Jamaica has a GDP of $22.7B compared to $1.18B for Saint Kitts and Nevis, ranking 125/197 and 188/197 by economy size, respectively.
Jamaica has $15.4B in government debt (67.7% of GDP), compared to $691M (58.4% of GDP) in Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Jamaica vs Saint Kitts and Nevis GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
| 2025 | $22,704,903,218 | $1,183,514,815 |
| 2024 | $22,014,429,051 | $1,122,388,889 |
| 2023 | $21,418,797,833 | $1,055,651,852 |
| 2022 | $18,813,516,805 | $981,429,630 |
| 2021 | $15,963,885,376 | $858,622,222 |
| 2020 | $15,000,214,216 | $883,922,222 |
| 2019 | $17,026,269,263 | $1,107,855,556 |
| 2018 | $16,855,447,986 | $1,076,548,148 |
| 2017 | $15,783,583,237 | $1,056,977,778 |
| 2016 | $14,898,999,754 | $1,006,818,519 |
| 2015 | $14,963,589,916 | $957,222,222 |
| 2014 | $13,899,217,680 | $952,111,111 |
| 2013 | $14,264,205,153 | $874,548,148 |
| 2012 | $14,807,086,556 | $824,585,185 |
| 2011 | $14,444,661,522 | $836,092,593 |
| 2010 | $13,220,549,908 | $778,718,519 |
| 2009 | $12,120,458,115 | $774,274,074 |
| 2008 | $13,709,401,520 | $777,692,593 |
| 2007 | $12,799,600,047 | $689,285,185 |
| 2006 | $11,930,179,090 | $644,414,815 |
| 2005 | $11,243,865,778 | $547,203,704 |
| 2004 | $10,174,664,854 | $506,900,000 |
| 2003 | $9,430,234,811 | $469,869,870 |
| 2002 | $9,719,009,495 | $481,077,374 |
| 2001 | $9,194,727,831 | $458,643,829 |
| 2000 | $9,005,064,475 | $421,695,770 |
| 1999 | $8,887,057,997 | $406,595,484 |
| 1998 | $8,787,195,622 | $383,257,331 |
| 1997 | $8,400,041,724 | $374,641,308 |
| 1996 | $7,393,891,921 | $333,944,444 |
| 1995 | $6,577,520,643 | $313,485,185 |
| 1994 | $5,452,558,947 | $295,159,259 |
| 1993 | $5,440,075,676 | $263,755,556 |
| 1992 | $3,535,460,090 | $242,137,037 |
| 1991 | $4,106,207,649 | $220,540,741 |
| 1990 | $4,592,208,087 | $217,259,259 |
| 1989 | $4,404,937,853 | $192,518,519 |
| 1988 | $3,828,342,820 | $172,692,593 |
| 1987 | $3,287,007,322 | $147,748,148 |
| 1986 | $2,754,549,582 | $130,685,185 |
| 1985 | $2,100,239,019 | $111,007,407 |
| 1984 | $2,373,564,549 | $98,603,704 |
| 1983 | $3,619,262,277 | $86,874,074 |
| 1982 | $3,293,496,312 | $86,022,222 |
| 1981 | $2,979,027,966 | $80,888,889 |
| 1980 | $2,679,379,372 | $68,459,259 |
| 1979 | $2,425,064,229 | $58,840,741 |
| 1978 | $2,644,527,822 | $49,433,333 |
| 1977 | $3,249,733,140 | $44,496,296 |
| 1976 | $2,966,042,856 | $30,095,602 |
| 1975 | $2,860,442,750 | $33,364,055 |
| 1974 | $2,375,122,375 | $31,514,856 |
| 1973 | $1,905,917,553 | $24,196,018 |
| 1972 | $1,875,146,587 | $22,944,849 |
| 1971 | $1,539,861,816 | $19,624,746 |
| 1970 | $1,404,720,442 | $16,300,000 |
| 1969 | $1,191,239,047 | $15,850,000 |
| 1968 | $1,083,839,133 | $14,600,000 |
| 1967 | $1,148,014,311 | $16,742,338 |
| 1966 | $1,096,759,561 | $14,469,078 |
| 1965 | $972,159,611 | $13,593,932 |
| 1964 | $897,949,001 | $13,416,633 |
| 1963 | $826,706,669 | $12,833,301 |
| 1962 | $777,727,689 | $12,541,635 |
| 1961 | $748,043,501 | $12,483,302 |
| 1960 | $699,064,380 | $12,366,636 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saint-kitts-and-nevis | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Jamaica vs Saint Kitts and Nevis by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $8,003 | - | $25,223 | - |
| 2024 | $7,754 | $12,890 | $23,961 | $34,847 |
| 2023 | $7,542 | $12,651 | $22,577 | $33,980 |
| 2022 | $6,626 | $11,888 | $21,012 | $31,871 |
| 2021 | $5,626 | $10,431 | $18,361 | $26,897 |
| 2020 | $5,299 | $9,764 | $18,859 | $27,326 |
| 2019 | $6,031 | $10,845 | $23,595 | $32,482 |
| 2018 | $5,977 | $10,753 | $22,901 | $30,795 |
| 2017 | $5,605 | $10,466 | $22,465 | $29,579 |
| 2016 | $5,302 | $9,948 | $21,388 | $28,215 |
| 2015 | $5,339 | $9,476 | $20,329 | $26,877 |
| 2014 | $4,975 | $9,210 | $20,219 | $26,756 |
| 2013 | $5,124 | $9,101 | $18,580 | $24,624 |
| 2012 | $5,341 | $8,831 | $17,532 | $23,458 |
| 2011 | $5,233 | $8,809 | $17,832 | $24,550 |
| 2010 | $4,810 | $8,521 | $16,623 | $23,691 |
| 2009 | $4,428 | $8,580 | $16,503 | $23,385 |
| 2008 | $5,030 | $8,952 | $16,605 | $24,102 |
| 2007 | $4,716 | $8,893 | $14,758 | $21,301 |
| 2006 | $4,417 | $8,577 | $13,838 | $20,676 |
| 2005 | $4,184 | $8,127 | $11,784 | $19,500 |
| 2004 | $3,808 | $7,854 | $10,945 | $17,276 |
| 2003 | $3,550 | $7,593 | $10,176 | $16,226 |
| 2002 | $3,681 | $7,226 | $10,454 | $16,619 |
| 2001 | $3,504 | $7,019 | $10,023 | $16,235 |
| 2000 | $3,453 | $6,816 | $9,320 | $15,256 |
| 1999 | $3,432 | $6,653 | $9,116 | $13,754 |
| 1998 | $3,419 | $6,543 | $8,711 | $13,319 |
| 1997 | $3,297 | $6,682 | $8,627 | $13,409 |
| 1996 | $2,929 | $6,706 | $7,788 | $12,498 |
| 1995 | $2,631 | $6,657 | $7,406 | $11,747 |
| 1994 | $2,203 | $6,435 | $7,065 | $11,062 |
| 1993 | $2,221 | $6,279 | $6,395 | $10,418 |
| 1992 | $1,458 | $5,664 | $5,947 | $9,652 |
| 1991 | $1,710 | $5,485 | $5,465 | $9,131 |
| 1990 | $1,930 | $5,106 | $5,373 | $8,983 |
| 1989 | $1,865 | - | $4,723 | - |
| 1988 | $1,632 | - | $4,206 | - |
| 1987 | $1,411 | - | $3,573 | - |
| 1986 | $1,191 | - | $3,140 | - |
| 1985 | $917 | - | $2,651 | - |
| 1984 | $1,048 | - | $2,341 | - |
| 1983 | $1,619 | - | $2,052 | - |
| 1982 | $1,494 | - | $2,023 | - |
| 1981 | $1,370 | - | $1,894 | - |
| 1980 | $1,249 | - | $1,598 | - |
| 1979 | $1,144 | - | $1,367 | - |
| 1978 | $1,262 | - | $1,144 | - |
| 1977 | $1,569 | - | $1,026 | - |
| 1976 | $1,450 | - | $692 | - |
| 1975 | $1,417 | - | $765 | - |
| 1974 | $1,193 | - | $721 | - |
| 1973 | $972 | - | $551 | - |
| 1972 | $971 | - | $521 | - |
| 1971 | $809 | - | $444 | - |
| 1970 | $748 | - | $365 | - |
| 1969 | $642 | - | $347 | - |
| 1968 | $591 | - | $309 | - |
| 1967 | $633 | - | $344 | - |
| 1966 | $612 | - | $290 | - |
| 1965 | $549 | - | $265.8 | - |
| 1964 | $514 | - | $256.4 | - |
| 1963 | $480 | - | $240.1 | - |
| 1962 | $458 | - | $230.3 | - |
| 1961 | $447 | - | $225.6 | - |
| 1960 | $424 | - | $221.6 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saint-kitts-and-nevis | CC BY
Jamaica's GDP per capita is $8,003, ranking 98/197, compared to $25,223 in Saint Kitts and Nevis, ranking 53/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Jamaica ranks 121st at $12,890, while Saint Kitts and Nevis ranks 64th at $34,847.
Economic indicators
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$22.7B
2025 |
$1.18B
2025 |
| GDP rank |
125/197
2025 |
188/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
0.08%
2024-2025 |
2.69%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$8,003
2025 |
$25,223
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
98/197
2025 |
53/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$12,890
2024 |
$34,847
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
121/197
2024 |
64/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$15.4B
2025 |
$691M
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
67.7%
2025 |
58.4%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$5,419
2025 |
$14,732
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
80/185
2025 |
45/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$8,390
2026 |
$13,351
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$11.6B
2025 |
n/a |
| Income share by richest 10% |
29.6%
2021 |
n/a |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.2%
2021 |
n/a |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
33.8%
2025 |
42.4%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
4%
2024-2025 |
1.3%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
5.75%
2025 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
3.02%
2023 |
5.12%
2001 |
| Population |
2834177
|
47031
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 33.8% | 67.7% | 42.4% | 58.4% |
| 2024 | 30.1% | 62.5% | 44.4% | 58.1% |
| 2023 | 27.7% | 66.5% | 43.7% | 60% |
| 2022 | 27.1% | 70.2% | 50.4% | 64.5% |
| 2021 | 27.6% | 86.3% | 42% | 73% |
| 2020 | 30.1% | 101.3% | 37.2% | 71.7% |
| 2019 | 27.5% | 87.7% | 37.9% | 57.2% |
| 2018 | 27.5% | 88.3% | 34.2% | 54.7% |
| 2017 | 26.9% | 95.1% | 25.5% | 56.2% |
| 2016 | 26.5% | 106.9% | 26.1% | 57.4% |
| 2015 | 25.9% | 115.9% | 29% | 62.2% |
| 2014 | 26.1% | 134.4% | 27.4% | 67.9% |
| 2013 | 26.3% | 135.2% | 27.9% | 89.3% |
| 2012 | 29.1% | 140.3% | 26.4% | 118% |
| 2011 | 31.2% | 135.9% | 30.3% | 127.1% |
| 2010 | 32.3% | 137.8% | 31.2% | 134.9% |
| 2009 | 37.7% | 138.3% | 30.4% | 129.1% |
| 2008 | 33.9% | 123.8% | 29.5% | 123.4% |
| 2007 | 30.6% | 111.6% | 30.9% | 130.1% |
| 2006 | 30.1% | 114.2% | 31.2% | 134.8% |
| 2005 | 28.6% | 121.5% | 33% | 124% |
| 2004 | 30.7% | 116.9% | 32.4% | 147.2% |
| 2003 | 31.1% | 120.1% | 30% | 136.6% |
| 2002 | 30.1% | 115.4% | 34.1% | 115.2% |
| 2001 | 27.8% | 105.3% | 29.5% | 100.5% |
| 2000 | 25.7% | 89.5% | 33.3% | 92.9% |
| 1999 | 27.9% | 80.7% | 33.6% | 89.2% |
| 1998 | 27.9% | 75.6% | 29.1% | 79% |
| 1997 | 27.6% | 74.4% | 26.3% | 67.2% |
| 1996 | 27.4% | 70.2% | 26.8% | 50.7% |
| 1995 | 22.1% | 85.2% | 23.7% | - |
| 1994 | 19.9% | 90.4% | 22.2% | - |
| 1993 | 19.6% | 106.2% | 21.3% | - |
| 1992 | 18.2% | 100.4% | 19.8% | - |
| 1991 | 19.9% | 175.1% | 18.2% | - |
| 1990 | 22.6% | 128.8% | 19.3% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1990–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saint-kitts-and-nevis | CC BY
In 2025, Jamaica's government spending was $7.68B, accounting for 33.8% of its GDP, while Saint Kitts and Nevis spent $502M, or 42.4% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 67.7% in Jamaica and 58.4% in Saint Kitts and Nevis, ranking 62/185 and 82/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
| 2025 | -3.77% | -11.7% |
| 2024 | 0.22% | -11.3% |
| 2023 | 0.04% | 0.21% |
| 2022 | 0.26% | -4.23% |
| 2021 | 0.84% | 5.5% |
| 2020 | -2.87% | -3.12% |
| 2019 | 0.85% | -0.71% |
| 2018 | 1.1% | 1.82% |
| 2017 | 0.42% | 1.68% |
| 2016 | -0.18% | 3.77% |
| 2015 | -0.28% | 5.66% |
| 2014 | -0.48% | 8.33% |
| 2013 | 0.12% | 10.7% |
| 2012 | -3.97% | 4.2% |
| 2011 | -6.24% | 1.6% |
| 2010 | -6.17% | -4.15% |
| 2009 | -10.8% | -1.23% |
| 2008 | -7.32% | -1.57% |
| 2007 | -3.7% | -0.99% |
| 2006 | -4.74% | -1.31% |
| 2005 | -3.22% | -3.29% |
| 2004 | -4.56% | -6.34% |
| 2003 | -5.42% | -5.49% |
| 2002 | -6.55% | -11.3% |
| 2001 | -4.77% | -10.4% |
| 2000 | -0.78% | -12.8% |
| 1999 | -3.41% | -11.1% |
| 1998 | -5.73% | -5.13% |
| 1997 | -6.39% | -2.33% |
| 1996 | -5.25% | -2.27% |
| 1995 | 1.53% | 0.9% |
| 1994 | 2.4% | 0.79% |
| 1993 | 2.37% | 0.24% |
| 1992 | 2.83% | 0.5% |
| 1991 | 3.14% | 0.92% |
| 1990 | 2.06% | 0.62% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saint-kitts-and-nevis | CC BY
In 2025, Jamaica's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $856M, equivalent to 3.77% of GDP. This compares to Saint Kitts and Nevis' deficit of $139M, or 11.7% of GDP.
Over the past 36 years, Jamaica recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Saint Kitts and Nevis ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Jamaica posted an annual deficit equal to 2.18% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.76% of GDP for Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
| 2025 | 4% | 1.3% |
| 2024 | 5.41% | 1.1% |
| 2023 | 6.47% | 3.6% |
| 2022 | 10.3% | 2.7% |
| 2021 | 5.86% | 1.2% |
| 2020 | 5.23% | -1.2% |
| 2019 | 3.91% | -0.3% |
| 2018 | 3.74% | -1% |
| 2017 | 4.38% | 0.7% |
| 2016 | 2.35% | -0.7% |
| 2015 | 3.69% | -2.3% |
| 2014 | 8.27% | 0.2% |
| 2013 | 9.34% | 1.1% |
| 2012 | 6.87% | 0.8% |
| 2011 | 7.56% | 5.8% |
| 2010 | 12.6% | 0.9% |
| 2009 | 9.59% | 2.1% |
| 2008 | 22% | 5.3% |
| 2007 | 9.24% | 4.5% |
| 2006 | 8.56% | 8.5% |
| 2005 | 15.1% | 3.4% |
| 2004 | 13.6% | 2.2% |
| 2003 | 10.1% | 2.3% |
| 2002 | 7.08% | 2.1% |
| 2001 | 6.8% | 2.1% |
| 2000 | 8.17% | 2.1% |
| 1999 | 5.95% | 3.4% |
| 1998 | 8.63% | 3.7% |
| 1997 | 9.66% | 8.7% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saint-kitts-and-nevis | CC BY
Over the past 29 years, Jamaica has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.08%, compared with 2.22% in Saint Kitts and Nevis. In 2025, inflation was 4% in Jamaica and 1.3% in Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Top exports between countries
|
Jamaica
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $9.8M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $1.63M |
| Animal & marine products | $557K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $389K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $56K |
| Machinery & equipment | $42K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $36K |
| Wood & paper products | $9K |
| Metals | $5K |
| Miscellaneous | $2K |
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $108K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $10K |
| Machinery & equipment | $8K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $5K |
Balance of trade
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$679M
2024 |
-$162M
2025 |
| Current account balance ranking |
53/190
2024 |
88/190
2025 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+3.08%
2024 |
-13.7%
2025 |
| Goods imports |
$6.07B
2024 |
$448M
2025 |
| Goods exports |
$1.87B
2024 |
$46.5M
2025 |
| Service imports |
$3.46B
2024 |
$259M
2025 |
| Service exports |
$5.26B
2024 |
$529M
2025 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
52.1%
2019 |
n/a |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
38%
2019 |
11%
2026 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 68.2 | 62 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 48/197 | 90/197 |
| Property rights | 66.8 | n/a |
| Government integrity | 49.4 | n/a |
| Judicial effectiveness | 75.6 | n/a |
| Tax burden | 76.3 | n/a |
| Government spending | 76 | n/a |
| Fiscal health | 92.2 | n/a |
| Business freedom | 68.5 | n/a |
| Labor freedom | 59.2 | n/a |
| Monetary freedom | 74.2 | n/a |
| Trade freedom | 70.4 | n/a |
| Investment freedom | 60 | n/a |
| Financial freedom | 50 | n/a |
Other economic metrics
|
Jamaica
|
Saint Kitts
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
59.8%
2025 |
66.2%
2025 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
16.3%
2025 |
20.8%
2025 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
8.74%
2025 |
1.29%
2025 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$22.1B
2025 |
$1.15B
2025 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$13,090
2025 |
$36,430
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$6.3B
2025 |
$282M
2025 |
| Total reserves ranking |
92/177
2025 |
167/177
2025 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$304M
2024 |
-$18.5M
2025 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$305M
2024 |
$42.1M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.07M
2024 |
$8.97M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
11.3%
2024 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
8.2%
2023 |
n/a |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
22.6%
2019 |
n/a |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/jamaica/saint-kitts-and-nevis | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2017–2024, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1990–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.