The latest officially reported population of the DR Congo was 112,832,473 in 2025 vs 5,731,206 people in Liberia in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current DR Congo's population is 118,386,491 people compared to 5,916,561 in Liberia.
Population statistics:
- The DR Congo's population is 20 times bigger than Liberia's.
- The DR Congo is ranked the 14th most populous country in the world, while Liberia is the 116th.
- The countries together account for 1.5% of the world: 1.42% for the DR Congo vs 0.07% for Liberia.
- For the last 10 years, the DR Congo has had an average growth rate of +3.36% per year vs +2.09% in Liberia.
- Since 2006, the population of the DR Congo has increased from 60.6M people to 118M (95.3% growth), while Liberia has grown from 3.49M to 5.92M (69.5% growth).
DR Congo vs Liberia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
DR Congo
|
Liberia
|
|
| 2100 | 436,237,219 | 12,784,957 |
| 2099 | 433,289,774 | 12,772,345 |
| 2098 | 430,252,622 | 12,753,452 |
| 2097 | 427,149,320 | 12,724,773 |
| 2096 | 423,961,963 | 12,692,036 |
| 2095 | 420,678,721 | 12,667,207 |
| 2094 | 417,304,547 | 12,641,522 |
| 2093 | 413,867,290 | 12,603,995 |
| 2092 | 410,362,003 | 12,579,473 |
| 2091 | 406,763,717 | 12,554,066 |
| 2090 | 403,089,566 | 12,509,480 |
| 2089 | 399,334,389 | 12,457,316 |
| 2088 | 395,507,774 | 12,425,766 |
| 2087 | 391,613,249 | 12,390,938 |
| 2086 | 387,639,503 | 12,328,007 |
| 2085 | 383,604,733 | 12,262,605 |
| 2084 | 379,495,246 | 12,214,581 |
| 2083 | 375,330,369 | 12,160,106 |
| 2082 | 371,124,615 | 12,118,849 |
| 2081 | 366,878,238 | 12,051,465 |
| 2080 | 362,574,665 | 11,973,445 |
| 2079 | 358,227,097 | 11,895,628 |
| 2078 | 353,821,014 | 11,820,198 |
| 2077 | 349,368,182 | 11,742,459 |
| 2076 | 344,866,731 | 11,653,806 |
| 2075 | 340,338,504 | 11,568,384 |
| 2074 | 335,761,691 | 11,466,229 |
| 2073 | 331,157,281 | 11,370,364 |
| 2072 | 326,505,656 | 11,284,839 |
| 2071 | 321,830,769 | 11,184,212 |
| 2070 | 317,104,580 | 11,094,537 |
| 2069 | 312,349,776 | 10,998,944 |
| 2068 | 307,566,932 | 10,915,300 |
| 2067 | 302,762,490 | 10,810,752 |
| 2066 | 297,932,241 | 10,718,452 |
| 2065 | 293,081,284 | 10,614,227 |
| 2064 | 288,211,987 | 10,517,857 |
| 2063 | 283,315,009 | 10,413,073 |
| 2062 | 278,399,192 | 10,305,739 |
| 2061 | 273,464,914 | 10,197,474 |
| 2060 | 268,520,814 | 10,088,502 |
| 2059 | 263,570,338 | 9,957,059 |
| 2058 | 258,622,778 | 9,854,358 |
| 2057 | 253,685,085 | 9,742,349 |
| 2056 | 248,748,321 | 9,621,132 |
| 2055 | 243,814,854 | 9,503,970 |
| 2054 | 238,885,417 | 9,399,455 |
| 2053 | 233,971,468 | 9,282,047 |
| 2052 | 229,073,420 | 9,170,319 |
| 2051 | 224,197,775 | 9,057,504 |
| 2050 | 219,354,949 | 8,948,808 |
| 2049 | 214,547,398 | 8,825,716 |
| 2048 | 209,774,448 | 8,702,515 |
| 2047 | 205,040,532 | 8,579,329 |
| 2046 | 200,341,405 | 8,453,730 |
| 2045 | 195,693,533 | 8,340,339 |
| 2044 | 191,087,342 | 8,218,270 |
| 2043 | 186,534,055 | 8,103,979 |
| 2042 | 182,033,706 | 7,969,742 |
| 2041 | 177,583,290 | 7,826,944 |
| 2040 | 173,191,594 | 7,696,136 |
| 2039 | 168,846,440 | 7,551,738 |
| 2038 | 164,551,895 | 7,419,716 |
| 2037 | 160,316,591 | 7,289,124 |
| 2036 | 156,099,100 | 7,144,012 |
| 2035 | 151,924,296 | 7,008,708 |
| 2034 | 147,782,785 | 6,881,558 |
| 2033 | 143,684,929 | 6,748,513 |
| 2032 | 139,642,368 | 6,617,506 |
| 2031 | 135,634,548 | 6,490,837 |
| 2030 | 131,685,113 | 6,374,102 |
| 2029 | 127,793,612 | 6,245,907 |
| 2028 | 123,956,913 | 6,118,823 |
| 2027 | 120,188,952 | 5,979,243 |
| 2026 | 116,482,769 | 5,850,359 |
| 2025 | 112,832,473 | 5,731,206 |
| 2024 | 109,276,265 | 5,612,817 |
| 2023 | 105,789,731 | 5,493,031 |
| 2022 | 102,396,968 | 5,373,294 |
| 2021 | 99,148,932 | 5,259,323 |
| 2020 | 95,989,998 | 5,149,463 |
| 2019 | 92,947,442 | 5,043,721 |
| 2018 | 90,047,644 | 4,944,726 |
| 2017 | 87,083,398 | 4,848,925 |
| 2016 | 83,956,415 | 4,755,608 |
| 2015 | 81,035,531 | 4,659,431 |
| 2014 | 78,403,242 | 4,564,293 |
| 2013 | 75,789,395 | 4,470,239 |
| 2012 | 73,254,618 | 4,373,043 |
| 2011 | 70,849,311 | 4,221,178 |
| 2010 | 68,563,038 | 4,058,890 |
| 2009 | 66,412,044 | 3,943,028 |
| 2008 | 64,390,664 | 3,821,003 |
| 2007 | 62,477,752 | 3,669,050 |
| 2006 | 60,615,908 | 3,490,787 |
| 2005 | 58,775,724 | 3,301,015 |
| 2004 | 56,997,741 | 3,156,892 |
| 2003 | 55,343,867 | 3,119,532 |
| 2002 | 53,750,524 | 3,094,782 |
| 2001 | 52,132,646 | 3,015,338 |
| 2000 | 50,507,442 | 2,928,117 |
| 1999 | 48,912,971 | 2,821,684 |
| 1998 | 47,297,600 | 2,670,124 |
| 1997 | 46,029,902 | 2,412,989 |
| 1996 | 45,296,124 | 2,232,289 |
| 1995 | 44,433,704 | 2,169,162 |
| 1994 | 42,626,876 | 2,149,928 |
| 1993 | 40,656,336 | 2,155,126 |
| 1992 | 39,228,910 | 2,072,461 |
| 1991 | 37,925,817 | 1,956,518 |
| 1990 | 36,684,063 | 2,223,667 |
| 1989 | 35,486,866 | 2,517,858 |
| 1988 | 34,382,752 | 2,446,941 |
| 1987 | 33,298,904 | 2,377,229 |
| 1986 | 32,265,196 | 2,308,511 |
| 1985 | 31,264,816 | 2,240,539 |
| 1984 | 30,245,081 | 2,173,312 |
| 1983 | 29,250,963 | 2,107,113 |
| 1982 | 28,338,190 | 2,045,073 |
| 1981 | 27,500,515 | 1,986,867 |
| 1980 | 26,711,099 | 1,929,253 |
| 1979 | 25,886,782 | 1,872,713 |
| 1978 | 24,992,689 | 1,818,247 |
| 1977 | 24,229,061 | 1,766,019 |
| 1976 | 23,624,031 | 1,717,060 |
| 1975 | 23,021,101 | 1,670,913 |
| 1974 | 22,418,878 | 1,626,362 |
| 1973 | 21,827,665 | 1,583,588 |
| 1972 | 21,251,160 | 1,542,670 |
| 1971 | 20,695,569 | 1,504,077 |
| 1970 | 20,137,436 | 1,466,676 |
| 1969 | 19,570,445 | 1,429,605 |
| 1968 | 19,012,189 | 1,393,530 |
| 1967 | 18,462,782 | 1,358,435 |
| 1966 | 17,931,929 | 1,324,383 |
| 1965 | 17,427,802 | 1,291,156 |
| 1964 | 16,955,327 | 1,258,745 |
| 1963 | 16,507,599 | 1,227,414 |
| 1962 | 16,075,724 | 1,197,039 |
| 1961 | 15,662,374 | 1,167,717 |
| 1960 | 15,264,846 | 1,139,522 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/liberia | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the DR Congo increased by 23,340,507 people (a 38.5% growth), while Liberia gained 1,264,821 people (a 36.2% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the DR Congo gained 34,430,076 people (a 41% growth), while Liberia's population increased by 1,160,953 people (a 24.4% growth).
The DR Congo was ranked 22nd most populous country in 2006 and is 14th in 2026. Liberia was ranked 126th in 2006 and ranked 116th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the DR Congo's population will grow by 85.3% to 219,354,949 people with a rank change from 14th to 8th. The population of Liberia will increase by 51.3% to 8,948,808 people and rank change from 116th to 107th.
The DR Congo is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 436M people compared to the peak of 12.8M people in 2100 for Liberia.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Liberia
|
|
| 2100 | 0.68% | 0.1% |
| 2099 | 0.71% | 0.15% |
| 2098 | 0.73% | 0.23% |
| 2097 | 0.75% | 0.26% |
| 2096 | 0.78% | 0.2% |
| 2095 | 0.81% | 0.2% |
| 2094 | 0.83% | 0.3% |
| 2093 | 0.85% | 0.19% |
| 2092 | 0.88% | 0.2% |
| 2091 | 0.91% | 0.36% |
| 2090 | 0.94% | 0.42% |
| 2089 | 0.97% | 0.25% |
| 2088 | 0.99% | 0.28% |
| 2087 | 1.03% | 0.51% |
| 2086 | 1.05% | 0.53% |
| 2085 | 1.08% | 0.39% |
| 2084 | 1.11% | 0.45% |
| 2083 | 1.13% | 0.34% |
| 2082 | 1.16% | 0.56% |
| 2081 | 1.19% | 0.65% |
| 2080 | 1.21% | 0.65% |
| 2079 | 1.25% | 0.64% |
| 2078 | 1.27% | 0.66% |
| 2077 | 1.31% | 0.76% |
| 2076 | 1.33% | 0.74% |
| 2075 | 1.36% | 0.89% |
| 2074 | 1.39% | 0.84% |
| 2073 | 1.42% | 0.76% |
| 2072 | 1.45% | 0.9% |
| 2071 | 1.49% | 0.81% |
| 2070 | 1.52% | 0.87% |
| 2069 | 1.56% | 0.77% |
| 2068 | 1.59% | 0.97% |
| 2067 | 1.62% | 0.86% |
| 2066 | 1.66% | 0.98% |
| 2065 | 1.69% | 0.92% |
| 2064 | 1.73% | 1.01% |
| 2063 | 1.77% | 1.04% |
| 2062 | 1.8% | 1.06% |
| 2061 | 1.84% | 1.08% |
| 2060 | 1.88% | 1.32% |
| 2059 | 1.91% | 1.04% |
| 2058 | 1.95% | 1.15% |
| 2057 | 1.98% | 1.26% |
| 2056 | 2.02% | 1.23% |
| 2055 | 2.06% | 1.11% |
| 2054 | 2.1% | 1.26% |
| 2053 | 2.14% | 1.22% |
| 2052 | 2.17% | 1.25% |
| 2051 | 2.21% | 1.21% |
| 2050 | 2.24% | 1.39% |
| 2049 | 2.28% | 1.42% |
| 2048 | 2.31% | 1.44% |
| 2047 | 2.35% | 1.49% |
| 2046 | 2.38% | 1.36% |
| 2045 | 2.41% | 1.49% |
| 2044 | 2.44% | 1.41% |
| 2043 | 2.47% | 1.68% |
| 2042 | 2.51% | 1.82% |
| 2041 | 2.54% | 1.7% |
| 2040 | 2.57% | 1.91% |
| 2039 | 2.61% | 1.78% |
| 2038 | 2.64% | 1.79% |
| 2037 | 2.7% | 2.03% |
| 2036 | 2.75% | 1.93% |
| 2035 | 2.8% | 1.85% |
| 2034 | 2.85% | 1.97% |
| 2033 | 2.89% | 1.98% |
| 2032 | 2.95% | 1.95% |
| 2031 | 3% | 1.83% |
| 2030 | 3.05% | 2.05% |
| 2029 | 3.1% | 2.08% |
| 2028 | 3.14% | 2.33% |
| 2027 | 3.18% | 2.2% |
| 2026 | 3.24% | 2.08% |
| 2025 | 3.25% | 2.11% |
| 2024 | 3.3% | 2.18% |
| 2023 | 3.31% | 2.23% |
| 2022 | 3.28% | 2.17% |
| 2021 | 3.29% | 2.13% |
| 2020 | 3.27% | 2.1% |
| 2019 | 3.22% | 2% |
| 2018 | 3.4% | 1.98% |
| 2017 | 3.72% | 1.96% |
| 2016 | 3.6% | 2.06% |
| 2015 | 3.36% | 2.08% |
| 2014 | 3.45% | 2.1% |
| 2013 | 3.46% | 2.22% |
| 2012 | 3.39% | 3.6% |
| 2011 | 3.33% | 4% |
| 2010 | 3.24% | 2.94% |
| 2009 | 3.14% | 3.19% |
| 2008 | 3.06% | 4.14% |
| 2007 | 3.07% | 5.11% |
| 2006 | 3.13% | 5.75% |
| 2005 | 3.12% | 4.57% |
| 2004 | 2.99% | 1.2% |
| 2003 | 2.96% | 0.8% |
| 2002 | 3.1% | 2.63% |
| 2001 | 3.22% | 2.98% |
| 2000 | 3.26% | 3.77% |
| 1999 | 3.42% | 5.68% |
| 1998 | 2.75% | 10.7% |
| 1997 | 1.62% | 8.09% |
| 1996 | 1.94% | 2.91% |
| 1995 | 4.24% | 0.89% |
| 1994 | 4.85% | -0.24% |
| 1993 | 3.64% | 3.99% |
| 1992 | 3.44% | 5.93% |
| 1991 | 3.38% | -12% |
| 1990 | 3.37% | -11.7% |
| 1989 | 3.21% | 2.9% |
| 1988 | 3.25% | 2.93% |
| 1987 | 3.2% | 2.98% |
| 1986 | 3.2% | 3.03% |
| 1985 | 3.37% | 3.09% |
| 1984 | 3.4% | 3.14% |
| 1983 | 3.22% | 3.03% |
| 1982 | 3.05% | 2.93% |
| 1981 | 2.96% | 2.99% |
| 1980 | 3.18% | 3.02% |
| 1979 | 3.58% | 3% |
| 1978 | 3.15% | 2.96% |
| 1977 | 2.56% | 2.85% |
| 1976 | 2.62% | 2.76% |
| 1975 | 2.69% | 2.74% |
| 1974 | 2.71% | 2.7% |
| 1973 | 2.71% | 2.65% |
| 1972 | 2.68% | 2.57% |
| 1971 | 2.77% | 2.55% |
| 1970 | 2.9% | 2.59% |
| 1969 | 2.94% | 2.59% |
| 1968 | 2.98% | 2.58% |
| 1967 | 2.96% | 2.57% |
| 1966 | 2.89% | 2.57% |
| 1965 | 2.79% | 2.57% |
| 1964 | 2.71% | 2.55% |
| 1963 | 2.69% | 2.54% |
| 1962 | 2.64% | 2.51% |
| 1961 | 2.6% | 2.47% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/liberia | CC BY
In 2025, the population of the DR Congo grew by 3.25%, while Liberia's population grew by 2.11%.
Live population counters
|
DR Congo
|
Liberia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
118386491
|
5916561
|
| Population rank | 14/197 | 116/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.42% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
8.89 seconds
|
4.45 minutes
|
| One birth every |
7.06 seconds
|
3.06 minutes
|
| One death every |
34.3 seconds
|
11.7 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +9,743 | +324 |
| Annual growth/decline | +3,556,208 | +118,389 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.25% | +2.11% |
| Population growth rate rank | 10/197 | 44/197 |
| One migration net change every |
19.3 minutes
|
53.4 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -27,309 | -9,870 |
| Net migration rank | 159/196 | 132/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,085,090 | 72,423 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 57/195 | 142/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1% | 1.3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 152/195 | 148/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Liberia
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -27,309 | - | -9,870 |
| 2024 | 3,547,217 | -26,968 | 126,631 | -7,779 |
| 2023 | 3,467,787 | -14,992 | 125,730 | -5,002 |
| 2022 | 3,347,664 | -14,991 | 123,747 | -5,003 |
| 2021 | 3,227,992 | -64,639 | 121,038 | -11,852 |
| 2020 | 3,156,152 | -1,633 | 120,632 | -10,107 |
| 2019 | 3,075,538 | -144,920 | 120,635 | -19,678 |
| 2018 | 2,993,184 | -124,246 | 120,231 | -23,199 |
| 2017 | 2,883,245 | 176,290 | 119,376 | -24,807 |
| 2016 | 2,753,687 | 440,748 | 118,852 | -26,796 |
| 2015 | 2,665,016 | -17,711 | 115,479 | -15,182 |
| 2014 | 2,580,251 | 36,966 | 116,667 | -26,690 |
| 2013 | 2,489,378 | 121,097 | 120,138 | -22,010 |
| 2012 | 2,405,462 | 53,668 | 121,973 | -25,710 |
| 2011 | 2,310,679 | 40,891 | 115,496 | 91,981 |
| 2010 | 2,212,255 | 8,823 | 114,249 | 2,850 |
| 2009 | 2,126,912 | -46,009 | 113,429 | 1,187 |
| 2008 | 2,044,210 | -82,339 | 112,032 | 17,404 |
| 2007 | 1,963,738 | -99,742 | 109,165 | 65,306 |
| 2006 | 1,889,398 | -29,715 | 104,099 | 77,946 |
| 2005 | 1,800,300 | 20,384 | 96,478 | 101,019 |
| 2004 | 1,731,022 | 4,260 | 91,755 | -1,001 |
| 2003 | 1,679,188 | -106,731 | 87,534 | -103,564 |
| 2002 | 1,631,597 | -17,358 | 88,643 | -23,110 |
| 2001 | 1,594,999 | 26,523 | 86,217 | 7,142 |
| 2000 | 1,549,518 | 79,340 | 83,143 | -2,060 |
| 1999 | 1,450,318 | 109,761 | 78,130 | 53,643 |
| 1998 | 1,375,130 | 295,560 | 72,146 | 99,203 |
| 1997 | 1,392,037 | -527,356 | 61,444 | 281,480 |
| 1996 | 1,380,490 | -777,833 | 56,392 | -37,922 |
| 1995 | 1,395,440 | -273,434 | 53,407 | 54,372 |
| 1994 | 1,259,539 | 1,232,105 | 52,101 | -121,407 |
| 1993 | 1,209,242 | 240,176 | 51,609 | 7,300 |
| 1992 | 1,152,781 | 252,666 | 50,204 | 56,210 |
| 1991 | 1,114,033 | 86,721 | 47,426 | 78,052 |
| 1990 | 1,063,508 | 219,270 | 52,770 | -712,544 |
| 1989 | 1,027,238 | 84,415 | 63,238 | 8,156 |
| 1988 | 995,278 | 101,314 | 62,703 | 7,734 |
| 1987 | 959,875 | 111,220 | 62,147 | 6,840 |
| 1986 | 925,334 | 70,988 | 61,924 | 6,534 |
| 1985 | 885,670 | 118,791 | 59,988 | 7,487 |
| 1984 | 844,956 | 190,045 | 59,460 | 7,513 |
| 1983 | 807,122 | 146,095 | 57,562 | 7,861 |
| 1982 | 774,823 | 97,495 | 56,127 | 2,530 |
| 1981 | 748,371 | 54,656 | 55,003 | 2,757 |
| 1980 | 724,111 | 51,685 | 53,452 | 4,016 |
| 1979 | 691,773 | 181,028 | 52,125 | 3,500 |
| 1978 | 646,411 | 268,974 | 49,813 | 3,500 |
| 1977 | 638,242 | -26,355 | 47,582 | 3,555 |
| 1976 | 624,147 | -25,965 | 45,528 | 1,246 |
| 1975 | 608,655 | -972 | 43,478 | 2,037 |
| 1974 | 593,539 | 3,216 | 41,499 | 2,086 |
| 1973 | 578,280 | 7,414 | 39,694 | 2,272 |
| 1972 | 564,495 | 2,840 | 37,860 | 2,018 |
| 1971 | 549,343 | -5,497 | 36,015 | 1,293 |
| 1970 | 533,300 | 39,116 | 35,196 | 2,285 |
| 1969 | 514,800 | 46,778 | 34,677 | 1,982 |
| 1968 | 497,682 | 57,274 | 33,536 | 1,964 |
| 1967 | 479,552 | 64,307 | 32,519 | 2,177 |
| 1966 | 463,397 | 54,443 | 31,454 | 1,953 |
| 1965 | 429,002 | 61,397 | 30,618 | 2,431 |
| 1964 | 406,334 | 48,207 | 29,592 | 2,189 |
| 1963 | 398,972 | 41,960 | 28,708 | 2,165 |
| 1962 | 383,406 | 39,431 | 27,679 | 2,189 |
| 1961 | 368,207 | 35,654 | 26,670 | 2,115 |
| 1960 | 363,517 | 27,673 | 25,713 | 1,886 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/liberia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.3% of the population change in the DR Congo is from natural causes (a gain of 31,117,482 people) and 0.66% is from migration (a gain of 206,938 people). In Liberia 89% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,212,351 people) and 11% is from migration (a loss of 149,405 people).
As of 2024, 1,085,090 residents or 1% of the population were not native-born in the DR Congo, compared to 72,423 people or 1.3% in Liberia.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between the DR Congo and Liberia
|
DR Congo
|
Liberia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 62.4 years | 62.6 years |
| Average age | 21.9 years | 24.2 years |
| Median age | 16.9 years | 19.8 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.6:50.4 | 49.9:50.1 |
| Fertility rate | 5.98 births per woman | 3.86 births per woman |
| Population density | 133.1 ppl/mi² | 157.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/liberia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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