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Economy of Jamaica vs Mali compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Jamaica has a GDP of $19.9B compared to $26.6B for Mali, ranking 130/197 and 113/197 by economy size, respectively.

Jamaica has $13.9B in government debt (65.3% of GDP), compared to $13.8B (51.7% of GDP) in Mali.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Jamaica
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Mali
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Jamaica Mali
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $699,064,380 - - -
1961 $748,043,501 - - -
1962 $777,727,689 - - -
1963 $826,706,669 - - -
1964 $897,949,001 - - -
1965 $972,159,611 - - -
1966 $1,096,759,561 $7,024,390,231 - -
1967 $1,148,014,311 $7,151,436,058 $275,494,478 $2,208,088,440
1968 $1,083,839,133 $7,562,224,001 $343,771,973 $2,289,973,417
1969 $1,191,239,047 $7,983,793,326 $339,913,867 $2,295,263,242
1970 $1,404,720,442 $8,946,990,810 $359,772,315 $2,436,122,511
1971 $1,539,861,816 $9,166,914,416 $395,218,629 $2,498,706,401
1972 $1,875,146,587 $10,817,743,267 $486,617,280 $2,644,731,214
1973 $1,905,917,553 $10,224,334,976 $563,683,703 $2,606,247,312
1974 $2,375,122,375 $9,791,921,133 $538,747,340 $2,566,402,323
1975 $2,860,442,750 $9,766,844,781 $830,710,615 $2,864,747,854
1976 $2,966,042,856 $9,113,028,254 $939,228,017 $3,255,025,017
1977 $3,249,733,140 $8,876,312,907 $1,049,838,548 $3,461,675,072
1978 $2,644,527,822 $8,871,546,299 $1,222,702,573 $3,411,014,276
1979 $2,425,064,229 $8,777,504,243 $1,595,422,956 $3,765,612,310
1980 $2,679,379,372 $8,275,943,672 $1,759,691,186 $3,602,717,952
1981 $2,979,027,966 $8,494,382,902 $1,538,972,424 $3,657,075,915
1982 $3,293,496,312 $8,670,151,359 $1,333,754,225 $3,387,241,017
1983 $3,619,262,277 $8,835,671,346 $1,297,765,326 $3,448,918,400
1984 $2,373,564,549 $8,699,394,740 $1,232,932,104 $3,439,019,620
1985 $2,100,239,019 $8,443,316,262 $1,392,196,048 $4,136,680,975
1986 $2,754,549,582 $8,602,269,136 $1,852,163,453 $4,248,066,111
1987 $3,287,007,322 $9,277,577,786 $2,090,629,987 $4,242,154,320
1988 $3,828,342,820 $9,646,296,747 $2,169,040,603 $4,555,637,691
1989 $4,404,937,853 $10,338,254,971 $2,181,821,909 $4,745,944,358
1990 $4,592,208,087 $10,772,517,002 $2,681,912,149 $4,627,182,079
1991 $4,106,207,649 $11,293,717,094 $2,724,131,458 $5,170,654,044
1992 $3,535,460,090 $11,514,570,532 $2,830,673,378 $5,004,228,141
1993 $5,440,075,676 $12,598,909,449 $2,818,281,085 $5,162,970,674
1994 $5,452,558,947 $12,773,201,477 $2,081,846,498 $5,358,127,561
1995 $6,577,520,643 $13,073,366,225 $2,706,425,157 $5,407,477,116
1996 $7,393,891,921 $13,058,497,728 $2,780,422,049 $5,789,017,097
1997 $8,400,041,724 $12,909,570,801 $2,697,105,823 $6,068,570,141
1998 $8,787,195,622 $12,608,189,959 $2,920,358,711 $6,528,062,103
1999 $8,887,057,997 $12,740,282,670 $3,440,724,710 $6,900,223,245
2000 $9,005,064,475 $12,852,231,986 $2,961,484,954 $6,896,025,496
2001 $9,194,727,831 $13,025,085,454 $3,468,337,942 $7,956,374,890
2002 $9,719,009,495 $13,285,234,306 $3,908,121,307 $8,203,524,419
2003 $9,430,234,811 $13,772,313,189 $4,714,071,980 $8,951,607,256
2004 $10,174,664,854 $13,954,620,755 $7,113,132,070 $9,091,252,209
2005 $11,243,865,778 $14,079,346,868 $8,009,875,052 $9,773,522,017
2006 $11,930,179,090 $14,487,524,782 $8,858,863,053 $10,423,877,693
2007 $12,799,600,047 $14,694,979,478 $10,289,243,720 $10,827,805,889
2008 $13,709,401,520 $14,575,694,936 $12,262,134,441 $11,535,657,885
2009 $12,120,458,115 $13,942,336,993 $12,592,138,109 $12,070,163,730
2010 $13,220,549,908 $13,739,176,618 $13,196,527,458 $12,905,626,894
2011 $14,444,661,522 $13,976,916,070 $15,506,843,902 $13,424,321,494
2012 $14,807,086,556 $13,891,148,676 $14,891,957,623 $13,347,723,848
2013 $14,264,205,153 $13,963,061,209 $15,769,357,573 $13,665,683,442
2014 $13,899,217,680 $14,059,381,527 $16,943,434,591 $14,704,621,766
2015 $14,188,936,918 $14,188,936,918 $15,583,181,170 $15,583,181,170
2016 $14,077,096,677 $14,384,066,451 $16,743,796,800 $16,518,961,030
2017 $14,808,985,133 $14,527,493,295 $18,308,362,040 $17,406,945,660
2018 $15,730,792,876 $14,802,051,831 $20,368,015,381 $18,254,289,664
2019 $15,830,766,531 $14,934,129,304 $20,477,421,885 $19,167,003,986
2020 $13,812,421,836 $13,452,615,522 $20,698,560,939 $18,942,927,332
2021 $14,657,586,159 $14,071,627,469 $22,999,245,263 $19,530,336,379
2022 $17,097,760,687 $14,806,380,290 $22,374,051,350 $20,215,515,809
2023 $19,423,355,367 $15,192,036,608 $24,621,545,565 $21,169,114,244
2024 $19,930,288,337 $15,082,835,198 $26,588,067,731 $22,228,532,291

Economic indicators

Jamaica Mali
Gross domestic product
$19.9B
2024
$26.6B
2024
GDP rank
130/197
2024
113/197
2024
GDP growth
2.61%
2023-2024
7.99%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$7,020
2024
$1,086
2024
GDP per capita rank
104/197
2024
171/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,662
2024
$3,309
2024
Government debt
$13.9B
2024
$13.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
65.3%
2025
51.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,908
2024
$563
2024
Government debt per person rank
79/185
2024
161/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,964
2025
$1,598
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$12.4B
2024
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
29.6%
2021
28.3%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2021
3.2%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.1%
2025
26.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5.41%
2023-2024
3.5%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.02%
2023
2.39%
2022
Population
2837071
25787988

GDP per capita in Jamaica vs Mali

Jamaica's GDP per capita is $7,020, ranking 104/197, compared to $1,086 in Mali, ranking 171/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Jamaica ranks 127th at $11,662, while Mali ranks 173rd at $3,309.

Jamaica
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Mali
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Jamaica Mali
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $424 - - -
1961 $447 - - -
1962 $458 - - -
1963 $480 - - -
1964 $514 - - -
1965 $549 - - -
1966 $612 - - -
1967 $633 - $46 -
1968 $591 - $56.5 -
1969 $642 - $55 -
1970 $748 - $57.3 -
1971 $809 - $62 -
1972 $971 - $75.1 -
1973 $972 - $85.4 -
1974 $1,193 - $80.2 -
1975 $1,417 - $121.5 -
1976 $1,450 - $134.9 -
1977 $1,569 - $148.1 -
1978 $1,262 - $169.1 -
1979 $1,144 - $216.3 -
1980 $1,249 - $233.7 -
1981 $1,370 - $200.1 -
1982 $1,494 - $169.7 -
1983 $1,619 - $161.5 -
1984 $1,048 - $150.2 -
1985 $917 - $166.2 -
1986 $1,191 - $217.1 -
1987 $1,411 - $240.8 -
1988 $1,632 - $245.5 -
1989 $1,865 - $242.4 -
1990 $1,930 $4,841 $292.2 $823
1991 $1,710 $5,201 $290.9 $932
1992 $1,458 $5,370 $296.3 $904
1993 $2,221 $5,954 $288.9 $936
1994 $2,203 $6,102 $208.9 $971
1995 $2,631 $6,313 $265.7 $979
1996 $2,929 $6,359 $267.2 $1,044
1997 $3,297 $6,336 $253.3 $1,088
1998 $3,419 $6,204 $267.4 $1,154
1999 $3,432 $6,309 $306 $1,203
2000 $3,453 $6,464 $256.2 $1,195
2001 $3,504 $6,656 $291.2 $1,368
2002 $3,681 $6,852 $318 $1,388
2003 $3,550 $7,200 $372 $1,496
2004 $3,808 $7,447 $543 $1,511
2005 $4,184 $7,707 $592 $1,621
2006 $4,417 $8,133 $633 $1,725
2007 $4,716 $8,432 $712 $1,781
2008 $5,030 $8,488 $821 $1,871
2009 $4,428 $8,135 $816 $1,907
2010 $4,810 $8,080 $828 $1,998
2011 $5,233 $8,353 $942 $2,053
2012 $5,341 $8,373 $878 $2,003
2013 $5,124 $8,630 $903 $2,062
2014 $4,975 $8,733 $940 $2,167
2015 $5,063 $8,986 $838 $2,330
2016 $5,010 $9,399 $872 $2,532
2017 $5,259 $9,820 $924 $2,607
2018 $5,578 $10,035 $996 $2,684
2019 $5,607 $10,084 $972 $2,820
2020 $4,879 $8,991 $953 $2,724
2021 $5,165 $9,577 $1,027 $2,796
2022 $6,022 $10,790 $970 $3,009
2023 $6,840 $11,467 $1,036 $3,168
2024 $7,020 $11,662 $1,086 $3,309

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Jamaica's government spending was $6.68B, accounting for 32.1% of its GDP, while Mali's spent $6.56B, or 26.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 65.3% in Jamaica and 51.7% in Mali, ranking 66/185 and 106/185, respectively.

Jamaica
Government spending

Government debt
Mali
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Jamaica Mali
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1990 26.3% 128.8% - -
1991 25.1% 175.1% - -
1992 20.5% 100.4% - -
1993 22.1% 106.2% - -
1994 22.1% 90.4% - -
1995 23.7% 85.2% - -
1996 28.4% 70.2% - -
1997 29% 74.4% - -
1998 29% 75.6% - -
1999 29.7% 85.6% - -
2000 26.9% 93.7% 19.4% 90.5%
2001 29.3% 110.7% 18.3% 77.5%
2002 31.9% 122.2% 19.9% 42.6%
2003 33.3% 128.8% 20.8% 44.1%
2004 32.4% 123.3% 21.8% 42.4%
2005 30% 127.7% 21.6% 46.6%
2006 32% 121.1% 22.1% 18.1%
2007 32.4% 118.2% 21.5% 18.5%
2008 35.3% 128.9% 18.8% 20.1%
2009 39.6% 145.2% 22.8% 21.9%
2010 33.7% 143.7% 20.3% 25.3%
2011 32.5% 141.7% 20.6% 24%
2012 30.4% 146.7% 15.5% 25.4%
2013 27.6% 141.7% 19.8% 26.4%
2014 27.2% 140.3% 20% 26.9%
2015 27.8% 124% 20.9% 30.7%
2016 28.6% 115.4% 22.3% 37.2%
2017 29.1% 103% 22.9% 38.2%
2018 29.8% 95.6% 20.3% 37.5%
2019 29.9% 94.7% 23.1% 40.7%
2020 32.3% 108.7% 26.1% 47.3%
2021 31.6% 99% 26.9% 51.6%
2022 31.3% 80.9% 24.4% 50.3%
2023 30.9% 74.2% 24.8% 51.9%
2024 33.5% 69.9% 24.7% 51.8%
2025 32.1% 65.3% 26.2% 51.7%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Jamaica's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $52M, equivalent to 0.26% of GDP. This compares to Mali's deficit of -$679M, or -2.55% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Jamaica recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while Mali ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Jamaica posted an annual deficit equal to -2.87% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.76% of GDP for Mali.

Deficit/surplus
Jamaica

Mali
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Jamaica Mali
1990 2.4% -
1991 3.97% -
1992 3.19% -
1993 2.66% -
1994 2.66% -
1995 1.65% -
1996 -5.45% -
1997 -6.71% -
1998 -5.97% -
1999 -3.62% -
2000 -0.82% -2.64%
2001 -5.01% -2.8%
2002 -6.94% -3.09%
2003 -5.82% -1.19%
2004 -4.8% -2.36%
2005 -3.39% -2.76%
2006 -5.03% 27.8%
2007 -3.92% -2.78%
2008 -7.62% -1.97%
2009 -11.4% -3.71%
2010 -6.44% -2.57%
2011 -6.51% -3.42%
2012 -4.16% -0.96%
2013 0.12% -2.37%
2014 -0.5% -2.89%
2015 -0.29% -1.82%
2016 -0.2% -3.95%
2017 0.46% -2.86%
2018 1.2% -4.74%
2019 0.92% -1.68%
2020 -3.08% -5.42%
2021 0.97% -4.91%
2022 0.3% -4.75%
2023 0.04% -3.57%
2024 0.26% -2.55%
2025 0.009% -3.13%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Jamaica has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.86%, compared with 2.23% in Mali. In 2024, inflation was 5.41% in Jamaica and 3.5% in Mali.

Inflation
Jamaica

Mali
Year Inflation
Jamaica Mali Jamaica Mali
1996 26.4% 6.5%
1997 9.66% -0.7%
1998 8.63% 4.1%
1999 5.95% -1.2%
2000 8.17% -0.8%
2001 6.8% 5.2%
2002 7.08% 5%
2003 10.1% -1.3%
2004 13.6% -3.1%
2005 15.1% 6.4%
2006 8.56% 1.6%
2007 9.24% 1.4%
2008 22% 9.2%
2009 9.59% 2.4%
2010 12.6% 1.2%
2011 7.56% 3%
2012 6.87% 5.3%
2013 9.34% -0.6%
2014 8.27% 0.9%
2015 3.69% 1.4%
2016 2.35% -1.8%
2017 4.38% 2.4%
2018 3.74% 1.9%
2019 3.91% -3%
2020 5.23% 0.5%
2021 5.86% 3.8%
2022 10.3% 9.7%
2023 6.47% 2.1%
2024 5.41% 3.2%
2025 - 3.5%

Balance of trade

Jamaica Mali
Current account balance
$679M
2024
-$1.61B
2023
Current account balance ranking
55/189
2024
135/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.41%
2024
-6.54%
2023
Goods imports
$6.07B
2024
$5.73B
2023
Goods exports
$1.87B
2024
$5.65B
2023
Service imports
$3.46B
2024
$2.34B
2023
Service exports
$5.26B
2024
$475M
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.1%
2019
28.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
38%
2019
22.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Jamaica Mali
Economic freedom 68.7 52.6
Economic freedom ranking 46/197 144/197
Property rights 67.8 23.5
Government integrity 49.5 22.7
Judicial effectiveness 79.9 32.9
Tax burden 76.5 70
Government spending 72.8 79.6
Fiscal health 89 60.4
Business freedom 70.1 42.4
Labor freedom 64.4 53.9
Monetary freedom 72.8 77.2
Trade freedom 71.8 64
Investment freedom 60 65
Financial freedom 50 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Jamaica is 68.7, ranking 46/197, compared to 52.6 for Mali, ranking 144/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Jamaica
Mali
Year Economic freedom index
Jamaica Mali
1995 64.4 52.4
1996 66.7 57
1997 67.7 56.4
1998 67.1 57.3
1999 64.7 58.4
2000 65.5 60.3
2001 63.7 60.1
2002 61.7 61.1
2003 67 58.6
2004 66.7 56.6
2005 67 57.3
2006 66.4 54.1
2007 65.5 54.7
2008 65.7 55.6
2009 65.2 55.6
2010 65.5 55.6
2011 65.7 56.3
2012 65.1 55.8
2013 66.8 56.4
2014 66.7 55.5
2015 67.7 56.4
2016 67.5 56.5
2017 69.5 58.6
2018 69.1 57.6
2019 68.6 58.1
2020 68.5 55.9
2021 69 55.6
2022 67.4 55.9
2023 68.1 54.5
2024 68.1 52.5
2025 68.7 52.6

More economic indicators

Jamaica Mali
Services, % of GDP
60.3%
2024
36.7%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
18.3%
2024
22.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.8%
2024
33.4%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$18.4B
2024
$24.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,410
2024
$3,210
2024
Total reserves including gold
$5.63B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
93/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$304M
2024
-$673M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$305M
2024
$709M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$1.07M
2024
$35.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
12.7%
2023
1.52%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
8.2%
2023
43.3%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.3%
2019
20.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.