The Gambia has a GDP of $2.51B compared to $280B for Iraq, ranking 173/197 and 51/197 by economy size, respectively.
The Gambia has $1.83B in government debt (67.5% of GDP), compared to $120B (50.2% of GDP) in Iraq.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | - | - | $1,537,252,193 | $7,007,485,325 |
| 1961 | - | - | $1,671,960,965 | $7,520,837,448 |
| 1962 | - | - | $1,784,174,541 | $7,867,047,599 |
| 1963 | - | - | $1,805,901,510 | $8,059,609,508 |
| 1964 | - | - | $2,136,408,198 | $9,254,568,662 |
| 1965 | - | - | $2,335,785,506 | $10,250,719,342 |
| 1966 | $44,212,081 | $253,504,726 | $2,530,306,096 | $10,759,449,895 |
| 1967 | $46,695,007 | $253,504,726 | $2,551,522,656 | $9,806,505,272 |
| 1968 | $41,160,066 | $277,780,702 | $2,896,598,841 | $11,719,960,412 |
| 1969 | $45,168,072 | $284,546,115 | $3,007,758,797 | $12,100,177,781 |
| 1970 | $52,296,084 | $302,056,646 | $3,281,318,687 | $12,650,053,065 |
| 1971 | $55,728,663 | $301,857,660 | $3,865,346,535 | $13,329,936,812 |
| 1972 | $59,160,569 | $302,587,264 | $4,113,848,002 | $13,827,850,447 |
| 1973 | $75,187,749 | $330,577,582 | $5,134,367,778 | $14,438,869,358 |
| 1974 | $95,796,022 | $350,011,556 | $11,516,762,614 | $16,765,457,418 |
| 1975 | $115,179,719 | $393,389,990 | $13,458,516,763 | $18,859,574,485 |
| 1976 | $112,190,829 | $422,308,977 | $17,754,825,601 | $22,098,725,967 |
| 1977 | $138,093,099 | $436,834,615 | $19,838,130,715 | $22,518,592,787 |
| 1978 | $171,833,086 | $464,427,039 | $23,762,275,652 | $26,359,581,202 |
| 1979 | $207,112,628 | $458,258,597 | $37,816,457,839 | $31,860,629,534 |
| 1980 | $241,083,090 | $486,991,776 | $52,569,000,000 | $39,747,322,740 |
| 1981 | $218,767,743 | $503,169,127 | $37,823,000,000 | $39,457,673,065 |
| 1982 | $216,050,552 | $499,321,983 | $42,382,333,333 | $40,812,640,889 |
| 1983 | $213,448,585 | $553,664,332 | $40,712,903,226 | $35,477,076,846 |
| 1984 | $177,340,880 | $573,237,790 | $46,938,387,097 | $34,950,156,507 |
| 1985 | $225,726,359 | $568,581,582 | $48,425,161,290 | $35,458,295,527 |
| 1986 | $185,646,987 | $591,842,657 | $47,264,516,129 | $37,106,251,927 |
| 1987 | $220,626,484 | $606,368,444 | $56,774,193,548 | $40,559,093,083 |
| 1988 | $266,672,212 | $633,514,510 | $62,684,516,129 | $40,551,371,874 |
| 1989 | $284,120,329 | $670,864,764 | $65,831,935,484 | $39,286,763,062 |
| 1990 | $317,083,695 | $694,740,031 | $180,408,064,516 | $62,001,516,292 |
| 1991 | $690,311,081 | $716,325,877 | $407,796,350 | $22,291,338,827 |
| 1992 | $714,254,256 | $740,528,299 | $553,671,958 | $29,556,579,056 |
| 1993 | $755,040,974 | $762,833,762 | $1,031,944,881 | $38,509,216,456 |
| 1994 | $746,493,952 | $764,011,165 | $3,991,349,283 | $39,993,566,700 |
| 1995 | $785,999,865 | $770,748,584 | $12,894,029,888 | $40,841,438,912 |
| 1996 | $848,239,446 | $787,886,530 | $10,433,698,621 | $45,342,486,348 |
| 1997 | $803,633,342 | $826,492,963 | $20,764,857,056 | $54,972,294,638 |
| 1998 | $840,285,265 | $855,420,206 | $20,617,405,044 | $74,213,129,684 |
| 1999 | $814,724,032 | $910,167,091 | $36,881,601,584 | $87,259,924,322 |
| 2000 | $782,913,872 | $960,226,283 | $48,364,250,944 | $101,916,218,527 |
| 2001 | $687,410,645 | $1,015,919,410 | $36,176,430,129 | $103,716,679,378 |
| 2002 | $578,235,309 | $982,902,028 | $32,928,454,672 | $95,208,069,161 |
| 2003 | $487,038,685 | $1,050,427,393 | $21,921,569,479 | $60,307,856,289 |
| 2004 | $961,900,651 | $1,124,482,525 | $36,633,669,269 | $92,503,535,427 |
| 2005 | $1,027,701,068 | $1,098,037,739 | $50,065,104,668 | $94,053,181,142 |
| 2006 | $1,054,112,488 | $1,091,937,250 | $65,147,051,918 | $99,356,180,856 |
| 2007 | $1,279,703,047 | $1,125,167,625 | $88,837,057,320 | $101,232,561,441 |
| 2008 | $1,561,766,956 | $1,195,557,049 | $131,614,434,154 | $109,562,085,020 |
| 2009 | $1,450,142,509 | $1,275,249,586 | $111,657,580,326 | $113,264,515,567 |
| 2010 | $1,543,294,927 | $1,350,595,614 | $138,516,722,650 | $120,516,349,622 |
| 2011 | $1,409,693,597 | $1,240,786,190 | $185,749,664,444 | $129,611,081,239 |
| 2012 | $1,415,004,738 | $1,305,822,858 | $218,002,476,129 | $147,674,239,073 |
| 2013 | $1,375,609,453 | $1,343,336,129 | $234,637,675,129 | $158,939,252,264 |
| 2014 | $1,229,461,721 | $1,324,430,252 | $228,415,656,175 | $162,537,141,324 |
| 2015 | $1,378,176,609 | $1,378,176,609 | $166,774,104,959 | $166,774,104,959 |
| 2016 | $1,484,578,886 | $1,404,959,537 | $166,743,557,748 | $189,767,872,908 |
| 2017 | $1,504,909,463 | $1,472,715,274 | $187,217,660,051 | $186,314,571,375 |
| 2018 | $1,670,671,328 | $1,579,264,609 | $227,367,469,034 | $191,221,819,559 |
| 2019 | $1,813,609,692 | $1,677,527,292 | $233,636,097,800 | $201,765,390,224 |
| 2020 | $1,812,170,891 | $1,687,449,653 | $180,898,797,517 | $177,479,307,670 |
| 2021 | $2,014,158,842 | $1,776,141,480 | $209,691,945,713 | $180,145,367,593 |
| 2022 | $2,204,734,527 | $1,873,704,901 | $287,372,232,138 | $194,483,223,959 |
| 2023 | $2,396,111,021 | $1,963,596,061 | $268,881,051,644 | $195,490,074,355 |
| 2024 | $2,507,519,958 | $2,076,438,382 | $279,641,257,615 | $192,469,260,104 |
Economic indicators
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$2.51B
2024 |
$280B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
173/197
2024 |
51/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
4.65%
2023-2024 |
4%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$909
2024 |
$6,074
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
182/197
2024 |
114/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$3,445
2024 |
$14,464
2024 |
| Government debt |
$1.83B
2024 |
$120B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
67.5%
2025 |
50.2%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$663
2024 |
$2,606
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
157/185
2024 |
108/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$753
2025 |
$6,159
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
30.5%
2020 |
24.2%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.6%
2020 |
3.7%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
24%
2025 |
42.1%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
11.6%
2023-2024 |
-12.3%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
17%
2023 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
6.48%
2023 |
16.2%
2021 |
| Population |
2871879
|
47813338
|
GDP per capita in Gambia vs Iraq
The Gambia's GDP per capita is $909, ranking 182/197, compared to $6,074 in Iraq, ranking 114/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Gambia ranks 172nd at $3,445, while Iraq ranks 115th at $14,464.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | - | - | $218.9 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $232.4 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $240.7 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $235.5 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $269.4 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $284.8 | - |
| 1966 | $94.4 | - | $298.2 | - |
| 1967 | $97 | - | $290.6 | - |
| 1968 | $83.1 | - | $319 | - |
| 1969 | $88.7 | - | $320 | - |
| 1970 | $99.8 | - | $337 | - |
| 1971 | $103.3 | - | $384 | - |
| 1972 | $106.5 | - | $394 | - |
| 1973 | $131.4 | - | $476 | - |
| 1974 | $162.6 | - | $1,031 | - |
| 1975 | $189.8 | - | $1,166 | - |
| 1976 | $179.3 | - | $1,489 | - |
| 1977 | $213.8 | - | $1,609 | - |
| 1978 | $257.6 | - | $1,863 | - |
| 1979 | $300 | - | $2,871 | - |
| 1980 | $338 | - | $3,868 | - |
| 1981 | $296 | - | $2,700 | - |
| 1982 | $282.1 | - | $2,942 | - |
| 1983 | $268.6 | - | $2,743 | - |
| 1984 | $214.8 | - | $3,066 | - |
| 1985 | $262.8 | - | $3,088 | - |
| 1986 | $207.7 | - | $2,940 | - |
| 1987 | $237 | - | $3,436 | - |
| 1988 | $274.9 | - | $3,707 | - |
| 1989 | $280.9 | - | $3,791 | - |
| 1990 | $301 | $1,409 | $10,261 | - |
| 1991 | $628 | $1,440 | $23 | $2,694 |
| 1992 | $623 | $1,462 | $30.3 | $3,547 |
| 1993 | $635 | $1,487 | $53.7 | $4,509 |
| 1994 | $608 | $1,473 | $198.2 | $4,560 |
| 1995 | $622 | $1,472 | $619 | $4,598 |
| 1996 | $652 | $1,489 | $485 | $5,034 |
| 1997 | $600 | $1,544 | $936 | $6,020 |
| 1998 | $610 | $1,572 | $901 | $7,964 |
| 1999 | $575 | $1,649 | $1,560 | $9,194 |
| 2000 | $538 | $1,731 | $1,980 | $10,628 |
| 2001 | $460 | $1,823 | $1,436 | $10,720 |
| 2002 | $377 | $1,744 | $1,266 | $9,682 |
| 2003 | $309 | $1,850 | $818 | $6,068 |
| 2004 | $593 | $1,979 | $1,328 | $9,290 |
| 2005 | $616 | $1,938 | $1,762 | $9,457 |
| 2006 | $615 | $1,931 | $2,277 | $10,223 |
| 2007 | $725 | $1,985 | $3,129 | $10,783 |
| 2008 | $859 | $2,088 | $4,543 | $11,657 |
| 2009 | $775 | $2,177 | $3,715 | $11,687 |
| 2010 | $801 | $2,267 | $4,462 | $12,186 |
| 2011 | $711 | $2,064 | $5,776 | $12,912 |
| 2012 | $693 | $2,065 | $6,478 | $14,402 |
| 2013 | $654 | $2,007 | $6,650 | $14,669 |
| 2014 | $568 | $1,934 | $6,249 | $13,168 |
| 2015 | $620 | $1,990 | $4,440 | $9,334 |
| 2016 | $650 | $2,013 | $4,334 | $9,079 |
| 2017 | $643 | $2,039 | $4,759 | $10,192 |
| 2018 | $696 | $2,277 | $5,647 | $12,034 |
| 2019 | $738 | $2,422 | $5,672 | $12,249 |
| 2020 | $720 | $2,531 | $4,295 | $10,574 |
| 2021 | $782 | $2,778 | $4,868 | $12,732 |
| 2022 | $836 | $3,067 | $6,521 | $14,391 |
| 2023 | $888 | $3,254 | $5,965 | $14,653 |
| 2024 | $909 | $3,445 | $6,074 | $14,464 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, the Gambia's government spending was $612M, accounting for 24% of its GDP, while Iraq's spent $113B, or 42.1% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 67.5% in the Gambia and 50.2% in Iraq, ranking 62/185 and 109/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2000 | 9.54% | 73.3% | - | - |
| 2001 | 9.68% | 75.2% | - | - |
| 2002 | 8.59% | 93.9% | - | - |
| 2003 | 9.3% | 91.7% | - | - |
| 2004 | 12.4% | 81.3% | 91.5% | 344% |
| 2005 | 12.9% | 82.6% | 63.2% | 227.3% |
| 2006 | 14% | 87.3% | 50.3% | 143.2% |
| 2007 | 11.2% | 38% | 44% | 117.1% |
| 2008 | 11.6% | 39.5% | 57.3% | 74.2% |
| 2009 | 14.4% | 38.9% | 61.1% | 87.4% |
| 2010 | 14.6% | 42.9% | 49.6% | 53.5% |
| 2011 | 16.5% | 49.2% | 43.4% | 40.7% |
| 2012 | 19.1% | 49.5% | 42.9% | 34.8% |
| 2013 | 17.2% | 58.2% | 48.2% | 32% |
| 2014 | 19% | 71.1% | 43.8% | 27.6% |
| 2015 | 19.6% | 69.4% | 43.5% | 48.3% |
| 2016 | 19.4% | 79.3% | 42.4% | 60.3% |
| 2017 | 23.6% | 87% | 35.5% | 55.9% |
| 2018 | 19% | 83.6% | 31.1% | 44.4% |
| 2019 | 23.9% | 83% | 34.7% | 41.7% |
| 2020 | 25.3% | 85.9% | 41.9% | 72.5% |
| 2021 | 21.5% | 83.1% | 36.3% | 54.7% |
| 2022 | 22.6% | 83.9% | 33.9% | 39% |
| 2023 | 23.8% | 75.7% | 41.2% | 42.1% |
| 2024 | 24.4% | 72.9% | 40.4% | 42.9% |
| 2025 | 24% | 67.5% | 42.1% | 50.2% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, the Gambia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$97.6M, equivalent to -3.89% of GDP. This compares to Iraq's deficit of -$4.17B, or -1.49% of GDP.
Over the past 21 years, the Gambia recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Iraq ran a deficit in 13 years. On average, the Gambia posted an annual deficit equal to -3.34% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.93% of GDP for Iraq.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|
| 2000 | -0.09% | - |
| 2001 | -2.52% | - |
| 2002 | 0.06% | - |
| 2003 | -1.73% | - |
| 2004 | -1.77% | -35.4% |
| 2005 | -3.33% | 4.07% |
| 2006 | -3.19% | 10.7% |
| 2007 | 0.27% | 9.98% |
| 2008 | -0.45% | -0.86% |
| 2009 | -1.65% | -14.9% |
| 2010 | -2.93% | -4.18% |
| 2011 | -3.03% | 4.74% |
| 2012 | -2.85% | 4.09% |
| 2013 | -5.11% | -6.06% |
| 2014 | -3.94% | -5.63% |
| 2015 | -5.38% | -12.8% |
| 2016 | -6.22% | -14.4% |
| 2017 | -4.35% | -1.52% |
| 2018 | -3.92% | 7.69% |
| 2019 | -2.75% | 0.83% |
| 2020 | -2.37% | -12.8% |
| 2021 | -4.77% | -0.38% |
| 2022 | -5.01% | 8.1% |
| 2023 | -3.52% | -1.14% |
| 2024 | -3.89% | -1.49% |
| 2025 | -1.35% | -4.18% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, the Gambia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.55%, compared with 8.97% in Iraq. In 2024, inflation was 11.6% in the Gambia and -12.3% in Iraq.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
| 1996 | 1.1% | -16.1% | |
| 1997 | 2.78% | 23.1% | |
| 1998 | 1.11% | 14.8% | |
| 1999 | 3.81% | 12.6% | |
| 2000 | 0.84% | 4.98% | |
| 2001 | 4.49% | 16.4% | |
| 2002 | 8.61% | 19.3% | |
| 2003 | 17% | 33.6% | |
| 2004 | 14.2% | 27% | |
| 2005 | 4.84% | 37% | |
| 2006 | 2.06% | 53.2% | |
| 2007 | 5.37% | -10.1% | |
| 2008 | 4.44% | 12.7% | |
| 2009 | 4.56% | 6.87% | |
| 2010 | 5.05% | 2.88% | |
| 2011 | 4.8% | 5.8% | |
| 2012 | 4.25% | 6.09% | |
| 2013 | 5.7% | 1.88% | |
| 2014 | 5.95% | 2.24% | |
| 2015 | 6.81% | 1.39% | |
| 2016 | 7.23% | 0.56% | |
| 2017 | 8.03% | 0.18% | |
| 2018 | 6.52% | 0.37% | |
| 2019 | 7.12% | -0.2% | |
| 2020 | 5.93% | 0.57% | |
| 2021 | 7.37% | 6.04% | |
| 2022 | 11.5% | 4.99% | |
| 2023 | 17% | 4.36% | |
| 2024 | 11.6% | -12.3% | |
Balance of trade
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$74.4M
2024 |
$28.4B
2023 |
| Current account balance ranking |
84/189
2024 |
17/189
2023 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-2.97%
2024 |
+10.6%
2023 |
| Goods imports |
$1.39B
2024 |
$56B
2023 |
| Goods exports |
$363M
2024 |
$99.1B
2023 |
| Service imports |
$161M
2024 |
$25.2B
2023 |
| Service exports |
$475M
2024 |
$8.7B
2023 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
37.2%
2024 |
37.2%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
6.55%
2024 |
37.5%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 56.8 | 15.6 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 116/197 | 196/197 |
| Property rights | 55 | 6.3 |
| Government integrity | 39.5 | 19.9 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 45.2 | 7.1 |
| Tax burden | 79.3 | 95.5 |
| Government spending | 84.8 | 65.3 |
| Fiscal health | 56.9 | 94.7 |
| Business freedom | 50.6 | 43.1 |
| Labor freedom | 48 | 56.8 |
| Monetary freedom | 55.7 | 67.1 |
| Trade freedom | 66.8 | 40 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 10 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 10 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for the Gambia is 56.8, ranking 116/197, compared to 15.6 for Iraq, ranking 196/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|
| 1996 | - | 17.2 |
| 1997 | 52.9 | 17.2 |
| 1998 | 53.4 | 17.2 |
| 1999 | 52.1 | 17.2 |
| 2000 | 52.7 | 17.2 |
| 2001 | 56.6 | 17.2 |
| 2002 | 57.7 | 15.6 |
| 2003 | 56.3 | - |
| 2004 | 55.3 | - |
| 2005 | 56.5 | - |
| 2006 | 57.3 | - |
| 2007 | 57.7 | - |
| 2008 | 56.9 | - |
| 2009 | 55.8 | - |
| 2010 | 55.1 | - |
| 2011 | 57.4 | - |
| 2012 | 58.8 | - |
| 2013 | 58.8 | - |
| 2014 | 59.5 | - |
| 2015 | 57.5 | - |
| 2016 | 57.1 | - |
| 2017 | 53.4 | - |
| 2018 | 52.3 | - |
| 2019 | 52.4 | - |
| 2020 | 56.3 | - |
| 2021 | 58.8 | - |
| 2022 | 58 | - |
| 2023 | 57.9 | - |
| 2024 | 58.2 | - |
| 2025 | 56.8 | - |
More economic indicators
|
Gambia
|
Iraq
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
53.9%
2024 |
45.8%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
14.7%
2024 |
51.6%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
24.1%
2024 |
3.39%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$2.46B
2024 |
$278B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$3,400
2024 |
$14,550
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$629M
2024 |
$101B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
151/177
2024 |
28/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$232M
2024 |
$5.65B
2023 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$232M
2024 |
-$7.46B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$665K
2024 |
$439M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
2.33%
2023 |
1.66%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
53.4%
2020 |
17.5%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
39%
2024 |
29.4%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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comparisons:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.