% | 14.9% | |
| 1998 | 9.5% | 11.6% | |
| 1999 | 7.6% | 7.15% | |
| 2000 | 11.3% | 9.9% | |
| 2001 | 6.4% | 5.41% | |
| 2002 | 0.9% | 1.91% | |
| 2003 | 5.2% | 0.68% | |
| 2004 | 8.3% | 3.38% | |
| 2005 | 12.6% | 2.18% | |
| 2006 | 4.4% | 1.28% | |
| 2007 | 9.6% | 2.46% | |
| 2008 | 28% | 4.16% | |
| 2009 | 7.6% | 3.8% | |
| 2010 | 8.3% | 2.58% | |
| 2011 | 8.8% | 4.24% | |
| 2012 | 13.8% | 3.56% | |
| 2013 | 10.6% | 0.99% | |
| 2014 | 12.9% | 0.05% | |
| 2015 | 6.8% | -0.87% | |
| 2016 | 0.8% | -0.66% | |
| 2017 | 4.3% | 2.08% | |
| 2018 | 6.8% | 1.81% | |
| 2019 | 7.3% | 2.23% | |
| 2020 | 3.7% | 3.37% | |
| 2021 | 7.4% | 5.06% | |
| 2022 | 15.1% | 14.4% | |
| 2023 | 10.4% | 11.5% | |
| 2024 | 6.2% | 3.78% | |
| 2025 | 8.3% | - | |
Top exports between countries
|
Mongolia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $700K |
| Machinery & equipment | $277K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $233K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $111K |
| Wood & paper products | $55K |
| Metals | $54K |
| Animal & marine products | $3K |
| Miscellaneous | $1K |
|
Poland
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $29M |
| Machinery & equipment | $20.3M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $14.7M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $10.4M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $7.06M |
| Animal & marine products | $3.86M |
| Metals | $2.14M |
| Wood & paper products | $1.37M |
| Miscellaneous | $336K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $336K |
Balance of trade
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$2.49B
2024 |
-$341M
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
147/189
2024 |
98/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-10.5%
2024 |
-0.04%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$11.7B
2024 |
$367B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$14.7B
2024 |
$360B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$4.92B
2024 |
$75.2B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$1.6B
2024 |
$119B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
69.8%
2024 |
48.3%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
69.1%
2024 |
52.3%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 62.6 | 67.1 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 82/197 | 51/197 |
| Property rights | 49.7 | 72.3 |
| Government integrity | 35.5 | 58.4 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 55.4 | 52.3 |
| Tax burden | 85.7 | 73.8 |
| Government spending | 72.6 | 39.7 |
| Fiscal health | 73.5 | 75.9 |
| Business freedom | 67.9 | 77.8 |
| Labor freedom | 68.1 | 56.8 |
| Monetary freedom | 68.8 | 68.5 |
| Trade freedom | 74.4 | 79.6 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 80 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 70 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Mongolia is 62.6, ranking 82/197, compared to 67.1 for Poland, ranking 51/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|
| 1995 | 47.8 | 50.7 |
| 1996 | 47.4 | 57.8 |
| 1997 | 52.9 | 56.8 |
| 1998 | 57.3 | 59.2 |
| 1999 | 58.6 | 59.6 |
| 2000 | 58.5 | 60 |
| 2001 | 56 | 61.8 |
| 2002 | 56.7 | 65 |
| 2003 | 57.7 | 61.8 |
| 2004 | 56.5 | 58.7 |
| 2005 | 59.7 | 59.6 |
| 2006 | 62.4 | 59.3 |
| 2007 | 60.3 | 58.1 |
| 2008 | 63.6 | 60.3 |
| 2009 | 62.8 | 60.3 |
| 2010 | 60 | 63.2 |
| 2011 | 59.5 | 64.1 |
| 2012 | 61.5 | 64.2 |
| 2013 | 61.7 | 66 |
| 2014 | 58.9 | 67 |
| 2015 | 59.2 | 68.6 |
| 2016 | 59.4 | 69.3 |
| 2017 | 54.8 | 68.3 |
| 2018 | 55.7 | 68.5 |
| 2019 | 55.4 | 67.8 |
| 2020 | 55.9 | 69.1 |
| 2021 | 62.4 | 69.7 |
| 2022 | 63.9 | 68.7 |
| 2023 | 61.7 | 67.7 |
| 2024 | 60.6 | 66 |
| 2025 | 62.6 | 67.1 |
More economic indicators
|
Mongolia
|
Poland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
44.2%
2024 |
59.9%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
38.1%
2024 |
26.4%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
7.38%
2024 |
2.6%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$18.9B
2024 |
$788B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$16,930
2024 |
$48,680
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$5.51B
2024 |
$223B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
95/177
2024 |
17/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$2.73B
2024 |
-$13B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$2.78B
2024 |
$21.4B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$55.5M
2024 |
$8.36B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
26.8%
2023 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
27.1%
2022 |
13.3%
2024 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
34.6%
2024 |
17.7%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.