The latest officially reported population of North Macedonia was 1,820,909 in 2025 vs 838,645 people in the Solomon Islands in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current North Macedonia's population is 1,811,466 people compared to 868,694 in the Solomon Islands.
Population statistics:
- North Macedonia's population is 2.09 times bigger than the Solomon Islands'.
- North Macedonia is ranked the 150th most populous country in the world, while the Solomon Islands is the 161st.
- The countries together account for 0.03% of the world: 0.02% for North Macedonia vs 0.01% for the Solomon Islands.
- For the last 10 years, North Macedonia has had an average growth rate of -0.47% per year vs +2.83% in the Solomon Islands.
- Since 2006, the population of North Macedonia has decreased from 1.99M people to 1.81M (9.17% decline), while the Solomon Islands has grown from 492K to 869K (76.7% growth).
North Macedonia vs Solomon Islands: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
North Macedonia
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
| 2100 | 869,530 | 1,869,132 |
| 2099 | 880,467 | 1,865,051 |
| 2098 | 891,427 | 1,860,822 |
| 2097 | 902,461 | 1,856,197 |
| 2096 | 913,488 | 1,851,361 |
| 2095 | 924,371 | 1,846,006 |
| 2094 | 935,479 | 1,840,576 |
| 2093 | 946,865 | 1,834,659 |
| 2092 | 958,251 | 1,828,323 |
| 2091 | 969,723 | 1,821,781 |
| 2090 | 981,115 | 1,814,933 |
| 2089 | 992,687 | 1,807,885 |
| 2088 | 1,004,280 | 1,800,523 |
| 2087 | 1,015,922 | 1,792,919 |
| 2086 | 1,027,915 | 1,784,993 |
| 2085 | 1,039,832 | 1,776,798 |
| 2084 | 1,052,077 | 1,768,230 |
| 2083 | 1,064,269 | 1,759,388 |
| 2082 | 1,076,684 | 1,750,221 |
| 2081 | 1,089,137 | 1,740,741 |
| 2080 | 1,101,478 | 1,730,900 |
| 2079 | 1,114,004 | 1,720,938 |
| 2078 | 1,126,827 | 1,710,578 |
| 2077 | 1,139,917 | 1,699,838 |
| 2076 | 1,153,296 | 1,688,671 |
| 2075 | 1,166,630 | 1,677,384 |
| 2074 | 1,180,262 | 1,665,984 |
| 2073 | 1,193,984 | 1,654,063 |
| 2072 | 1,207,689 | 1,641,845 |
| 2071 | 1,221,407 | 1,629,270 |
| 2070 | 1,235,738 | 1,616,540 |
| 2069 | 1,250,212 | 1,603,485 |
| 2068 | 1,264,718 | 1,590,112 |
| 2067 | 1,279,182 | 1,576,525 |
| 2066 | 1,293,374 | 1,562,815 |
| 2065 | 1,307,896 | 1,548,873 |
| 2064 | 1,322,184 | 1,534,676 |
| 2063 | 1,336,875 | 1,520,167 |
| 2062 | 1,351,652 | 1,505,610 |
| 2061 | 1,366,457 | 1,490,754 |
| 2060 | 1,381,009 | 1,475,849 |
| 2059 | 1,395,166 | 1,460,639 |
| 2058 | 1,409,270 | 1,445,210 |
| 2057 | 1,423,516 | 1,429,794 |
| 2056 | 1,437,970 | 1,414,149 |
| 2055 | 1,452,276 | 1,398,271 |
| 2054 | 1,466,673 | 1,382,259 |
| 2053 | 1,480,857 | 1,366,025 |
| 2052 | 1,494,452 | 1,349,539 |
| 2051 | 1,508,115 | 1,332,975 |
| 2050 | 1,521,258 | 1,316,163 |
| 2049 | 1,534,276 | 1,299,210 |
| 2048 | 1,547,097 | 1,282,103 |
| 2047 | 1,559,831 | 1,264,854 |
| 2046 | 1,572,937 | 1,247,457 |
| 2045 | 1,585,940 | 1,229,853 |
| 2044 | 1,598,742 | 1,212,131 |
| 2043 | 1,611,835 | 1,194,206 |
| 2042 | 1,624,885 | 1,176,128 |
| 2041 | 1,637,687 | 1,158,032 |
| 2040 | 1,650,468 | 1,139,694 |
| 2039 | 1,663,094 | 1,120,879 |
| 2038 | 1,675,445 | 1,101,654 |
| 2037 | 1,687,986 | 1,082,017 |
| 2036 | 1,700,377 | 1,062,068 |
| 2035 | 1,712,512 | 1,041,799 |
| 2034 | 1,724,440 | 1,021,368 |
| 2033 | 1,736,005 | 1,000,876 |
| 2032 | 1,747,606 | 980,211 |
| 2031 | 1,759,081 | 959,672 |
| 2030 | 1,770,549 | 939,186 |
| 2029 | 1,781,235 | 918,810 |
| 2028 | 1,791,502 | 898,552 |
| 2027 | 1,801,426 | 878,392 |
| 2026 | 1,811,466 | 858,453 |
| 2025 | 1,820,909 | 838,645 |
| 2024 | 1,824,359 | 819,198 |
| 2023 | 1,827,816 | 800,005 |
| 2022 | 1,831,712 | 781,066 |
| 2021 | 1,837,114 | 762,591 |
| 2020 | 1,856,124 | 744,498 |
| 2019 | 1,876,262 | 728,147 |
| 2018 | 1,889,051 | 709,101 |
| 2017 | 1,898,657 | 685,672 |
| 2016 | 1,906,313 | 662,379 |
| 2015 | 1,912,430 | 639,415 |
| 2014 | 1,917,557 | 616,908 |
| 2013 | 1,922,716 | 594,945 |
| 2012 | 1,929,821 | 573,606 |
| 2011 | 1,937,398 | 552,945 |
| 2010 | 1,946,298 | 532,968 |
| 2009 | 1,958,782 | 518,141 |
| 2008 | 1,971,493 | 508,790 |
| 2007 | 1,982,933 | 500,156 |
| 2006 | 1,994,287 | 491,594 |
| 2005 | 2,005,330 | 483,080 |
| 2004 | 2,016,186 | 474,611 |
| 2003 | 2,022,725 | 466,154 |
| 2002 | 2,020,157 | 457,671 |
| 2001 | 2,034,882 | 449,125 |
| 2000 | 2,026,350 | 440,469 |
| 1999 | 2,017,142 | 430,500 |
| 1998 | 2,007,523 | 419,071 |
| 1997 | 1,996,869 | 407,474 |
| 1996 | 2,012,553 | 396,009 |
| 1995 | 1,998,534 | 384,733 |
| 1994 | 1,992,666 | 373,675 |
| 1993 | 2,006,854 | 362,839 |
| 1992 | 2,032,523 | 352,205 |
| 1991 | 2,055,994 | 341,738 |
| 1990 | 2,063,689 | 331,435 |
| 1989 | 2,055,649 | 321,282 |
| 1988 | 2,045,737 | 311,265 |
| 1987 | 2,035,157 | 301,414 |
| 1986 | 2,024,732 | 291,842 |
| 1985 | 2,014,331 | 282,455 |
| 1984 | 2,003,399 | 273,163 |
| 1983 | 1,991,901 | 264,068 |
| 1982 | 1,978,956 | 255,200 |
| 1981 | 1,959,065 | 246,555 |
| 1980 | 1,933,038 | 238,135 |
| 1979 | 1,906,523 | 229,953 |
| 1978 | 1,879,847 | 222,029 |
| 1977 | 1,853,138 | 214,418 |
| 1976 | 1,825,830 | 207,194 |
| 1975 | 1,797,972 | 200,744 |
| 1974 | 1,770,545 | 195,041 |
| 1973 | 1,743,816 | 189,774 |
| 1972 | 1,717,395 | 184,994 |
| 1971 | 1,691,216 | 180,637 |
| 1970 | 1,664,208 | 176,579 |
| 1969 | 1,636,345 | 172,476 |
| 1968 | 1,608,930 | 168,282 |
| 1967 | 1,582,492 | 164,245 |
| 1966 | 1,557,349 | 160,393 |
| 1965 | 1,533,466 | 156,686 |
| 1964 | 1,510,900 | 153,085 |
| 1963 | 1,488,737 | 149,589 |
| 1962 | 1,471,745 | 146,201 |
| 1961 | 1,455,171 | 142,912 |
| 1960 | 1,435,059 | 139,688 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/north-macedonia/solomon-islands | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of North Macedonia decreased by 87,974 people (a 4.41% decline), while the Solomon Islands gained 170,785 people (a 34.7% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, North Macedonia lost 94,847 people (a 4.98% decline), while the Solomon Islands' population increased by 206,315 people (a 31.1% growth).
North Macedonia was ranked 142nd most populous country in 2006 and is 150th in 2026. The Solomon Islands was ranked 165th in 2006 and ranked 161st now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) North Macedonia's population will shrink by 16% to 1,521,258 people with a rank change from 150th to 152nd. The population of the Solomon Islands will increase by 51.5% to 1,316,163 people and rank change from 161st to 156th.
The Solomon Islands is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 1.87M people, while North Macedonia's population already peaked in 1990 at 2.06M people and is projected to decrease to 870K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
| 2100 | -1.24% | 0.22% |
| 2099 | -1.23% | 0.23% |
| 2098 | -1.22% | 0.25% |
| 2097 | -1.21% | 0.26% |
| 2096 | -1.18% | 0.29% |
| 2095 | -1.19% | 0.29% |
| 2094 | -1.2% | 0.32% |
| 2093 | -1.19% | 0.35% |
| 2092 | -1.18% | 0.36% |
| 2091 | -1.16% | 0.38% |
| 2090 | -1.17% | 0.39% |
| 2089 | -1.15% | 0.41% |
| 2088 | -1.15% | 0.42% |
| 2087 | -1.17% | 0.44% |
| 2086 | -1.15% | 0.46% |
| 2085 | -1.16% | 0.48% |
| 2084 | -1.15% | 0.5% |
| 2083 | -1.15% | 0.52% |
| 2082 | -1.14% | 0.54% |
| 2081 | -1.12% | 0.57% |
| 2080 | -1.12% | 0.58% |
| 2079 | -1.14% | 0.61% |
| 2078 | -1.15% | 0.63% |
| 2077 | -1.16% | 0.66% |
| 2076 | -1.14% | 0.67% |
| 2075 | -1.15% | 0.68% |
| 2074 | -1.15% | 0.72% |
| 2073 | -1.13% | 0.74% |
| 2072 | -1.12% | 0.77% |
| 2071 | -1.16% | 0.79% |
| 2070 | -1.16% | 0.81% |
| 2069 | -1.15% | 0.84% |
| 2068 | -1.13% | 0.86% |
| 2067 | -1.1% | 0.88% |
| 2066 | -1.11% | 0.9% |
| 2065 | -1.08% | 0.93% |
| 2064 | -1.1% | 0.95% |
| 2063 | -1.09% | 0.97% |
| 2062 | -1.08% | 1% |
| 2061 | -1.05% | 1.01% |
| 2060 | -1.01% | 1.04% |
| 2059 | -1% | 1.07% |
| 2058 | -1% | 1.08% |
| 2057 | -1.01% | 1.11% |
| 2056 | -0.99% | 1.14% |
| 2055 | -0.98% | 1.16% |
| 2054 | -0.96% | 1.19% |
| 2053 | -0.91% | 1.22% |
| 2052 | -0.91% | 1.24% |
| 2051 | -0.86% | 1.28% |
| 2050 | -0.85% | 1.3% |
| 2049 | -0.83% | 1.33% |
| 2048 | -0.82% | 1.36% |
| 2047 | -0.83% | 1.39% |
| 2046 | -0.82% | 1.43% |
| 2045 | -0.8% | 1.46% |
| 2044 | -0.81% | 1.5% |
| 2043 | -0.8% | 1.54% |
| 2042 | -0.78% | 1.56% |
| 2041 | -0.77% | 1.61% |
| 2040 | -0.76% | 1.68% |
| 2039 | -0.74% | 1.75% |
| 2038 | -0.74% | 1.81% |
| 2037 | -0.73% | 1.88% |
| 2036 | -0.71% | 1.95% |
| 2035 | -0.69% | 2% |
| 2034 | -0.67% | 2.05% |
| 2033 | -0.66% | 2.11% |
| 2032 | -0.65% | 2.14% |
| 2031 | -0.65% | 2.18% |
| 2030 | -0.6% | 2.22% |
| 2029 | -0.57% | 2.25% |
| 2028 | -0.55% | 2.3% |
| 2027 | -0.55% | 2.32% |
| 2026 | -0.52% | 2.36% |
| 2025 | -0.19% | 2.37% |
| 2024 | -0.19% | 2.4% |
| 2023 | -0.21% | 2.42% |
| 2022 | -0.29% | 2.42% |
| 2021 | -1.02% | 2.43% |
| 2020 | -1.07% | 2.25% |
| 2019 | -0.68% | 2.69% |
| 2018 | -0.51% | 3.42% |
| 2017 | -0.4% | 3.52% |
| 2016 | -0.32% | 3.59% |
| 2015 | -0.27% | 3.65% |
| 2014 | -0.27% | 3.69% |
| 2013 | -0.37% | 3.72% |
| 2012 | -0.39% | 3.74% |
| 2011 | -0.46% | 3.75% |
| 2010 | -0.64% | 2.86% |
| 2009 | -0.64% | 1.84% |
| 2008 | -0.58% | 1.73% |
| 2007 | -0.57% | 1.74% |
| 2006 | -0.55% | 1.76% |
| 2005 | -0.54% | 1.78% |
| 2004 | -0.32% | 1.81% |
| 2003 | 0.13% | 1.85% |
| 2002 | -0.72% | 1.9% |
| 2001 | 0.42% | 1.97% |
| 2000 | 0.46% | 2.32% |
| 1999 | 0.48% | 2.73% |
| 1998 | 0.53% | 2.85% |
| 1997 | -0.78% | 2.9% |
| 1996 | 0.7% | 2.93% |
| 1995 | 0.29% | 2.96% |
| 1994 | -0.71% | 2.99% |
| 1993 | -1.26% | 3.02% |
| 1992 | -1.14% | 3.06% |
| 1991 | -0.37% | 3.11% |
| 1990 | 0.39% | 3.16% |
| 1989 | 0.48% | 3.22% |
| 1988 | 0.52% | 3.27% |
| 1987 | 0.51% | 3.28% |
| 1986 | 0.52% | 3.32% |
| 1985 | 0.55% | 3.4% |
| 1984 | 0.58% | 3.44% |
| 1983 | 0.65% | 3.47% |
| 1982 | 1.02% | 3.51% |
| 1981 | 1.35% | 3.54% |
| 1980 | 1.39% | 3.56% |
| 1979 | 1.42% | 3.57% |
| 1978 | 1.44% | 3.55% |
| 1977 | 1.5% | 3.49% |
| 1976 | 1.55% | 3.21% |
| 1975 | 1.55% | 2.92% |
| 1974 | 1.53% | 2.78% |
| 1973 | 1.54% | 2.58% |
| 1972 | 1.55% | 2.41% |
| 1971 | 1.62% | 2.3% |
| 1970 | 1.7% | 2.38% |
| 1969 | 1.7% | 2.49% |
| 1968 | 1.67% | 2.46% |
| 1967 | 1.61% | 2.4% |
| 1966 | 1.56% | 2.37% |
| 1965 | 1.49% | 2.35% |
| 1964 | 1.49% | 2.34% |
| 1963 | 1.15% | 2.32% |
| 1962 | 1.14% | 2.3% |
| 1961 | 1.4% | 2.31% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/north-macedonia/solomon-islands | CC BY
In 2025, the population of North Macedonia declined by 0.19%, while the Solomon Islands' population grew by 2.37%.
Live population counters
|
North Macedonia
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1811466
|
868694
|
| Population rank | 150/197 | 161/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 0.01% |
| One net population change |
2.55 hours
|
27.1 minutes
|
| One birth every |
32.7 minutes
|
24 minutes
|
| One death every |
26 minutes
|
2.1 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | -9 | +53 |
| Annual growth/decline | -3,450 | +19,447 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.19% | +2.37% |
| Population growth rate rank | 176/197 | 32/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.56 hours
|
5.39 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -5,645 | +1,631 |
| Net migration rank | 119/196 | 59/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 150,902 | 2,469 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 122/195 | 192/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 8.3% | 0.3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 73/195 | 184/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
Solomon Islands
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -5,645 | - | 1,631 |
| 2024 | -4,196 | -5,728 | 17,715 | 1,610 |
| 2023 | -3,290 | -5,597 | 17,436 | 1,636 |
| 2022 | -4,397 | -5,296 | 17,253 | 1,567 |
| 2021 | -9,737 | -5,483 | 16,626 | 1,499 |
| 2020 | -5,939 | -23,458 | 16,488 | 1,556 |
| 2019 | -375 | -24,204 | 16,649 | -1,990 |
| 2018 | 1,512 | -24,878 | 16,790 | 6,653 |
| 2017 | 1,329 | -24,227 | 16,897 | 6,513 |
| 2016 | 2,374 | -24,144 | 17,027 | 6,146 |
| 2015 | 2,294 | -23,010 | 16,909 | 5,853 |
| 2014 | 3,644 | -22,132 | 16,652 | 5,598 |
| 2013 | 3,653 | -20,297 | 16,038 | 5,631 |
| 2012 | 3,087 | -19,083 | 15,585 | 5,420 |
| 2011 | 3,100 | -17,871 | 15,095 | 5,219 |
| 2010 | 4,866 | -16,668 | 14,604 | 5,040 |
| 2009 | 4,309 | -15,455 | 14,381 | -4,360 |
| 2008 | 3,746 | -17,645 | 14,225 | -5,538 |
| 2007 | 2,974 | -15,705 | 13,963 | -5,383 |
| 2006 | 3,988 | -9,632 | 13,799 | -5,262 |
| 2005 | 4,011 | -2,244 | 13,568 | -5,082 |
| 2004 | 5,444 | -2,640 | 13,444 | -4,985 |
| 2003 | 8,900 | -2,880 | 13,344 | -4,881 |
| 2002 | 9,697 | -2,858 | 13,195 | -4,691 |
| 2001 | 10,174 | -922 | 13,061 | -4,474 |
| 2000 | 12,159 | -2,824 | 12,938 | -4,219 |
| 1999 | 10,489 | -1,261 | 12,809 | -1,588 |
| 1998 | 12,446 | -589 | 12,658 | -1,019 |
| 1997 | 12,979 | -477 | 12,478 | -931 |
| 1996 | 14,806 | -397 | 12,328 | -947 |
| 1995 | 17,239 | -3,603 | 12,124 | -952 |
| 1994 | 19,103 | -21,006 | 11,771 | -828 |
| 1993 | 20,797 | -47,273 | 11,396 | -665 |
| 1992 | 21,659 | -46,509 | 11,029 | -482 |
| 1991 | 23,387 | -45,484 | 10,789 | -410 |
| 1990 | 22,868 | -16,174 | 10,561 | -335 |
| 1989 | 22,912 | -13,528 | 10,354 | -270 |
| 1988 | 24,064 | -13,621 | 10,142 | -197 |
| 1987 | 24,359 | -13,635 | 9,943 | -179 |
| 1986 | 23,720 | -13,589 | 9,656 | -269 |
| 1985 | 24,167 | -13,492 | 9,534 | -150 |
| 1984 | 24,436 | -13,251 | 9,299 | -102 |
| 1983 | 24,690 | -12,884 | 9,011 | -30 |
| 1982 | 25,810 | -11,716 | 8,720 | 40 |
| 1981 | 25,689 | 0 | 8,436 | 99 |
| 1980 | 26,547 | -189 | 8,156 | 151 |
| 1979 | 27,096 | -426 | 7,874 | 188 |
| 1978 | 27,150 | -462 | 7,598 | 174 |
| 1977 | 27,410 | -683 | 7,290 | 159 |
| 1976 | 28,799 | -911 | 7,058 | -48 |
| 1975 | 28,983 | -1,147 | 6,635 | -760 |
| 1974 | 28,400 | -1,376 | 6,612 | -1,084 |
| 1973 | 28,032 | -1,600 | 6,343 | -1,329 |
| 1972 | 28,236 | -1,834 | 6,074 | -1,520 |
| 1971 | 28,010 | -2,064 | 5,814 | -1,646 |
| 1970 | 28,022 | 60 | 5,575 | -1,632 |
| 1969 | 27,464 | 181 | 5,444 | -1,187 |
| 1968 | 28,378 | -1,201 | 5,285 | -1,154 |
| 1967 | 28,401 | -2,696 | 5,151 | -1,213 |
| 1966 | 28,766 | -4,176 | 5,028 | -1,256 |
| 1965 | 28,564 | -5,385 | 4,885 | -1,237 |
| 1964 | 27,889 | -5,938 | 4,747 | -1,200 |
| 1963 | 28,124 | -5,759 | 4,571 | -1,129 |
| 1962 | 25,317 | -13,702 | 4,408 | -1,073 |
| 1961 | 27,846 | -6,309 | 4,257 | -1,016 |
| 1960 | 28,816 | -10,126 | 4,119 | -917 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/north-macedonia/solomon-islands | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 11% of the population change in North Macedonia is from natural causes (a loss of 20,425 people) and 89% is from migration (a loss of 166,025 people). In the Solomon Islands 84.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 169,790 people) and 15.5% is from migration (a gain of 31,043 people).
As of 2024, 150,902 residents or 8.3% of the population were not native-born in North Macedonia, compared to 2,469 people or 0.3% in the Solomon Islands.
Biggest cities by population
|
North Macedonia
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Skopje | 423K |
| Kumanovo | 70.8K |
| Bitola | 69.3K |
| Prilep | 63.3K |
| Tetovo | 63.2K |
| Stip | 42K |
| Veles | 40.7K |
| Ohrid | 38.8K |
| Strumica | 33.8K |
| Kavadarci | 32K |
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Honiara | 84.5K |
| Auki | 6.81K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between North Macedonia and the Solomon Islands
|
North Macedonia
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 77.8 years | 71 years |
| Average age | 41.5 years | 25.7 years |
| Median age | 42 years | 21.8 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.7:51.3 | 51.1:48.9 |
| Fertility rate | 1.4 births per woman | 3.51 births per woman |
| Population density | 186 ppl/mi² | 79.4 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/north-macedonia/solomon-islands | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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