The latest officially reported population of Botswana was 2,521,139 in 2024 vs 19,764,771 people in Chile in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Botswana's population is 2,615,162 people compared to 19,977,856 in Chile.
Population statistics:
- Chile's population is 7.64 times bigger than Botswana's.
- Botswana is ranked the 142nd most populous country in the world, while Chile is the 67th.
- The countries together account for 0.27% of the world: 0.03% for Botswana vs 0.24% for Chile.
- For the last 10 years, Botswana has had an average growth rate of +1.5% per year vs +1.02% in Chile.
- Since 2006, the population of Botswana has increased from 1.87M people to 2.62M (39.5% growth), while Chile has grown from 16.5M to 20M (21% growth).
Botswana vs Chile: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Botswana
|
Chile
|
|
| 2100 | 3,871,504 | 13,542,179 |
| 2099 | 3,876,625 | 13,698,571 |
| 2098 | 3,882,670 | 13,856,954 |
| 2097 | 3,887,985 | 14,016,220 |
| 2096 | 3,892,886 | 14,178,222 |
| 2095 | 3,897,211 | 14,343,015 |
| 2094 | 3,901,478 | 14,508,995 |
| 2093 | 3,905,541 | 14,677,272 |
| 2092 | 3,909,490 | 14,845,602 |
| 2091 | 3,913,899 | 15,016,981 |
| 2090 | 3,916,706 | 15,189,722 |
| 2089 | 3,917,351 | 15,363,962 |
| 2088 | 3,917,510 | 15,538,750 |
| 2087 | 3,916,826 | 15,711,977 |
| 2086 | 3,916,303 | 15,883,706 |
| 2085 | 3,915,785 | 16,055,280 |
| 2084 | 3,914,364 | 16,223,786 |
| 2083 | 3,912,929 | 16,391,067 |
| 2082 | 3,910,994 | 16,554,768 |
| 2081 | 3,910,013 | 16,719,751 |
| 2080 | 3,908,255 | 16,883,588 |
| 2079 | 3,905,358 | 17,045,148 |
| 2078 | 3,900,828 | 17,205,047 |
| 2077 | 3,896,126 | 17,362,651 |
| 2076 | 3,890,528 | 17,517,633 |
| 2075 | 3,884,696 | 17,670,800 |
| 2074 | 3,879,057 | 17,820,437 |
| 2073 | 3,873,259 | 17,966,186 |
| 2072 | 3,865,665 | 18,109,831 |
| 2071 | 3,858,720 | 18,253,369 |
| 2070 | 3,851,234 | 18,393,628 |
| 2069 | 3,841,316 | 18,531,389 |
| 2068 | 3,830,826 | 18,668,022 |
| 2067 | 3,818,341 | 18,802,510 |
| 2066 | 3,805,705 | 18,935,536 |
| 2065 | 3,791,211 | 19,063,468 |
| 2064 | 3,775,938 | 19,189,521 |
| 2063 | 3,760,179 | 19,310,719 |
| 2062 | 3,742,710 | 19,424,785 |
| 2061 | 3,723,346 | 19,534,495 |
| 2060 | 3,703,231 | 19,638,454 |
| 2059 | 3,682,816 | 19,739,346 |
| 2058 | 3,659,567 | 19,832,760 |
| 2057 | 3,635,514 | 19,923,762 |
| 2056 | 3,611,843 | 20,008,988 |
| 2055 | 3,587,056 | 20,089,664 |
| 2054 | 3,562,182 | 20,163,300 |
| 2053 | 3,535,732 | 20,232,377 |
| 2052 | 3,507,938 | 20,293,672 |
| 2051 | 3,479,939 | 20,348,246 |
| 2050 | 3,451,521 | 20,396,141 |
| 2049 | 3,422,143 | 20,440,751 |
| 2048 | 3,391,720 | 20,480,143 |
| 2047 | 3,360,414 | 20,511,707 |
| 2046 | 3,328,208 | 20,539,410 |
| 2045 | 3,296,489 | 20,563,551 |
| 2044 | 3,265,120 | 20,580,609 |
| 2043 | 3,233,076 | 20,590,097 |
| 2042 | 3,201,405 | 20,594,631 |
| 2041 | 3,168,873 | 20,596,851 |
| 2040 | 3,135,889 | 20,592,260 |
| 2039 | 3,101,794 | 20,584,025 |
| 2038 | 3,067,648 | 20,569,754 |
| 2037 | 3,032,620 | 20,550,877 |
| 2036 | 2,996,884 | 20,523,910 |
| 2035 | 2,960,590 | 20,492,436 |
| 2034 | 2,923,411 | 20,456,957 |
| 2033 | 2,885,991 | 20,417,291 |
| 2032 | 2,847,292 | 20,370,206 |
| 2031 | 2,808,872 | 20,315,389 |
| 2030 | 2,768,505 | 20,254,305 |
| 2029 | 2,728,467 | 20,187,945 |
| 2028 | 2,686,968 | 20,116,575 |
| 2027 | 2,645,863 | 20,038,004 |
| 2026 | 2,603,779 | 19,955,555 |
| 2025 | 2,562,651 | 19,865,709 |
| 2024 | 2,521,139 | 19,764,771 |
| 2023 | 2,480,244 | 19,658,835 |
| 2022 | 2,439,892 | 19,553,036 |
| 2021 | 2,401,441 | 19,456,334 |
| 2020 | 2,365,894 | 19,370,624 |
| 2019 | 2,332,083 | 19,197,744 |
| 2018 | 2,299,141 | 18,893,191 |
| 2017 | 2,266,747 | 18,558,868 |
| 2016 | 2,234,776 | 18,267,221 |
| 2015 | 2,203,273 | 18,047,625 |
| 2014 | 2,172,044 | 17,864,195 |
| 2013 | 2,140,682 | 17,687,006 |
| 2012 | 2,108,617 | 17,519,119 |
| 2011 | 2,073,535 | 17,351,816 |
| 2010 | 2,033,111 | 17,181,464 |
| 2009 | 1,990,673 | 17,009,731 |
| 2008 | 1,949,970 | 16,838,988 |
| 2007 | 1,911,201 | 16,671,581 |
| 2006 | 1,874,516 | 16,509,195 |
| 2005 | 1,839,877 | 16,348,778 |
| 2004 | 1,807,146 | 16,187,322 |
| 2003 | 1,775,736 | 16,024,752 |
| 2002 | 1,744,763 | 15,857,925 |
| 2001 | 1,712,254 | 15,683,849 |
| 2000 | 1,677,382 | 15,503,635 |
| 1999 | 1,641,997 | 15,319,313 |
| 1998 | 1,606,899 | 15,127,799 |
| 1997 | 1,571,691 | 14,932,434 |
| 1996 | 1,535,914 | 14,734,046 |
| 1995 | 1,498,836 | 14,527,381 |
| 1994 | 1,460,023 | 14,316,256 |
| 1993 | 1,420,115 | 14,102,276 |
| 1992 | 1,380,033 | 13,884,577 |
| 1991 | 1,341,756 | 13,662,491 |
| 1990 | 1,305,696 | 13,437,176 |
| 1989 | 1,270,274 | 13,215,005 |
| 1988 | 1,235,476 | 12,999,424 |
| 1987 | 1,199,167 | 12,790,150 |
| 1986 | 1,160,650 | 12,588,914 |
| 1985 | 1,121,945 | 12,395,274 |
| 1984 | 1,083,660 | 12,207,733 |
| 1983 | 1,046,137 | 12,026,138 |
| 1982 | 1,009,269 | 11,850,214 |
| 1981 | 969,996 | 11,678,717 |
| 1980 | 937,485 | 11,508,550 |
| 1979 | 901,742 | 11,339,779 |
| 1978 | 849,239 | 11,172,695 |
| 1977 | 799,574 | 11,005,519 |
| 1976 | 758,508 | 10,838,251 |
| 1975 | 720,380 | 10,671,559 |
| 1974 | 685,448 | 10,505,817 |
| 1973 | 652,408 | 10,340,362 |
| 1972 | 622,407 | 10,174,678 |
| 1971 | 600,481 | 10,009,701 |
| 1970 | 590,334 | 9,845,344 |
| 1969 | 587,066 | 9,680,282 |
| 1968 | 583,966 | 9,514,716 |
| 1967 | 580,933 | 9,348,939 |
| 1966 | 577,866 | 9,181,722 |
| 1965 | 574,664 | 9,012,938 |
| 1964 | 566,266 | 8,842,525 |
| 1963 | 552,966 | 8,670,144 |
| 1962 | 540,186 | 8,497,059 |
| 1961 | 527,942 | 8,324,802 |
| 1960 | 516,165 | 8,153,350 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/chile | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Botswana increased by 360,260 people (a 19.2% growth), while Chile gained 1,758,026 people (a 10.6% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Botswana gained 380,386 people (a 17% growth), while Chile's population increased by 1,710,635 people (a 9.36% growth).
Botswana was ranked 145th most populous country in 2006 and is 142nd in 2026. Chile was ranked 60th in 2006 and ranked 67th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Botswana's population will grow by 32% to 3,451,521 people with a rank change from 142nd to 137th. The population of Chile will increase by 2.09% to 20,396,141 people and rank change from 67th to 75th.
Botswana is projected to reach its peak in 2088 at 3.92M people compared to the peak of 20.6M people in 2041 for Chile.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Botswana
|
Chile
|
|
| 2100 | -0.13% | -1.14% |
| 2099 | -0.16% | -1.14% |
| 2098 | -0.14% | -1.14% |
| 2097 | -0.13% | -1.14% |
| 2096 | -0.11% | -1.15% |
| 2095 | -0.11% | -1.14% |
| 2094 | -0.1% | -1.15% |
| 2093 | -0.1% | -1.13% |
| 2092 | -0.11% | -1.14% |
| 2091 | -0.07% | -1.14% |
| 2090 | -0.02% | -1.13% |
| 2089 | -0.004% | -1.12% |
| 2088 | 0.02% | -1.1% |
| 2087 | 0.01% | -1.08% |
| 2086 | 0.01% | -1.07% |
| 2085 | 0.04% | -1.04% |
| 2084 | 0.04% | -1.02% |
| 2083 | 0.05% | -0.99% |
| 2082 | 0.03% | -0.99% |
| 2081 | 0.04% | -0.97% |
| 2080 | 0.07% | -0.95% |
| 2079 | 0.12% | -0.93% |
| 2078 | 0.12% | -0.91% |
| 2077 | 0.14% | -0.88% |
| 2076 | 0.15% | -0.87% |
| 2075 | 0.15% | -0.84% |
| 2074 | 0.15% | -0.81% |
| 2073 | 0.2% | -0.79% |
| 2072 | 0.18% | -0.79% |
| 2071 | 0.19% | -0.76% |
| 2070 | 0.26% | -0.74% |
| 2069 | 0.27% | -0.73% |
| 2068 | 0.33% | -0.72% |
| 2067 | 0.33% | -0.7% |
| 2066 | 0.38% | -0.67% |
| 2065 | 0.4% | -0.66% |
| 2064 | 0.42% | -0.63% |
| 2063 | 0.47% | -0.59% |
| 2062 | 0.52% | -0.56% |
| 2061 | 0.54% | -0.53% |
| 2060 | 0.55% | -0.51% |
| 2059 | 0.64% | -0.47% |
| 2058 | 0.66% | -0.46% |
| 2057 | 0.66% | -0.43% |
| 2056 | 0.69% | -0.4% |
| 2055 | 0.7% | -0.37% |
| 2054 | 0.75% | -0.34% |
| 2053 | 0.79% | -0.3% |
| 2052 | 0.8% | -0.27% |
| 2051 | 0.82% | -0.23% |
| 2050 | 0.86% | -0.22% |
| 2049 | 0.9% | -0.19% |
| 2048 | 0.93% | -0.15% |
| 2047 | 0.97% | -0.13% |
| 2046 | 0.96% | -0.12% |
| 2045 | 0.96% | -0.08% |
| 2044 | 0.99% | -0.05% |
| 2043 | 0.99% | -0.02% |
| 2042 | 1.03% | -0.01% |
| 2041 | 1.05% | 0.02% |
| 2040 | 1.1% | 0.04% |
| 2039 | 1.11% | 0.07% |
| 2038 | 1.16% | 0.09% |
| 2037 | 1.19% | 0.13% |
| 2036 | 1.23% | 0.15% |
| 2035 | 1.27% | 0.17% |
| 2034 | 1.3% | 0.19% |
| 2033 | 1.36% | 0.23% |
| 2032 | 1.37% | 0.27% |
| 2031 | 1.46% | 0.3% |
| 2030 | 1.47% | 0.33% |
| 2029 | 1.54% | 0.35% |
| 2028 | 1.55% | 0.39% |
| 2027 | 1.62% | 0.41% |
| 2026 | 1.6% | 0.45% |
| 2025 | 1.65% | 0.51% |
| 2024 | 1.65% | 0.54% |
| 2023 | 1.65% | 0.54% |
| 2022 | 1.6% | 0.5% |
| 2021 | 1.5% | 0.44% |
| 2020 | 1.45% | 0.9% |
| 2019 | 1.43% | 1.61% |
| 2018 | 1.43% | 1.8% |
| 2017 | 1.43% | 1.6% |
| 2016 | 1.43% | 1.22% |
| 2015 | 1.44% | 1.03% |
| 2014 | 1.47% | 1% |
| 2013 | 1.52% | 0.96% |
| 2012 | 1.69% | 0.96% |
| 2011 | 1.99% | 0.99% |
| 2010 | 2.13% | 1.01% |
| 2009 | 2.09% | 1.01% |
| 2008 | 2.03% | 1% |
| 2007 | 1.96% | 0.98% |
| 2006 | 1.88% | 0.98% |
| 2005 | 1.81% | 1% |
| 2004 | 1.77% | 1.01% |
| 2003 | 1.78% | 1.05% |
| 2002 | 1.9% | 1.11% |
| 2001 | 2.08% | 1.16% |
| 2000 | 2.15% | 1.2% |
| 1999 | 2.18% | 1.27% |
| 1998 | 2.24% | 1.31% |
| 1997 | 2.33% | 1.35% |
| 1996 | 2.47% | 1.42% |
| 1995 | 2.66% | 1.47% |
| 1994 | 2.81% | 1.52% |
| 1993 | 2.9% | 1.57% |
| 1992 | 2.85% | 1.63% |
| 1991 | 2.76% | 1.68% |
| 1990 | 2.79% | 1.68% |
| 1989 | 2.82% | 1.66% |
| 1988 | 3.03% | 1.64% |
| 1987 | 3.32% | 1.6% |
| 1986 | 3.45% | 1.56% |
| 1985 | 3.53% | 1.54% |
| 1984 | 3.59% | 1.51% |
| 1983 | 3.65% | 1.48% |
| 1982 | 4.05% | 1.47% |
| 1981 | 3.47% | 1.48% |
| 1980 | 3.96% | 1.49% |
| 1979 | 6.18% | 1.5% |
| 1978 | 6.21% | 1.52% |
| 1977 | 5.41% | 1.54% |
| 1976 | 5.29% | 1.56% |
| 1975 | 5.1% | 1.58% |
| 1974 | 5.06% | 1.6% |
| 1973 | 4.82% | 1.63% |
| 1972 | 3.65% | 1.65% |
| 1971 | 1.72% | 1.67% |
| 1970 | 0.56% | 1.71% |
| 1969 | 0.53% | 1.74% |
| 1968 | 0.52% | 1.77% |
| 1967 | 0.53% | 1.82% |
| 1966 | 0.56% | 1.87% |
| 1965 | 1.48% | 1.93% |
| 1964 | 2.41% | 1.99% |
| 1963 | 2.37% | 2.04% |
| 1962 | 2.32% | 2.07% |
| 1961 | 2.28% | 2.1% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/chile | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Botswana grew by 1.65%, while Chile's population grew by 0.54%.
Live population counters
|
Botswana
|
Chile
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2615162
|
19977856
|
| Population rank | 142/197 | 67/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.03% | 0.24% |
| One net population change |
12.9 minutes
|
4.96 minutes
|
| One birth every |
8.58 minutes
|
2.98 minutes
|
| One death every |
37 minutes
|
4.12 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +112 | +290 |
| Annual growth/decline | +40,895 | +105,936 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.65% | +0.54% |
| Population growth rate rank | 66/197 | 130/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.55 hours
|
10.2 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -5,665 | +51,712 |
| Net migration rank | 120/196 | 21/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 116,402 | 1,538,324 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 126/195 | 44/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 4.6% | 7.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 96/195 | 76/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Botswana
|
Chile
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -5,665 | - | 51,712 |
| 2024 | - | -5,778 | - | 58,316 |
| 2023 | 47,098 | -6,487 | 48,518 | 62,679 |
| 2022 | 47,400 | -7,306 | 41,041 | 59,374 |
| 2021 | 40,894 | -4,083 | 27,530 | 65,480 |
| 2020 | 45,610 | -11,330 | 52,378 | 26,042 |
| 2019 | 45,110 | -11,770 | 86,006 | 181,339 |
| 2018 | 44,171 | -11,623 | 103,950 | 237,807 |
| 2017 | 43,154 | -10,916 | 106,268 | 220,621 |
| 2016 | 41,993 | -10,286 | 120,545 | 135,864 |
| 2015 | 40,897 | -9,599 | 127,074 | 55,689 |
| 2014 | 40,046 | -8,893 | 131,373 | 52,702 |
| 2013 | 39,404 | -7,836 | 133,785 | 36,529 |
| 2012 | 39,202 | -6,636 | 134,617 | 30,870 |
| 2011 | 38,613 | -1,019 | 141,053 | 28,086 |
| 2010 | 38,101 | 5,151 | 145,527 | 26,048 |
| 2009 | 36,671 | 4,960 | 147,576 | 24,324 |
| 2008 | 35,433 | 4,343 | 147,105 | 22,488 |
| 2007 | 33,832 | 3,926 | 145,043 | 20,170 |
| 2006 | 31,340 | 4,270 | 142,277 | 17,285 |
| 2005 | 29,385 | 4,283 | 147,009 | 14,289 |
| 2004 | 27,481 | 4,314 | 150,138 | 11,495 |
| 2003 | 26,545 | 4,488 | 154,287 | 9,225 |
| 2002 | 26,163 | 4,747 | 162,322 | 7,824 |
| 2001 | 26,112 | 7,991 | 171,659 | 6,346 |
| 2000 | 25,850 | 9,798 | 175,362 | 7,067 |
| 1999 | 25,358 | 9,762 | 177,995 | 8,226 |
| 1998 | 25,397 | 9,685 | 185,815 | 10,984 |
| 1997 | 25,738 | 9,597 | 190,433 | 3,504 |
| 1996 | 26,847 | 9,368 | 199,897 | 2,942 |
| 1995 | 28,478 | 9,464 | 208,017 | 2,454 |
| 1994 | 30,664 | 9,023 | 209,834 | 1,930 |
| 1993 | 31,691 | 8,441 | 215,003 | 1,164 |
| 1992 | 31,995 | 8,026 | 219,224 | 0 |
| 1991 | 32,219 | 4,311 | 227,180 | -2,207 |
| 1990 | 33,015 | 2,580 | 226,941 | -1,274 |
| 1989 | 33,756 | 1,495 | 224,854 | -6,186 |
| 1988 | 34,564 | -215 | 221,602 | -9,131 |
| 1987 | 35,647 | 2,624 | 218,034 | -11,958 |
| 1986 | 36,203 | 2,558 | 213,571 | -17,148 |
| 1985 | 35,966 | 2,683 | 208,910 | -18,047 |
| 1984 | 35,530 | 2,393 | 205,407 | -21,188 |
| 1983 | 35,142 | 1,980 | 202,352 | -23,386 |
| 1982 | 34,859 | 1,751 | 199,522 | -26,646 |
| 1981 | 34,327 | 7,610 | 198,211 | -28,096 |
| 1980 | 33,934 | -10,849 | 198,281 | -28,060 |
| 1979 | 32,486 | 15,918 | 197,198 | -29,873 |
| 1978 | 30,596 | 26,015 | 196,483 | -29,644 |
| 1977 | 29,009 | 13,708 | 197,163 | -29,651 |
| 1976 | 27,497 | 11,914 | 196,986 | -29,967 |
| 1975 | 25,762 | 11,086 | 196,890 | -30,524 |
| 1974 | 24,160 | 8,854 | 196,322 | -31,211 |
| 1973 | 22,449 | 10,615 | 197,666 | -31,878 |
| 1972 | 21,004 | 5,937 | 198,162 | -32,584 |
| 1971 | 19,926 | -3,016 | 198,523 | -34,147 |
| 1970 | 19,438 | -16,054 | 200,402 | -36,079 |
| 1969 | 19,024 | -15,870 | 202,764 | -36,976 |
| 1968 | 18,725 | -15,681 | 203,577 | -38,224 |
| 1967 | 18,463 | -15,438 | 204,377 | -38,159 |
| 1966 | 18,250 | -15,140 | 204,661 | -36,446 |
| 1965 | 18,045 | -14,753 | 203,341 | -33,988 |
| 1964 | 17,634 | -4,126 | 202,741 | -31,261 |
| 1963 | 17,084 | -4,000 | 202,370 | -29,082 |
| 1962 | 16,507 | -4,028 | 200,905 | -28,023 |
| 1961 | 16,185 | -4,168 | 198,788 | -27,159 |
| 1960 | 15,861 | -4,331 | 198,461 | -27,184 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/chile | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 82.5% of the population change in Botswana is from natural causes (a gain of 436,373 people) and 17.5% is from migration (a loss of 92,293 people). In Chile 43.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 844,683 people) and 56.5% is from migration (a gain of 1,097,597 people).
As of 2024, 116,402 residents or 4.6% of the population were not native-born in Botswana, compared to 1,538,324 people or 7.8% in Chile.
Biggest cities by population
|
Botswana
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Gaborone | 236K |
| Francistown | 103K |
| Molepolole | 67.6K |
| Kanye | 48K |
| Serowe | 47.4K |
| Mahalapye | 41.3K |
| Palapye | 36.2K |
| Lobatse | 26.9K |
|
Chile
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Santiago | 6.26M |
| Puente Alto | 574K |
| Antofagasta | 349K |
| Vina del Mar | 333K |
| San Bernardo | 301K |
| Valparaiso | 297K |
| Temuco | 282K |
| Talcahuano | 270K |
| Talca | 232K |
| Rancagua | 231K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Botswana and Chile
|
Botswana
|
Chile
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 69.6 years | 81.7 years |
| Average age | 26.7 years | 38.8 years |
| Median age | 24.2 years | 37.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.8:50.2 | 49.7:50.3 |
| Fertility rate | 2.73 births per woman | 1.17 births per woman |
| Population density | 11.9 ppl/mi² | 69.6 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/botswana/chile | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
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