Ghana has a GDP of $82.3B compared to $290M for the Marshall Islands, ranking 80/197 and 193/197 by economy size, respectively.
Ghana has $57.9B in government debt (70.3% of GDP), compared to $38.4M (13.2% of GDP) in the Marshall Islands.
Ghana vs Marshall Islands GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
| 2024 | $82,308,110,386 | $290,108,490 |
| 2023 | $80,547,146,878 | $263,761,322 |
| 2022 | $73,919,003,210 | $258,723,511 |
| 2021 | $79,514,204,730 | $261,245,544 |
| 2020 | $70,008,243,860 | $241,800,000 |
| 2019 | $68,352,629,246 | $232,900,000 |
| 2018 | $67,259,353,966 | $220,000,000 |
| 2017 | $60,385,409,435 | $213,700,000 |
| 2016 | $56,144,179,398 | $201,800,000 |
| 2015 | $49,436,806,230 | $183,700,000 |
| 2014 | $54,678,533,806 | $186,000,000 |
| 2013 | $62,845,721,960 | $186,400,000 |
| 2012 | $41,271,701,061 | $180,700,000 |
| 2011 | $39,336,668,081 | $172,300,000 |
| 2010 | $32,197,655,567 | $161,100,000 |
| 2009 | $26,048,720,006 | $151,200,000 |
| 2008 | $28,679,383,241 | $146,600,000 |
| 2007 | $24,827,339,138 | $150,500,000 |
| 2006 | $20,885,037,597 | $143,200,000 |
| 2005 | $10,744,568,381 | $138,000,000 |
| 2004 | $8,881,417,907 | $132,900,000 |
| 2003 | $7,632,723,556 | $131,128,500 |
| 2002 | $6,166,197,848 | $131,960,000 |
| 2001 | $5,314,872,854 | $122,406,100 |
| 2000 | $4,982,850,662 | $114,838,500 |
| 1999 | $7,718,109,982 | $113,352,100 |
| 1998 | $7,482,069,162 | $112,070,100 |
| 1997 | $6,891,443,192 | $109,884,700 |
| 1996 | $6,932,991,739 | $110,858,000 |
| 1995 | $6,464,382,808 | $120,230,000 |
| 1994 | $5,446,383,727 | $108,071,000 |
| 1993 | $5,968,922,939 | $99,461,000 |
| 1992 | $6,416,103,926 | $91,063,000 |
| 1991 | $6,603,185,268 | $82,507,000 |
| 1990 | $5,889,106,573 | $78,476,000 |
| 1989 | $5,251,858,440 | $72,798,000 |
| 1988 | $5,197,765,032 | $70,688,000 |
| 1987 | $5,074,829,932 | $62,983,000 |
| 1986 | $5,735,677,434 | $55,989,000 |
| 1985 | $4,504,306,723 | $43,879,000 |
| 1984 | $4,412,279,843 | $45,144,000 |
| 1983 | $4,057,275,132 | $41,749,000 |
| 1982 | $4,035,994,398 | $34,918,000 |
| 1981 | $4,222,441,860 | $31,020,000 |
| 1980 | $4,445,228,216 | $26,710,653 |
| 1979 | $4,020,227,920 | $25,545,346 |
| 1978 | $3,662,478,185 | $22,209,370 |
| 1977 | $3,189,428,571 | $20,210,069 |
| 1976 | $2,765,254,237 | $18,153,647 |
| 1975 | $2,810,106,383 | $16,691,301 |
| 1974 | $2,894,409,938 | $15,217,532 |
| 1973 | $3,006,766,758 | $11,607,366 |
| 1972 | $2,112,293,280 | $9,973,652 |
| 1971 | $2,417,108,578 | $9,116,810 |
| 1970 | $2,215,028,588 | $8,408,486 |
| 1969 | $1,962,050,556 | - |
| 1968 | $1,666,909,518 | - |
| 1967 | $1,747,187,645 | - |
| 1966 | $2,126,300,672 | - |
| 1965 | $2,053,462,968 | - |
| 1964 | $1,731,296,200 | - |
| 1963 | $1,540,797,589 | - |
| 1962 | $1,382,515,654 | - |
| 1961 | $1,302,674,325 | - |
| 1960 | $1,217,230,095 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/ghana/marshall-islands | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Ghana vs Marshall Islands by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $2,391 | $8,020 | $7,726 | $8,195 |
| 2023 | $2,384 | $7,556 | $6,793 | $7,549 |
| 2022 | $2,230 | $7,208 | $6,456 | $7,431 |
| 2021 | $2,445 | $6,608 | $6,315 | $6,768 |
| 2020 | $2,195 | $6,047 | $5,662 | $6,137 |
| 2019 | $2,187 | $6,003 | $5,292 | $6,045 |
| 2018 | $2,195 | $5,536 | $4,858 | $5,232 |
| 2017 | $2,012 | $5,171 | $4,593 | $4,719 |
| 2016 | $1,912 | $5,011 | $4,230 | $4,366 |
| 2015 | $1,723 | $5,191 | $3,764 | $4,125 |
| 2014 | $1,950 | $5,517 | $3,735 | $3,931 |
| 2013 | $2,295 | $5,215 | $3,678 | $3,845 |
| 2012 | $1,544 | $4,934 | $3,514 | $3,590 |
| 2011 | $1,507 | $4,381 | $3,319 | $3,537 |
| 2010 | $1,264 | $3,855 | $3,095 | $3,473 |
| 2009 | $1,048 | $3,617 | $2,907 | $3,253 |
| 2008 | $1,183 | $3,516 | $2,818 | $3,118 |
| 2007 | $1,050 | $3,241 | $2,892 | $3,309 |
| 2006 | $906 | $3,103 | $2,754 | $3,110 |
| 2005 | $479 | $2,904 | $2,659 | $3,017 |
| 2004 | $406 | $2,729 | $2,566 | $2,880 |
| 2003 | $358 | $2,584 | $2,539 | $2,824 |
| 2002 | $297.5 | $2,475 | $2,566 | $2,825 |
| 2001 | $263.5 | $2,397 | $2,394 | $2,700 |
| 2000 | $253.7 | $2,315 | $2,265 | $2,490 |
| 1999 | $403 | $2,239 | $2,258 | $2,400 |
| 1998 | $400 | $2,167 | $2,254 | $2,422 |
| 1997 | $378 | $2,097 | $2,231 | $2,434 |
| 1996 | $389 | $2,026 | $2,273 | $2,583 |
| 1995 | $372 | $1,947 | $2,491 | $2,858 |
| 1994 | $321 | $1,875 | $2,265 | $2,617 |
| 1993 | $360 | $1,821 | $2,112 | $2,452 |
| 1992 | $396 | $1,739 | $1,963 | $2,293 |
| 1991 | $418 | $1,678 | $1,811 | $2,131 |
| 1990 | $383 | $1,581 | $1,758 | $2,102 |
| 1989 | $350 | - | $1,670 | - |
| 1988 | $355 | - | $1,670 | - |
| 1987 | $355 | - | $1,543 | - |
| 1986 | $411 | - | $1,425 | - |
| 1985 | $330 | - | $1,162 | - |
| 1984 | $330 | - | $1,245 | - |
| 1983 | $311 | - | $1,199 | - |
| 1982 | $319 | - | $1,046 | - |
| 1981 | $344 | - | $969 | - |
| 1980 | $372 | - | $868 | - |
| 1979 | $347 | - | $859 | - |
| 1978 | $326 | - | $771 | - |
| 1977 | $292.3 | - | $724 | - |
| 1976 | $261 | - | $672 | - |
| 1975 | $273 | - | $638 | - |
| 1974 | $289.4 | - | $602 | - |
| 1973 | $310 | - | $472 | - |
| 1972 | $223.8 | - | $416 | - |
| 1971 | $263.4 | - | $390 | - |
| 1970 | $248.2 | - | $373 | - |
| 1969 | $225.8 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $196.7 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $211.2 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $263.3 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $260.5 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $225 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $205 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $188.4 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $181.9 | - | - | - |
| 1960 | $174.9 | - | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/ghana/marshall-islands | CC BY
Ghana's GDP per capita is $2,391, ranking 151/197, compared to $7,726 in the Marshall Islands, ranking 96/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ghana ranks 140th at $8,020, while the Marshall Islands ranks 139th at $8,195.
Economic indicators
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$82.3B
2024 |
$290M
2024 |
| GDP rank |
80/197
2024 |
193/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
5.59%
2023-2024 |
2.5%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$2,391
2024 |
$7,726
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
151/197
2024 |
96/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$8,020
2024 |
$8,195
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
140/197
2024 |
139/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$57.9B
2024 |
$38.4M
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
70.3%
2024 |
13.2%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$1,682
2024 |
$1,022
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
123/185
2024 |
142/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$2,110
2026 |
$5,044
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$7.58B
2024 |
n/a |
| Income share by richest 10% |
32.2%
2016 |
27.5%
2019 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
1.6%
2016 |
2.8%
2019 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
23.2%
2024 |
71.6%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
22.8%
2023-2024 |
5.2%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
25%
2025 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
2.87%
2022 |
9.82%
2021 |
| Population |
35885254
|
35058
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 23.2% | 70.3% | 71.6% | 13.2% |
| 2023 | 18.5% | 79.1% | 68.4% | 18.2% |
| 2022 | 27.5% | 92.7% | 67.7% | 19.8% |
| 2021 | 27.2% | 86.9% | 69.8% | 20.1% |
| 2020 | 31.5% | 79.1% | 67.8% | 21.7% |
| 2019 | 22.5% | 62.9% | 65.5% | 25.1% |
| 2018 | 20.9% | 62% | 60.5% | 24.7% |
| 2017 | 17.6% | 57% | 63.7% | 26.5% |
| 2016 | 19.9% | 55.9% | 56.8% | 29.2% |
| 2015 | 18.6% | 53.9% | 56.3% | 33.9% |
| 2014 | 21% | 50.1% | 49.2% | 34.9% |
| 2013 | 21.6% | 42.9% | 55% | 33.4% |
| 2012 | 22.1% | 35.5% | 53.2% | 37.6% |
| 2011 | 19.5% | 31.2% | 55.9% | 35.9% |
| 2010 | 19% | 32.9% | 59.2% | 38.8% |
| 2009 | 16.6% | 25.4% | 63.1% | 41.2% |
| 2008 | 16.6% | 23.2% | 64.3% | 44.1% |
| 2007 | 16.8% | 21.1% | 67.2% | 42.2% |
| 2006 | 14.4% | 17.3% | 61.2% | 44.4% |
| 2005 | 12.9% | 31.7% | 85.3% | 45.8% |
| 2004 | 13.7% | 38.4% | 54.5% | 46.8% |
| 2003 | 12.1% | 49.3% | 52.9% | 43.7% |
| 2002 | 10.7% | 54.1% | 55.2% | 37.2% |
| 2001 | 13.8% | 57.8% | 58.8% | 32.7% |
| 2000 | 12% | 74.5% | 56.5% | 27.3% |
| 1999 | 11.1% | 51.7% | 48.7% | 26.1% |
| 1998 | 11.8% | 37.6% | 50.5% | 18.1% |
| 1997 | 12% | 45.2% | 55% | 8.73% |
| 1996 | 12.4% | 42.9% | - | - |
| 1995 | 13% | 47.6% | - | - |
| 1994 | 12.7% | 50.6% | - | - |
| 1993 | 12.1% | 34.1% | - | - |
| 1992 | 9.2% | 21.3% | - | - |
| 1991 | 7.09% | 17.3% | - | - |
| 1990 | 6.59% | 17.8% | - | - |
| 1989 | 7.24% | 23% | - | - |
| 1988 | 7.23% | 23.5% | - | - |
| 1987 | 7.32% | 26.8% | - | - |
| 1986 | 7.29% | 18.2% | - | - |
| 1985 | 6.08% | 14.4% | - | - |
| 1984 | 4.64% | 13% | - | - |
| 1983 | 3.49% | 9.21% | - | - |
| 1982 | 4.73% | 8.51% | - | - |
| 1981 | 5.74% | 8.77% | - | - |
| 1980 | 7.51% | 9.75% | - | - |
| 1979 | 9.14% | 11.5% | - | - |
| 1978 | 6.54% | 11.4% | - | - |
| 1977 | 10.5% | 20.7% | - | - |
| 1976 | 12.8% | 26% | - | - |
| 1975 | 13.2% | 21.8% | - | - |
| 1974 | 9.52% | 21.8% | - | - |
| 1973 | 9.35% | 25.4% | - | - |
| 1972 | 11.4% | 29.8% | - | - |
| 1971 | 11.7% | 29.5% | - | - |
| 1970 | 12.2% | 31.9% | - | - |
| 1969 | 11.2% | 31.4% | - | - |
| 1968 | 12.3% | 34.5% | - | - |
| 1967 | 11.5% | 33.9% | - | - |
| 1966 | 9.12% | 29.8% | - | - |
| 1965 | 14.2% | 30.2% | - | - |
| 1964 | 15.8% | 30.8% | - | - |
| 1963 | 15.3% | 30.5% | - | - |
| 1962 | 12.5% | 11.8% | - | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/ghana/marshall-islands | CC BY
In 2024, Ghana's government spending was $19.1B, accounting for 23.2% of its GDP, while the Marshall Islands spent $208M, or 71.6% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 70.3% in Ghana and 13.2% in the Marshall Islands, ranking 57/185 and 179/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
| 2024 | -7.31% | 3.61% |
| 2023 | -3.37% | 1.14% |
| 2022 | -11.8% | 0.68% |
| 2021 | -12% | 0.18% |
| 2020 | -17.4% | 2.54% |
| 2019 | -7.52% | -1.8% |
| 2018 | -6.79% | 2.55% |
| 2017 | -3.97% | 4.38% |
| 2016 | -6.75% | 3.88% |
| 2015 | -4.01% | 2.81% |
| 2014 | -7.81% | 3.2% |
| 2013 | -9.12% | -0.23% |
| 2012 | -8.36% | -0.76% |
| 2011 | -5.47% | 2.13% |
| 2010 | -7.13% | 3.51% |
| 2009 | -5.05% | 1.51% |
| 2008 | -5.56% | 3.68% |
| 2007 | -4.91% | 0.27% |
| 2006 | -3.11% | 0.24% |
| 2005 | -1.87% | -22.3% |
| 2004 | -2.02% | -1.6% |
| 2003 | -1.99% | 10.5% |
| 2002 | -2.73% | 5.12% |
| 2001 | -3.64% | 7.83% |
| 2000 | -3.98% | 7.84% |
| 1999 | -5.64% | 9.01% |
| 1998 | -5.27% | 13.5% |
| 1997 | -6.14% | 7.91% |
| 1996 | -5.61% | - |
| 1995 | -4.52% | - |
| 1994 | -4.99% | - |
| 1993 | -5.39% | - |
| 1992 | -4.5% | - |
| 1991 | -1.47% | - |
| 1990 | -1.93% | - |
| 1989 | -0.81% | - |
| 1988 | -1.08% | - |
| 1987 | -0.92% | - |
| 1986 | -1.26% | - |
| 1985 | -1.19% | - |
| 1984 | -0.98% | - |
| 1983 | -1.13% | - |
| 1982 | -2.03% | - |
| 1981 | -3.8% | - |
| 1980 | -4.73% | - |
| 1979 | -3.61% | - |
| 1978 | -1.21% | - |
| 1977 | -4.68% | - |
| 1976 | -5.53% | - |
| 1975 | -4.05% | - |
| 1974 | -2.06% | - |
| 1973 | -2.64% | - |
| 1972 | -2.19% | - |
| 1971 | 0.13% | - |
| 1970 | -2.35% | - |
| 1969 | -2.67% | - |
| 1968 | -2.34% | - |
| 1967 | -2.32% | - |
| 1966 | -1.29% | - |
| 1965 | -3.29% | - |
| 1964 | -3.72% | - |
| 1963 | -5.66% | - |
| 1962 | -5.04% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/ghana/marshall-islands | CC BY
In 2024, Ghana's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $6.02B, equivalent to 7.31% of GDP. This compares to the Marshall Islands' surplus of $10.5M, or 3.61% of GDP.
Over the past 28 years, Ghana recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while the Marshall Islands ran a deficit in 5 years. On average, Ghana posted an annual deficit equal to 6.1% of GDP, compared to surplus of 2.55% of GDP for the Marshall Islands.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
| 2024 | 22.8% | 5.2% |
| 2023 | 38.1% | 7.4% |
| 2022 | 31.3% | 2.8% |
| 2021 | 9.97% | 2.2% |
| 2020 | 9.89% | -0.7% |
| 2019 | 7.14% | -0.1% |
| 2018 | 7.81% | 0.8% |
| 2017 | 12.4% | 0.1% |
| 2016 | 17.5% | -1.5% |
| 2015 | 17.1% | -2.2% |
| 2014 | 15.5% | 1.1% |
| 2013 | 11.7% | 1.9% |
| 2012 | 11.2% | 4.3% |
| 2011 | 8.73% | 5.4% |
| 2010 | 10.7% | 1.8% |
| 2009 | 19.2% | 0.5% |
| 2008 | 16.5% | 14.7% |
| 2007 | 10.7% | 2.6% |
| 2006 | 11.7% | 5.3% |
| 2005 | 15.4% | 3.5% |
| 2004 | 18% | 2% |
| 2003 | 29.8% | - |
| 2002 | 9.36% | - |
| 2001 | 41.5% | - |
| 2000 | 40.2% | - |
| 1999 | 4.87% | - |
| 1998 | 14.6% | - |
| 1997 | 27.9% | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (2004–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/ghana/marshall-islands | CC BY
Over the past 21 years, Ghana has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 15.4%, compared with 2.72% in the Marshall Islands. In 2024, inflation was 22.8% in Ghana and 5.2% in the Marshall Islands.
Top exports between countries
|
Ghana
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $79.9M |
| Wood & paper products | $185K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $60K |
| Machinery & equipment | $38K |
| Metals | $35K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $6K |
Balance of trade
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$1.68B
2024 |
$76.3M
2021 |
| Current account balance ranking |
49/190
2024 |
70/190
2021 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+2.04%
2024 |
+29.2%
2021 |
| Goods imports |
$15.4B
2024 |
$133M
2021 |
| Goods exports |
$19.2B
2024 |
$121M
2021 |
| Service imports |
$11.5B
2024 |
$73.1M
2021 |
| Service exports |
$9.27B
2024 |
$9.44M
2021 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
34.3%
2024 |
81.7%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
35.5%
2024 |
42.1%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 57.3 | 58 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 118/197 | 113/197 |
| Property rights | 50.2 | n/a |
| Government integrity | 45.4 | n/a |
| Judicial effectiveness | 57.5 | n/a |
| Tax burden | 79.4 | n/a |
| Government spending | 84 | n/a |
| Fiscal health | 10.1 | n/a |
| Business freedom | 64.5 | n/a |
| Labor freedom | 54.9 | n/a |
| Monetary freedom | 56.7 | n/a |
| Trade freedom | 65.2 | n/a |
| Investment freedom | 60 | n/a |
| Financial freedom | 60 | n/a |
Other economic metrics
|
Ghana
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
40.9%
2024 |
67%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
31.5%
2024 |
13.2%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
20.9%
2024 |
19.6%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$79.5B
2024 |
$319M
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$7,720
2024 |
$9,680
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$3.62B
2023 |
n/a |
| Total reserves ranking |
112/177
2023 |
n/a |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$1.76B
2024 |
-$499K
2021 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.77B
2024 |
$1.7M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$5.37M
2024 |
$0
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
3.45%
2024 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
23.4%
2016 |
7.2%
2019 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
10%
2024 |
20.7%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- TradeMap (2023, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.