The latest officially reported population of the DR Congo was 109,276,265 in 2024 vs 2,337,423 people in Lesotho in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current DR Congo's population is 117,507,801 people compared to 2,396,633 in Lesotho.
Population statistics:
- The DR Congo's population is 49 times bigger than Lesotho's.
- The DR Congo is ranked the 15th most populous country in the world, while Lesotho is the 143rd.
- The countries together account for 1.45% of the world: 1.42% for the DR Congo vs 0.03% for Lesotho.
- For the last 10 years, the DR Congo has had an average growth rate of +3.38% per year vs +1.17% in Lesotho.
- Since 2006, the population of the DR Congo has increased from 60.6M people to 118M (93.9% growth), while Lesotho has grown from 1.95M to 2.4M (23.2% growth).
DR Congo vs Lesotho: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
DR Congo
|
Lesotho
|
|
| 2100 | 436,320,913 | 3,280,784 |
| 2099 | 433,372,904 | 3,286,697 |
| 2098 | 430,335,169 | 3,292,498 |
| 2097 | 427,231,271 | 3,298,102 |
| 2096 | 424,043,303 | 3,303,027 |
| 2095 | 420,759,430 | 3,307,947 |
| 2094 | 417,384,609 | 3,312,002 |
| 2093 | 413,946,692 | 3,315,757 |
| 2092 | 410,440,733 | 3,319,661 |
| 2091 | 406,841,757 | 3,322,573 |
| 2090 | 403,166,901 | 3,324,769 |
| 2089 | 399,411,004 | 3,326,847 |
| 2088 | 395,583,655 | 3,328,480 |
| 2087 | 391,688,383 | 3,329,964 |
| 2086 | 387,713,874 | 3,330,456 |
| 2085 | 383,678,330 | 3,331,259 |
| 2084 | 379,568,054 | 3,331,485 |
| 2083 | 375,402,379 | 3,331,492 |
| 2082 | 371,195,818 | 3,331,234 |
| 2081 | 366,948,626 | 3,330,412 |
| 2080 | 362,644,227 | 3,329,267 |
| 2079 | 358,295,825 | 3,327,166 |
| 2078 | 353,888,897 | 3,324,646 |
| 2077 | 349,435,210 | 3,321,422 |
| 2076 | 344,932,895 | 3,317,850 |
| 2075 | 340,403,800 | 3,314,237 |
| 2074 | 335,826,108 | 3,309,174 |
| 2073 | 331,220,816 | 3,303,860 |
| 2072 | 326,568,298 | 3,298,181 |
| 2071 | 321,892,514 | 3,291,492 |
| 2070 | 317,165,418 | 3,283,654 |
| 2069 | 312,409,702 | 3,275,244 |
| 2068 | 307,625,941 | 3,266,152 |
| 2067 | 302,820,577 | 3,256,626 |
| 2066 | 297,989,401 | 3,246,903 |
| 2065 | 293,137,514 | 3,237,153 |
| 2064 | 288,267,282 | 3,226,489 |
| 2063 | 283,369,365 | 3,215,103 |
| 2062 | 278,452,605 | 3,202,287 |
| 2061 | 273,517,380 | 3,188,933 |
| 2060 | 268,572,331 | 3,174,998 |
| 2059 | 263,620,905 | 3,160,204 |
| 2058 | 258,672,397 | 3,145,053 |
| 2057 | 253,733,756 | 3,129,261 |
| 2056 | 248,796,045 | 3,113,129 |
| 2055 | 243,861,631 | 3,095,904 |
| 2054 | 238,931,249 | 3,078,567 |
| 2053 | 234,016,357 | 3,060,152 |
| 2052 | 229,117,369 | 3,040,649 |
| 2051 | 224,240,788 | 3,020,109 |
| 2050 | 219,397,034 | 2,999,457 |
| 2049 | 214,588,560 | 2,978,037 |
| 2048 | 209,814,694 | 2,955,727 |
| 2047 | 205,079,870 | 2,932,688 |
| 2046 | 200,379,842 | 2,909,307 |
| 2045 | 195,731,078 | 2,885,537 |
| 2044 | 191,124,003 | 2,861,372 |
| 2043 | 186,569,843 | 2,836,777 |
| 2042 | 182,068,630 | 2,811,663 |
| 2041 | 177,617,360 | 2,786,147 |
| 2040 | 173,224,822 | 2,760,391 |
| 2039 | 168,878,834 | 2,734,400 |
| 2038 | 164,583,465 | 2,708,216 |
| 2037 | 160,347,349 | 2,681,863 |
| 2036 | 156,129,049 | 2,654,755 |
| 2035 | 151,953,443 | 2,627,701 |
| 2034 | 147,811,138 | 2,600,880 |
| 2033 | 143,712,496 | 2,574,065 |
| 2032 | 139,669,159 | 2,547,344 |
| 2031 | 135,660,570 | 2,520,831 |
| 2030 | 131,710,378 | 2,494,646 |
| 2029 | 127,818,130 | 2,468,268 |
| 2028 | 123,980,695 | 2,441,871 |
| 2027 | 120,212,011 | 2,415,830 |
| 2026 | 116,505,117 | 2,389,516 |
| 2025 | 112,854,120 | 2,363,516 |
| 2024 | 109,276,265 | 2,337,423 |
| 2023 | 105,789,731 | 2,311,472 |
| 2022 | 102,396,968 | 2,286,110 |
| 2021 | 99,148,932 | 2,261,542 |
| 2020 | 95,989,998 | 2,235,727 |
| 2019 | 92,947,442 | 2,209,405 |
| 2018 | 90,047,644 | 2,183,603 |
| 2017 | 87,083,398 | 2,157,110 |
| 2016 | 83,956,415 | 2,130,422 |
| 2015 | 81,035,531 | 2,104,611 |
| 2014 | 78,403,242 | 2,080,089 |
| 2013 | 75,789,395 | 2,056,504 |
| 2012 | 73,254,618 | 2,034,354 |
| 2011 | 70,849,311 | 2,014,009 |
| 2010 | 68,563,038 | 1,996,251 |
| 2009 | 66,412,044 | 1,980,883 |
| 2008 | 64,390,664 | 1,966,541 |
| 2007 | 62,477,752 | 1,953,268 |
| 2006 | 60,615,908 | 1,945,063 |
| 2005 | 58,775,724 | 1,953,076 |
| 2004 | 56,997,741 | 1,971,129 |
| 2003 | 55,343,867 | 1,985,059 |
| 2002 | 53,750,524 | 1,994,679 |
| 2001 | 52,132,646 | 2,000,853 |
| 2000 | 50,507,442 | 2,003,913 |
| 1999 | 48,912,971 | 2,003,234 |
| 1998 | 47,297,600 | 1,998,049 |
| 1997 | 46,029,902 | 1,988,130 |
| 1996 | 45,296,124 | 1,972,418 |
| 1995 | 44,433,704 | 1,951,437 |
| 1994 | 42,626,876 | 1,927,707 |
| 1993 | 40,656,336 | 1,901,793 |
| 1992 | 39,228,910 | 1,873,274 |
| 1991 | 37,925,817 | 1,842,379 |
| 1990 | 36,684,063 | 1,809,696 |
| 1989 | 35,486,866 | 1,775,436 |
| 1988 | 34,382,752 | 1,739,841 |
| 1987 | 33,298,904 | 1,703,390 |
| 1986 | 32,265,196 | 1,666,138 |
| 1985 | 31,264,816 | 1,624,379 |
| 1984 | 30,245,081 | 1,578,986 |
| 1983 | 29,250,963 | 1,534,413 |
| 1982 | 28,338,190 | 1,490,732 |
| 1981 | 27,500,515 | 1,448,069 |
| 1980 | 26,711,099 | 1,406,521 |
| 1979 | 25,886,782 | 1,366,169 |
| 1978 | 24,992,689 | 1,327,240 |
| 1977 | 24,229,061 | 1,289,967 |
| 1976 | 23,624,031 | 1,253,214 |
| 1975 | 23,021,101 | 1,213,643 |
| 1974 | 22,418,878 | 1,172,420 |
| 1973 | 21,827,665 | 1,132,697 |
| 1972 | 21,251,160 | 1,094,063 |
| 1971 | 20,695,569 | 1,056,246 |
| 1970 | 20,137,436 | 1,019,273 |
| 1969 | 19,570,445 | 983,202 |
| 1968 | 19,012,189 | 948,105 |
| 1967 | 18,462,782 | 913,982 |
| 1966 | 17,931,929 | 881,870 |
| 1965 | 17,427,802 | 854,090 |
| 1964 | 16,955,327 | 829,437 |
| 1963 | 16,507,599 | 805,373 |
| 1962 | 16,075,724 | 781,814 |
| 1961 | 15,662,374 | 758,824 |
| 1960 | 15,264,846 | 736,500 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/lesotho | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the DR Congo increased by 23,340,507 people (a 38.5% growth), while Lesotho gained 185,359 people (a 9.53% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the DR Congo gained 33,551,386 people (a 40% growth), while Lesotho's population increased by 266,211 people (a 12.5% growth).
The DR Congo was ranked 22nd most populous country in 2006 and is 15th in 2026. Lesotho was ranked 144th in 2006 and ranked 143rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the DR Congo's population will grow by 86.7% to 219,397,034 people with a rank change from 15th to 8th. The population of Lesotho will increase by 25.2% to 2,999,457 people and rank change from 143rd to 141st.
The DR Congo is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 436M people compared to the peak of 3.33M people in 2083 for Lesotho.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Lesotho
|
|
| 2100 | 0.68% | -0.18% |
| 2099 | 0.71% | -0.18% |
| 2098 | 0.73% | -0.17% |
| 2097 | 0.75% | -0.15% |
| 2096 | 0.78% | -0.15% |
| 2095 | 0.81% | -0.12% |
| 2094 | 0.83% | -0.11% |
| 2093 | 0.85% | -0.12% |
| 2092 | 0.88% | -0.09% |
| 2091 | 0.91% | -0.07% |
| 2090 | 0.94% | -0.06% |
| 2089 | 0.97% | -0.05% |
| 2088 | 0.99% | -0.04% |
| 2087 | 1.03% | -0.01% |
| 2086 | 1.05% | -0.02% |
| 2085 | 1.08% | -0.007% |
| 2084 | 1.11% | -0% |
| 2083 | 1.13% | 0.008% |
| 2082 | 1.16% | 0.02% |
| 2081 | 1.19% | 0.03% |
| 2080 | 1.21% | 0.06% |
| 2079 | 1.25% | 0.08% |
| 2078 | 1.27% | 0.1% |
| 2077 | 1.31% | 0.11% |
| 2076 | 1.33% | 0.11% |
| 2075 | 1.36% | 0.15% |
| 2074 | 1.39% | 0.16% |
| 2073 | 1.42% | 0.17% |
| 2072 | 1.45% | 0.2% |
| 2071 | 1.49% | 0.24% |
| 2070 | 1.52% | 0.26% |
| 2069 | 1.56% | 0.28% |
| 2068 | 1.59% | 0.29% |
| 2067 | 1.62% | 0.3% |
| 2066 | 1.66% | 0.3% |
| 2065 | 1.69% | 0.33% |
| 2064 | 1.73% | 0.35% |
| 2063 | 1.77% | 0.4% |
| 2062 | 1.8% | 0.42% |
| 2061 | 1.84% | 0.44% |
| 2060 | 1.88% | 0.47% |
| 2059 | 1.91% | 0.48% |
| 2058 | 1.95% | 0.5% |
| 2057 | 1.98% | 0.52% |
| 2056 | 2.02% | 0.56% |
| 2055 | 2.06% | 0.56% |
| 2054 | 2.1% | 0.6% |
| 2053 | 2.14% | 0.64% |
| 2052 | 2.17% | 0.68% |
| 2051 | 2.21% | 0.69% |
| 2050 | 2.24% | 0.72% |
| 2049 | 2.28% | 0.75% |
| 2048 | 2.31% | 0.79% |
| 2047 | 2.35% | 0.8% |
| 2046 | 2.38% | 0.82% |
| 2045 | 2.41% | 0.84% |
| 2044 | 2.44% | 0.87% |
| 2043 | 2.47% | 0.89% |
| 2042 | 2.51% | 0.92% |
| 2041 | 2.54% | 0.93% |
| 2040 | 2.57% | 0.95% |
| 2039 | 2.61% | 0.97% |
| 2038 | 2.64% | 0.98% |
| 2037 | 2.7% | 1.02% |
| 2036 | 2.75% | 1.03% |
| 2035 | 2.8% | 1.03% |
| 2034 | 2.85% | 1.04% |
| 2033 | 2.89% | 1.05% |
| 2032 | 2.95% | 1.05% |
| 2031 | 3% | 1.05% |
| 2030 | 3.05% | 1.07% |
| 2029 | 3.1% | 1.08% |
| 2028 | 3.14% | 1.08% |
| 2027 | 3.18% | 1.1% |
| 2026 | 3.24% | 1.1% |
| 2025 | 3.27% | 1.12% |
| 2024 | 3.3% | 1.12% |
| 2023 | 3.31% | 1.11% |
| 2022 | 3.28% | 1.09% |
| 2021 | 3.29% | 1.15% |
| 2020 | 3.27% | 1.19% |
| 2019 | 3.22% | 1.18% |
| 2018 | 3.4% | 1.23% |
| 2017 | 3.72% | 1.25% |
| 2016 | 3.6% | 1.23% |
| 2015 | 3.36% | 1.18% |
| 2014 | 3.45% | 1.15% |
| 2013 | 3.46% | 1.09% |
| 2012 | 3.39% | 1.01% |
| 2011 | 3.33% | 0.89% |
| 2010 | 3.24% | 0.78% |
| 2009 | 3.14% | 0.73% |
| 2008 | 3.06% | 0.68% |
| 2007 | 3.07% | 0.42% |
| 2006 | 3.13% | -0.41% |
| 2005 | 3.12% | -0.92% |
| 2004 | 2.99% | -0.7% |
| 2003 | 2.96% | -0.48% |
| 2002 | 3.1% | -0.31% |
| 2001 | 3.22% | -0.15% |
| 2000 | 3.26% | 0.03% |
| 1999 | 3.42% | 0.26% |
| 1998 | 2.75% | 0.5% |
| 1997 | 1.62% | 0.8% |
| 1996 | 1.94% | 1.08% |
| 1995 | 4.24% | 1.23% |
| 1994 | 4.85% | 1.36% |
| 1993 | 3.64% | 1.52% |
| 1992 | 3.44% | 1.68% |
| 1991 | 3.38% | 1.81% |
| 1990 | 3.37% | 1.93% |
| 1989 | 3.21% | 2.05% |
| 1988 | 3.25% | 2.14% |
| 1987 | 3.2% | 2.24% |
| 1986 | 3.2% | 2.57% |
| 1985 | 3.37% | 2.87% |
| 1984 | 3.4% | 2.9% |
| 1983 | 3.22% | 2.93% |
| 1982 | 3.05% | 2.95% |
| 1981 | 2.96% | 2.95% |
| 1980 | 3.18% | 2.95% |
| 1979 | 3.58% | 2.93% |
| 1978 | 3.15% | 2.89% |
| 1977 | 2.56% | 2.93% |
| 1976 | 2.62% | 3.26% |
| 1975 | 2.69% | 3.52% |
| 1974 | 2.71% | 3.51% |
| 1973 | 2.71% | 3.53% |
| 1972 | 2.68% | 3.58% |
| 1971 | 2.77% | 3.63% |
| 1970 | 2.9% | 3.67% |
| 1969 | 2.94% | 3.7% |
| 1968 | 2.98% | 3.73% |
| 1967 | 2.96% | 3.64% |
| 1966 | 2.89% | 3.25% |
| 1965 | 2.79% | 2.97% |
| 1964 | 2.71% | 2.99% |
| 1963 | 2.69% | 3.01% |
| 1962 | 2.64% | 3.03% |
| 1961 | 2.6% | 3.03% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/lesotho | CC BY
In 2024, the population of the DR Congo grew by 3.3%, while Lesotho's population grew by 1.12%.
Live population counters
|
DR Congo
|
Lesotho
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
117507801
|
2396633
|
| Population rank | 15/197 | 143/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.42% | 0.03% |
| One net population change |
9.05 seconds
|
20.3 minutes
|
| One birth every |
7.22 seconds
|
9.43 minutes
|
| One death every |
35 seconds
|
21.4 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +9,552 | +71 |
| Annual growth/decline | +3,486,534 | +25,951 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.3% | +1.12% |
| Population growth rate rank | 11/197 | 93/197 |
| One migration net change every |
19.3 minutes
|
1.69 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -27,309 | -5,192 |
| Net migration rank | 159/196 | 117/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,085,090 | 15,039 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 57/195 | 173/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 152/195 | 170/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Lesotho
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -27,309 | - | -5,192 |
| 2024 | - | -26,968 | - | -5,107 |
| 2023 | 3,467,787 | -14,992 | 31,115 | -5,168 |
| 2022 | 3,347,664 | -14,991 | 30,803 | -6,023 |
| 2021 | 3,227,992 | -64,639 | 27,806 | -3,449 |
| 2020 | 3,156,152 | -1,633 | 30,721 | -3,449 |
| 2019 | 3,075,538 | -144,920 | 32,279 | -6,896 |
| 2018 | 2,993,184 | -124,246 | 33,112 | -6,892 |
| 2017 | 2,883,245 | 176,290 | 33,601 | -6,850 |
| 2016 | 2,753,687 | 440,748 | 33,390 | -6,766 |
| 2015 | 2,665,016 | -17,711 | 32,087 | -7,087 |
| 2014 | 2,580,251 | 36,966 | 30,922 | -6,877 |
| 2013 | 2,489,378 | 121,097 | 29,789 | -6,659 |
| 2012 | 2,405,462 | 53,668 | 27,592 | -6,425 |
| 2011 | 2,310,679 | 40,891 | 25,647 | -6,118 |
| 2010 | 2,212,255 | 8,823 | 21,877 | -5,886 |
| 2009 | 2,126,912 | -46,009 | 20,335 | -5,599 |
| 2008 | 2,044,210 | -82,339 | 19,349 | -5,392 |
| 2007 | 1,963,738 | -99,742 | 17,763 | -5,179 |
| 2006 | 1,889,398 | -29,715 | 15,234 | -11,416 |
| 2005 | 1,800,300 | 20,384 | 15,831 | -35,679 |
| 2004 | 1,731,022 | 4,260 | 17,271 | -33,530 |
| 2003 | 1,679,188 | -106,731 | 20,133 | -31,723 |
| 2002 | 1,631,597 | -17,358 | 22,274 | -29,924 |
| 2001 | 1,594,999 | 26,523 | 23,190 | -27,874 |
| 2000 | 1,549,518 | 79,340 | 24,786 | -26,220 |
| 1999 | 1,450,318 | 109,761 | 27,393 | -24,610 |
| 1998 | 1,375,130 | 295,560 | 30,889 | -23,299 |
| 1997 | 1,392,037 | -527,356 | 34,637 | -22,396 |
| 1996 | 1,380,490 | -777,833 | 36,228 | -17,042 |
| 1995 | 1,395,440 | -273,434 | 37,370 | -14,588 |
| 1994 | 1,259,539 | 1,232,105 | 38,629 | -13,953 |
| 1993 | 1,209,242 | 240,176 | 40,505 | -13,347 |
| 1992 | 1,152,781 | 252,666 | 42,579 | -12,707 |
| 1991 | 1,114,033 | 86,721 | 44,026 | -12,114 |
| 1990 | 1,063,508 | 219,270 | 45,060 | -11,598 |
| 1989 | 1,027,238 | 84,415 | 46,264 | -11,207 |
| 1988 | 995,278 | 101,314 | 47,158 | -11,028 |
| 1987 | 959,875 | 111,220 | 47,718 | -10,946 |
| 1986 | 925,334 | 70,988 | 45,232 | -7,501 |
| 1985 | 885,670 | 118,791 | 44,575 | 1,222 |
| 1984 | 844,956 | 190,045 | 43,785 | 1,199 |
| 1983 | 807,122 | 146,095 | 42,899 | 1,253 |
| 1982 | 774,823 | 97,495 | 41,941 | 1,281 |
| 1981 | 748,371 | 54,656 | 40,808 | 1,307 |
| 1980 | 724,111 | 51,685 | 39,617 | 1,361 |
| 1979 | 691,773 | 181,028 | 38,440 | 1,285 |
| 1978 | 646,411 | 268,974 | 37,084 | 1,047 |
| 1977 | 638,242 | -26,355 | 35,654 | 746 |
| 1976 | 624,147 | -25,965 | 34,117 | 2,986 |
| 1975 | 608,655 | -972 | 32,311 | 9,723 |
| 1974 | 593,539 | 3,216 | 30,444 | 9,972 |
| 1973 | 578,280 | 7,414 | 28,859 | 10,183 |
| 1972 | 564,495 | 2,840 | 27,841 | 10,386 |
| 1971 | 549,343 | -5,497 | 26,838 | 10,563 |
| 1970 | 533,300 | 39,116 | 25,935 | 10,605 |
| 1969 | 514,800 | 46,778 | 25,137 | 10,465 |
| 1968 | 497,682 | 57,274 | 24,490 | 10,108 |
| 1967 | 479,552 | 64,307 | 23,911 | 9,734 |
| 1966 | 463,397 | 54,443 | 23,326 | 7,248 |
| 1965 | 429,002 | 61,397 | 22,755 | 2,239 |
| 1964 | 406,334 | 48,207 | 22,116 | 2,198 |
| 1963 | 398,972 | 41,960 | 21,585 | 2,220 |
| 1962 | 383,406 | 39,431 | 21,132 | 2,172 |
| 1961 | 368,207 | 35,654 | 20,581 | 2,100 |
| 1960 | 363,517 | 27,673 | 19,981 | 1,989 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/lesotho | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.1% of the population change in the DR Congo is from natural causes (a gain of 30,150,516 people) and 0.89% is from migration (a gain of 270,872 people). In Lesotho 84.2% is from natural causes (a gain of 315,836 people) and 15.8% is from migration (a loss of 59,457 people).
As of 2024, 1,085,090 residents or 1% of the population were not native-born in the DR Congo, compared to 15,039 people or 0.6% in Lesotho.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between the DR Congo and Lesotho
|
DR Congo
|
Lesotho
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 62.4 years | 58.6 years |
| Average age | 21.9 years | 25.8 years |
| Median age | 16.9 years | 22.7 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.6:50.4 | 48.7:51.3 |
| Fertility rate | 6.05 births per woman | 2.69 births per woman |
| Population density | 133.1 ppl/mi² | 203.8 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/lesotho | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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