Eritrea has a GDP of $2.07B compared to $127B for Ethiopia, ranking 179/197 and 62/197 by economy size, respectively.
Eritrea has $3.54B in government debt (260.4% of GDP), compared to $59.5B (41.8% of GDP) in Ethiopia.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | - | - | $1,610,511,694 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $1,680,859,514 | $5,263,329,226 |
| 1962 | - | - | $1,747,566,307 | $5,491,025,655 |
| 1963 | - | - | $1,825,058,828 | $5,739,145,004 |
| 1964 | - | - | $1,984,129,186 | $5,973,903,904 |
| 1965 | - | - | $2,159,998,591 | $6,318,713,576 |
| 1966 | - | - | $2,324,466,416 | $6,777,237,222 |
| 1967 | - | - | $2,461,762,003 | $7,052,500,667 |
| 1968 | - | - | $2,619,948,865 | $7,344,628,492 |
| 1969 | - | - | $2,768,987,372 | $7,446,620,220 |
| 1970 | - | - | $3,045,354,455 | $7,705,965,803 |
| 1971 | - | - | $3,224,280,835 | $8,208,893,824 |
| 1972 | - | - | $3,520,252,938 | $8,555,896,867 |
| 1973 | - | - | $4,070,570,550 | $8,993,092,032 |
| 1974 | - | - | $4,577,209,966 | $9,287,495,138 |
| 1975 | - | - | $4,577,047,854 | $9,403,229,560 |
| 1976 | - | - | $4,943,806,093 | $9,417,222,536 |
| 1977 | - | - | $5,651,840,585 | $9,673,906,040 |
| 1978 | - | - | $6,014,961,435 | $9,938,971,678 |
| 1979 | - | - | $6,586,048,398 | $9,829,567,086 |
| 1980 | - | - | $7,012,585,454 | $10,461,034,809 |
| 1981 | - | - | $7,507,663,567 | $10,919,390,083 |
| 1982 | - | - | $7,899,988,841 | $11,019,413,210 |
| 1983 | - | - | $8,781,664,427 | $11,926,862,518 |
| 1984 | - | - | $8,298,309,581 | $11,587,182,915 |
| 1985 | - | - | $9,717,392,687 | $10,295,866,350 |
| 1986 | - | - | $10,094,328,898 | $11,290,613,046 |
| 1987 | - | - | $10,790,001,558 | $12,855,416,412 |
| 1988 | - | - | $11,181,119,718 | $12,920,165,915 |
| 1989 | - | - | $11,762,932,007 | $12,873,518,408 |
| 1990 | - | - | $12,478,943,895 | $13,224,508,680 |
| 1991 | - | - | $13,799,799,324 | $12,280,612,058 |
| 1992 | $477,101,652 | $1,154,926,146 | $10,754,799,037 | $11,215,578,415 |
| 1993 | $467,872,715 | $1,310,318,716 | $9,051,043,870 | $12,689,623,266 |
| 1994 | $531,688,312 | $1,588,386,838 | $7,100,806,754 | $13,094,417,753 |
| 1995 | $578,015,625 | $1,633,788,955 | $7,855,205,207 | $13,896,779,696 |
| 1996 | $693,535,954 | $1,785,058,837 | $8,761,215,548 | $15,623,617,690 |
| 1997 | $686,490,090 | $1,926,233,510 | $8,803,539,988 | $16,113,247,316 |
| 1998 | $745,523,117 | $1,960,377,600 | $8,013,274,132 | $15,556,028,804 |
| 1999 | $688,918,537 | $1,960,641,860 | $7,892,973,532 | $16,359,053,695 |
| 2000 | $706,370,816 | $1,899,038,769 | $8,242,349,618 | $17,352,574,604 |
| 2001 | $752,371,689 | $2,065,307,885 | $8,231,326,016 | $18,793,064,976 |
| 2002 | $729,321,680 | $2,127,379,251 | $7,850,809,498 | $19,077,728,362 |
| 2003 | $870,248,268 | $2,070,886,356 | $8,623,691,300 | $18,665,390,026 |
| 2004 | $1,109,054,005 | $2,100,950,150 | $10,131,187,261 | $21,198,769,338 |
| 2005 | $1,098,424,686 | $2,155,038,051 | $12,401,139,454 | $23,704,202,269 |
| 2006 | $1,211,161,880 | $2,134,151,054 | $15,280,861,835 | $26,272,487,888 |
| 2007 | $1,317,974,491 | $2,164,601,595 | $19,707,616,773 | $29,282,307,976 |
| 2008 | $1,380,188,800 | $1,952,837,971 | $27,066,912,635 | $32,441,436,122 |
| 2009 | $1,856,695,551 | $2,028,539,765 | $32,437,389,116 | $35,297,110,795 |
| 2010 | $1,589,515,447 | $2,073,049,789 | $29,933,790,334 | $39,727,088,220 |
| 2011 | $2,065,001,626 | $2,252,986,366 | $31,952,763,089 | $44,167,899,824 |
| 2012 | - | - | $43,310,721,414 | $47,987,456,603 |
| 2013 | - | - | $47,648,276,605 | $53,065,618,850 |
| 2014 | - | - | $55,612,228,234 | $58,508,820,968 |
| 2015 | - | - | $64,589,328,551 | $64,589,328,551 |
| 2016 | - | - | $74,296,766,562 | $70,682,351,658 |
| 2017 | - | - | $81,770,885,148 | $77,442,545,825 |
| 2018 | - | - | $84,269,180,857 | $82,721,144,198 |
| 2019 | - | - | $95,912,620,248 | $89,640,011,618 |
| 2020 | - | - | $107,657,732,424 | $95,071,775,812 |
| 2021 | - | - | $111,261,888,669 | $100,435,279,224 |
| 2022 | - | - | $126,772,707,851 | $105,780,203,624 |
| 2023 | - | - | - | $112,755,610,463 |
| 2024 | - | - | - | $121,005,590,211 |
Economic indicators
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$2.07B
2011 |
$127B
2022 |
| GDP rank |
179/197
2011 |
62/197
2022 |
| GDP growth |
29.9%
2010-2011 |
13.9%
2021-2022 |
| GDP per capita |
$689
2011 |
$1,011
2022 |
| GDP per capita rank |
188/197
2011 |
176/197
2022 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$1,742
2011 |
$3,278
2024 |
| Government debt |
$3.54B
2011 |
$59.5B
2022 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
260.4%
2019 |
41.8%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$1,182
2011 |
$474
2022 |
| Government debt per person rank |
137/185
2011 |
168/185
2022 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$1,342
2025 |
$2,273
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
24.8%
2021 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
3.5%
2021 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
31.3%
2019 |
11.6%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
1.3%
2018-2019 |
21%
2023-2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
5.8%
2017 |
3.94%
2021 |
| Population |
3667774
|
138227398
|
GDP per capita in Eritrea vs Ethiopia
Eritrea's GDP per capita is $689, ranking 188/197, compared to $1,011 in Ethiopia, ranking 176/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Eritrea ranks 190th at $1,742, while Ethiopia ranks 174th at $3,278.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | - | - | $75.3 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $76.7 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $77.8 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $79.2 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $83.8 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $88.9 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $93.2 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $96.1 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $99.5 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $102.3 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $109.4 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $112.7 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $119.8 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $134.9 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $147.9 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $144.3 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $152 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $170.4 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $178.3 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $192.4 | - |
| 1980 | - | - | $203.7 | - |
| 1981 | - | - | $212.7 | - |
| 1982 | - | - | $215.3 | - |
| 1983 | - | - | $232.7 | - |
| 1984 | - | - | $214.2 | - |
| 1985 | - | - | $243.9 | - |
| 1986 | - | - | $246 | - |
| 1987 | - | - | $254.1 | - |
| 1988 | - | - | $253.2 | - |
| 1989 | - | - | $256.4 | - |
| 1990 | - | - | $262.1 | $417 |
| 1991 | - | - | $277.6 | $383 |
| 1992 | $265.2 | $1,021 | $207.4 | $343 |
| 1993 | $252.1 | $1,149 | $168.5 | $384 |
| 1994 | $277.8 | $1,379 | $127.7 | $391 |
| 1995 | $285.4 | $1,369 | $136.5 | $409 |
| 1996 | $326 | $1,449 | $147.3 | $453 |
| 1997 | $319 | $1,573 | $143.4 | $461 |
| 1998 | $342 | $1,598 | $126.5 | $436 |
| 1999 | $311 | $1,597 | $120.7 | $450 |
| 2000 | $314 | $1,558 | $122.3 | $474 |
| 2001 | $325 | $1,684 | $118.5 | $509 |
| 2002 | $305 | $1,702 | $109.6 | $509 |
| 2003 | $349 | $1,621 | $116.8 | $493 |
| 2004 | $427 | $1,621 | $133.2 | $558 |
| 2005 | $413 | $1,674 | $158.2 | $625 |
| 2006 | $448 | $1,682 | $189.3 | $693 |
| 2007 | $480 | $1,727 | $237.1 | $770 |
| 2008 | $490 | $1,547 | $316 | $845 |
| 2009 | $643 | $1,577 | $369 | $899 |
| 2010 | $540 | $1,599 | $331 | $996 |
| 2011 | $689 | $1,742 | $343 | $1,098 |
| 2012 | - | - | $452 | $1,179 |
| 2013 | - | - | $484 | $1,253 |
| 2014 | - | - | $550 | $1,485 |
| 2015 | - | - | $622 | $1,633 |
| 2016 | - | - | $696 | $1,858 |
| 2017 | - | - | $746 | $2,005 |
| 2018 | - | - | $748 | $2,095 |
| 2019 | - | - | $829 | $2,242 |
| 2020 | - | - | $905 | $2,407 |
| 2021 | - | - | $911 | $2,588 |
| 2022 | - | - | $1,011 | $2,845 |
| 2023 | - | - | - | $3,061 |
| 2024 | - | - | - | $3,278 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2022, Eritrea's government spending was $666M, accounting for 31.3% of its GDP, while Ethiopia's spent $16.1B, or 11.6% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 260.4% in Eritrea and 41.8% in Ethiopia, ranking 1/185 and 131/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1980 | - | - | 13.5% | 18.5% |
| 1981 | - | - | 14.2% | 30.6% |
| 1982 | - | - | 16.4% | 48.8% |
| 1983 | - | - | 21.3% | 55.2% |
| 1984 | - | - | 18.8% | 65.4% |
| 1985 | - | - | 19.7% | 67.7% |
| 1986 | - | - | 19.8% | 75.7% |
| 1987 | - | - | 18.4% | 82.3% |
| 1988 | - | - | 21.6% | 84.3% |
| 1989 | - | - | 24% | 84.7% |
| 1990 | - | - | 20.3% | 91.6% |
| 1991 | - | - | 16.8% | 89.3% |
| 1992 | 32.7% | - | 13.8% | 85.4% |
| 1993 | 67.2% | - | 13.4% | 136.9% |
| 1994 | 50.4% | - | 17.1% | 150.7% |
| 1995 | 81.2% | - | 16.9% | 142.3% |
| 1996 | 68.6% | - | 18.2% | 129% |
| 1997 | 60.1% | - | 17.3% | 77.4% |
| 1998 | 88% | - | 20.4% | 86% |
| 1999 | 106.1% | - | 25.8% | 94.3% |
| 2000 | 84.7% | 219.1% | 25.6% | 93.6% |
| 2001 | 59.5% | 238.6% | 22.4% | 97.3% |
| 2002 | 60.1% | 243.4% | 24.9% | 107.4% |
| 2003 | 58.1% | 264% | 27% | 103.7% |
| 2004 | 57.1% | 193.5% | 23.1% | 103.1% |
| 2005 | 76.6% | 205.4% | 22.9% | 78.2% |
| 2006 | 50.5% | 199% | 22.1% | 79.6% |
| 2007 | 51.2% | 201.3% | 20.5% | 55.7% |
| 2008 | 69.4% | 259.7% | 18.8% | 56.1% |
| 2009 | 44.9% | 207.1% | 17.1% | 30% |
| 2010 | 42.4% | 201.8% | 18.5% | 39.4% |
| 2011 | 32.3% | 171.6% | 18.2% | 44.6% |
| 2012 | 33.3% | 171.6% | 16.6% | 39.4% |
| 2013 | 32.7% | 232.4% | 17.8% | 44.1% |
| 2014 | 21.6% | 204.5% | 17.5% | 44.2% |
| 2015 | 31.1% | 271.4% | 17.3% | 50.7% |
| 2016 | 30.9% | 251.2% | 17.9% | 51.8% |
| 2017 | 42.5% | 290.4% | 18% | 55.3% |
| 2018 | 26.4% | 267.1% | 16.1% | 58.4% |
| 2019 | 31.3% | 260.4% | 15.4% | 54.7% |
| 2020 | - | - | 14.5% | 53.7% |
| 2021 | - | - | 13.8% | 53.8% |
| 2022 | - | - | 12.7% | 46.9% |
| 2023 | - | - | 10.8% | 38.7% |
| 2024 | - | - | 9.54% | 32.3% |
| 2025 | - | - | 11.6% | 41.8% |
Government deficit by year
In 2011, Eritrea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$114M, equivalent to -5.5% of GDP. This compares to Ethiopia's deficit of -$514M, or -1.61% of GDP.
Over the past 20 years, Eritrea recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while Ethiopia ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Eritrea posted an annual deficit equal to -16.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.94% of GDP for Ethiopia.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|
| 1980 | - | -2.56% |
| 1981 | - | -2.19% |
| 1982 | - | -3.6% |
| 1983 | - | -7.59% |
| 1984 | - | -3.69% |
| 1985 | - | -4.71% |
| 1986 | - | -3.98% |
| 1987 | - | -3.54% |
| 1988 | - | -3.48% |
| 1989 | - | -4.33% |
| 1990 | - | -6.66% |
| 1991 | - | -5.83% |
| 1992 | 6.85% | -4.78% |
| 1993 | 4.22% | -4% |
| 1994 | 8.69% | -5.23% |
| 1995 | -22.9% | -2.68% |
| 1996 | -18.4% | -3.81% |
| 1997 | -5.65% | -1.7% |
| 1998 | -40.3% | -3.51% |
| 1999 | -59.7% | -8.23% |
| 2000 | -25.4% | -8.88% |
| 2001 | -9.62% | -3.76% |
| 2002 | -13.3% | -5.76% |
| 2003 | 6.23% | -5.59% |
| 2004 | -7.65% | -2.65% |
| 2005 | -31% | -4.12% |
| 2006 | -15.5% | -3.79% |
| 2007 | -19.8% | -3.57% |
| 2008 | -38% | -2.88% |
| 2009 | -22.2% | -0.93% |
| 2010 | -16.5% | -1.32% |
| 2011 | -5.5% | -1.61% |
| 2012 | -5.21% | -1.17% |
| 2013 | -7.62% | -1.93% |
| 2014 | -0.12% | -2.58% |
| 2015 | -2.77% | -1.95% |
| 2016 | -1.44% | -2.3% |
| 2017 | -5.74% | -3.24% |
| 2018 | 5.22% | -3.03% |
| 2019 | 2.72% | -2.53% |
| 2020 | - | -2.76% |
| 2021 | - | -2.77% |
| 2022 | - | -4.16% |
| 2023 | - | -2.6% |
| 2024 | - | -1.99% |
| 2025 | - | -1.7% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 24 years, Eritrea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 10.4%, compared with 10% in Ethiopia. In 2019, inflation was 1.3% in Eritrea and 21% in Ethiopia.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
| 1996 | 10.3% | -8.48% | |
| 1997 | 3.7% | 2.4% | |
| 1998 | 9.5% | 0.89% | |
| 1999 | 8.4% | 7.94% | |
| 2000 | 19.9% | 0.66% | |
| 2001 | 14.6% | -8.24% | |
| 2002 | 16.9% | 0.68% | |
| 2003 | 22.7% | 13.7% | |
| 2004 | 25.1% | 3.33% | |
| 2005 | 12.5% | 9.97% | |
| 2006 | 7.7% | 12.3% | |
| 2007 | 9.4% | 17.2% | |
| 2008 | 22.2% | 44.4% | |
| 2009 | 33.9% | 8.48% | |
| 2010 | 10.3% | 8.15% | |
| 2011 | 5.9% | 33.2% | |
| 2012 | 6% | 23.6% | |
| 2013 | 6.3% | 7.46% | |
| 2014 | 8.4% | 6.89% | |
| 2015 | 28.5% | 9.57% | |
| 2016 | -5.6% | 6.63% | |
| 2017 | -13.3% | 10.7% | |
| 2018 | -14.4% | 13.8% | |
| 2019 | 1.3% | 15.8% | |
| 2020 | - | 20.4% | |
| 2021 | - | 26.8% | |
| 2022 | - | 33.9% | |
| 2023 | - | 30.2% | |
| 2024 | - | 21% | |
Top exports between countries
Balance of trade
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$105M
2000 |
-$4.79B
2023 |
| Current account balance ranking |
87/189
2000 |
164/189
2023 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-14.8%
2000 |
-4.07%
2022 |
| Goods imports |
$471M
2000 |
$15.3B
2023 |
| Goods exports |
$36.8M
2000 |
$3.47B
2023 |
| Service imports |
$28.5M
2000 |
$7.63B
2023 |
| Service exports |
$60.9M
2000 |
$7.4B
2023 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
29.2%
2011 |
11.8%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
18.2%
2011 |
5.55%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 38.6 | 48.1 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 188/197 | 172/197 |
| Property rights | 6.1 | 27.9 |
| Government integrity | 14.5 | 32.7 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 3.8 | 19.7 |
| Tax burden | 80.3 | 78.2 |
| Government spending | 62.3 | 95.4 |
| Fiscal health | 69 | 80.9 |
| Business freedom | 31.3 | 45.3 |
| Labor freedom | 43.4 | 39.4 |
| Monetary freedom | 63.9 | 49.9 |
| Trade freedom | 68.4 | 57.4 |
| Investment freedom | 0 | 30 |
| Financial freedom | 20 | 20 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Eritrea is 38.6, ranking 188/197, compared to 48.1 for Ethiopia, ranking 172/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|
| 1995 | - | 42.6 |
| 1996 | - | 45.9 |
| 1997 | - | 48.1 |
| 1998 | - | 49.2 |
| 1999 | - | 46.7 |
| 2000 | - | 50.2 |
| 2001 | - | 48.9 |
| 2002 | - | 49.8 |
| 2003 | - | 48.8 |
| 2004 | - | 54.5 |
| 2005 | - | 51.1 |
| 2006 | - | 50.9 |
| 2007 | - | 53.6 |
| 2008 | - | 52.5 |
| 2009 | 38.5 | 53 |
| 2010 | 35.3 | 51.2 |
| 2011 | 36.7 | 50.5 |
| 2012 | 36.2 | 52 |
| 2013 | 36.3 | 49.4 |
| 2014 | 38.5 | 50 |
| 2015 | 38.9 | 51.5 |
| 2016 | 42.7 | 51.5 |
| 2017 | 42.2 | 52.7 |
| 2018 | 41.7 | 52.8 |
| 2019 | 38.9 | 53.6 |
| 2020 | 38.5 | 53.6 |
| 2021 | 42.3 | 51.7 |
| 2022 | 39.7 | 49.6 |
| 2023 | 39.5 | 48.3 |
| 2024 | 39.5 | 47.9 |
| 2025 | 38.6 | 48.1 |
More economic indicators
|
Eritrea
|
Ethiopia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP | n/a |
37.6%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
21.8%
2009 |
25.4%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
14.1%
2009 |
34.9%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$1.94B
2011 |
$126B
2022 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$1,720
2011 |
$3,270
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$192M
2019 |
$3.78B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
170/177
2019 |
109/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$27.9M
2000 |
-$3.26B
2023 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$27.9M
2024 |
$3.98B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$27.9M
2000 |
$0
1989 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
1.07%
2011 |
1.59%
2022 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
50%
2020 |
33.1%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
12.6%
2011 |
25.3%
2022 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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comparisons:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.