The latest officially reported population of the DR Congo was 109,276,265 in 2024 vs 11,552,876 people in Jordan in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current DR Congo's population is 117,507,801 people compared to 11,555,022 in Jordan.
Population statistics:
- The DR Congo's population is 10.2 times bigger than Jordan's.
- The DR Congo is ranked the 15th most populous country in the world, while Jordan is the 86th.
- The countries together account for 1.56% of the world: 1.42% for the DR Congo vs 0.14% for Jordan.
- For the last 10 years, the DR Congo has had an average growth rate of +3.38% per year vs +3.45% in Jordan.
- Since 2006, the population of the DR Congo has increased from 60.6M people to 118M (93.9% growth), while Jordan has grown from 6.43M to 11.6M (79.8% growth).
DR Congo vs Jordan: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
DR Congo
|
Jordan
|
|
| 2100 | 436,320,913 | 21,346,709 |
| 2099 | 433,372,904 | 21,318,400 |
| 2098 | 430,335,169 | 21,276,587 |
| 2097 | 427,231,271 | 21,237,878 |
| 2096 | 424,043,303 | 21,204,195 |
| 2095 | 420,759,430 | 21,146,160 |
| 2094 | 417,384,609 | 21,113,543 |
| 2093 | 413,946,692 | 21,064,917 |
| 2092 | 410,440,733 | 21,015,511 |
| 2091 | 406,841,757 | 20,930,262 |
| 2090 | 403,166,901 | 20,864,971 |
| 2089 | 399,411,004 | 20,783,567 |
| 2088 | 395,583,655 | 20,713,897 |
| 2087 | 391,688,383 | 20,643,710 |
| 2086 | 387,713,874 | 20,580,263 |
| 2085 | 383,678,330 | 20,502,047 |
| 2084 | 379,568,054 | 20,434,545 |
| 2083 | 375,402,379 | 20,374,054 |
| 2082 | 371,195,818 | 20,288,057 |
| 2081 | 366,948,626 | 20,191,077 |
| 2080 | 362,644,227 | 20,105,784 |
| 2079 | 358,295,825 | 20,014,191 |
| 2078 | 353,888,897 | 19,927,535 |
| 2077 | 349,435,210 | 19,835,869 |
| 2076 | 344,932,895 | 19,742,371 |
| 2075 | 340,403,800 | 19,635,722 |
| 2074 | 335,826,108 | 19,539,085 |
| 2073 | 331,220,816 | 19,432,498 |
| 2072 | 326,568,298 | 19,323,034 |
| 2071 | 321,892,514 | 19,207,735 |
| 2070 | 317,165,418 | 19,084,510 |
| 2069 | 312,409,702 | 18,977,089 |
| 2068 | 307,625,941 | 18,837,786 |
| 2067 | 302,820,577 | 18,721,500 |
| 2066 | 297,989,401 | 18,585,819 |
| 2065 | 293,137,514 | 18,450,342 |
| 2064 | 288,267,282 | 18,327,889 |
| 2063 | 283,369,365 | 18,195,124 |
| 2062 | 278,452,605 | 18,046,701 |
| 2061 | 273,517,380 | 17,905,240 |
| 2060 | 268,572,331 | 17,766,923 |
| 2059 | 263,620,905 | 17,623,583 |
| 2058 | 258,672,397 | 17,480,101 |
| 2057 | 253,733,756 | 17,332,985 |
| 2056 | 248,796,045 | 17,199,988 |
| 2055 | 243,861,631 | 17,055,494 |
| 2054 | 238,931,249 | 16,922,360 |
| 2053 | 234,016,357 | 16,788,269 |
| 2052 | 229,117,369 | 16,629,867 |
| 2051 | 224,240,788 | 16,483,332 |
| 2050 | 219,397,034 | 16,313,641 |
| 2049 | 214,588,560 | 16,143,037 |
| 2048 | 209,814,694 | 15,960,692 |
| 2047 | 205,079,870 | 15,782,848 |
| 2046 | 200,379,842 | 15,601,379 |
| 2045 | 195,731,078 | 15,401,446 |
| 2044 | 191,124,003 | 15,203,736 |
| 2043 | 186,569,843 | 15,009,222 |
| 2042 | 182,068,630 | 14,814,702 |
| 2041 | 177,617,360 | 14,610,184 |
| 2040 | 173,224,822 | 14,387,461 |
| 2039 | 168,878,834 | 14,180,166 |
| 2038 | 164,583,465 | 13,969,908 |
| 2037 | 160,347,349 | 13,763,230 |
| 2036 | 156,129,049 | 13,565,172 |
| 2035 | 151,953,443 | 13,367,627 |
| 2034 | 147,811,138 | 13,173,095 |
| 2033 | 143,712,496 | 12,977,990 |
| 2032 | 139,669,159 | 12,780,785 |
| 2031 | 135,660,570 | 12,572,455 |
| 2030 | 131,710,378 | 12,372,453 |
| 2029 | 127,818,130 | 12,165,594 |
| 2028 | 123,980,695 | 11,949,107 |
| 2027 | 120,212,011 | 11,734,783 |
| 2026 | 116,505,117 | 11,488,370 |
| 2025 | 112,854,120 | 11,596,825 |
| 2024 | 109,276,265 | 11,552,876 |
| 2023 | 105,789,731 | 11,439,213 |
| 2022 | 102,396,968 | 11,256,263 |
| 2021 | 99,148,932 | 11,066,356 |
| 2020 | 95,989,998 | 10,865,228 |
| 2019 | 92,947,442 | 10,671,891 |
| 2018 | 90,047,644 | 10,462,306 |
| 2017 | 87,083,398 | 10,234,226 |
| 2016 | 83,956,415 | 10,006,367 |
| 2015 | 81,035,531 | 9,544,729 |
| 2014 | 78,403,242 | 8,791,710 |
| 2013 | 75,789,395 | 7,991,809 |
| 2012 | 73,254,618 | 7,587,127 |
| 2011 | 70,849,311 | 7,480,424 |
| 2010 | 68,563,038 | 7,297,043 |
| 2009 | 66,412,044 | 7,141,753 |
| 2008 | 64,390,664 | 6,989,866 |
| 2007 | 62,477,752 | 6,827,227 |
| 2006 | 60,615,908 | 6,427,371 |
| 2005 | 58,775,724 | 6,029,587 |
| 2004 | 56,997,741 | 5,882,061 |
| 2003 | 55,343,867 | 5,741,828 |
| 2002 | 53,750,524 | 5,616,066 |
| 2001 | 52,132,646 | 5,498,894 |
| 2000 | 50,507,442 | 5,386,945 |
| 1999 | 48,912,971 | 5,276,444 |
| 1998 | 47,297,600 | 5,164,284 |
| 1997 | 46,029,902 | 5,046,285 |
| 1996 | 45,296,124 | 4,912,516 |
| 1995 | 44,433,704 | 4,752,096 |
| 1994 | 42,626,876 | 4,561,406 |
| 1993 | 40,656,336 | 4,348,020 |
| 1992 | 39,228,910 | 4,127,693 |
| 1991 | 37,925,817 | 3,915,149 |
| 1990 | 36,684,063 | 3,621,908 |
| 1989 | 35,486,866 | 3,349,627 |
| 1988 | 34,382,752 | 3,193,039 |
| 1987 | 33,298,904 | 3,047,634 |
| 1986 | 32,265,196 | 2,909,887 |
| 1985 | 31,264,816 | 2,778,810 |
| 1984 | 30,245,081 | 2,654,688 |
| 1983 | 29,250,963 | 2,537,307 |
| 1982 | 28,338,190 | 2,426,927 |
| 1981 | 27,500,515 | 2,325,517 |
| 1980 | 26,711,099 | 2,234,186 |
| 1979 | 25,886,782 | 2,153,882 |
| 1978 | 24,992,689 | 2,083,595 |
| 1977 | 24,229,061 | 2,019,002 |
| 1976 | 23,624,031 | 1,958,177 |
| 1975 | 23,021,101 | 1,899,055 |
| 1974 | 22,418,878 | 1,839,182 |
| 1973 | 21,827,665 | 1,778,094 |
| 1972 | 21,251,160 | 1,714,555 |
| 1971 | 20,695,569 | 1,645,145 |
| 1970 | 20,137,436 | 1,565,163 |
| 1969 | 19,570,445 | 1,473,100 |
| 1968 | 19,012,189 | 1,372,460 |
| 1967 | 18,462,782 | 1,271,183 |
| 1966 | 17,931,929 | 1,178,360 |
| 1965 | 17,427,802 | 1,099,440 |
| 1964 | 16,955,327 | 1,035,640 |
| 1963 | 16,507,599 | 984,714 |
| 1962 | 16,075,724 | 940,554 |
| 1961 | 15,662,374 | 897,591 |
| 1960 | 15,264,846 | 853,471 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/jordan | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the DR Congo increased by 23,340,507 people (a 38.5% growth), while Jordan gained 3,578,996 people (a 55.7% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the DR Congo gained 33,551,386 people (a 40% growth), while Jordan's population increased by 1,548,655 people (a 15.5% growth).
The DR Congo was ranked 22nd most populous country in 2006 and is 15th in 2026. Jordan was ranked 101st in 2006 and ranked 86th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the DR Congo's population will grow by 86.7% to 219,397,034 people with a rank change from 15th to 8th. The population of Jordan will increase by 41.2% to 16,313,641 people and rank change from 86th to 79th.
The DR Congo is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 436M people compared to the peak of 21.3M people in 2100 for Jordan.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Jordan
|
|
| 2100 | 0.68% | 0.13% |
| 2099 | 0.71% | 0.2% |
| 2098 | 0.73% | 0.18% |
| 2097 | 0.75% | 0.16% |
| 2096 | 0.78% | 0.27% |
| 2095 | 0.81% | 0.15% |
| 2094 | 0.83% | 0.23% |
| 2093 | 0.85% | 0.24% |
| 2092 | 0.88% | 0.41% |
| 2091 | 0.91% | 0.31% |
| 2090 | 0.94% | 0.39% |
| 2089 | 0.97% | 0.34% |
| 2088 | 0.99% | 0.34% |
| 2087 | 1.03% | 0.31% |
| 2086 | 1.05% | 0.38% |
| 2085 | 1.08% | 0.33% |
| 2084 | 1.11% | 0.3% |
| 2083 | 1.13% | 0.42% |
| 2082 | 1.16% | 0.48% |
| 2081 | 1.19% | 0.42% |
| 2080 | 1.21% | 0.46% |
| 2079 | 1.25% | 0.43% |
| 2078 | 1.27% | 0.46% |
| 2077 | 1.31% | 0.47% |
| 2076 | 1.33% | 0.54% |
| 2075 | 1.36% | 0.49% |
| 2074 | 1.39% | 0.55% |
| 2073 | 1.42% | 0.57% |
| 2072 | 1.45% | 0.6% |
| 2071 | 1.49% | 0.65% |
| 2070 | 1.52% | 0.57% |
| 2069 | 1.56% | 0.74% |
| 2068 | 1.59% | 0.62% |
| 2067 | 1.62% | 0.73% |
| 2066 | 1.66% | 0.73% |
| 2065 | 1.69% | 0.67% |
| 2064 | 1.73% | 0.73% |
| 2063 | 1.77% | 0.82% |
| 2062 | 1.8% | 0.79% |
| 2061 | 1.84% | 0.78% |
| 2060 | 1.88% | 0.81% |
| 2059 | 1.91% | 0.82% |
| 2058 | 1.95% | 0.85% |
| 2057 | 1.98% | 0.77% |
| 2056 | 2.02% | 0.85% |
| 2055 | 2.06% | 0.79% |
| 2054 | 2.1% | 0.8% |
| 2053 | 2.14% | 0.95% |
| 2052 | 2.17% | 0.89% |
| 2051 | 2.21% | 1.04% |
| 2050 | 2.24% | 1.06% |
| 2049 | 2.28% | 1.14% |
| 2048 | 2.31% | 1.13% |
| 2047 | 2.35% | 1.16% |
| 2046 | 2.38% | 1.3% |
| 2045 | 2.41% | 1.3% |
| 2044 | 2.44% | 1.3% |
| 2043 | 2.47% | 1.31% |
| 2042 | 2.51% | 1.4% |
| 2041 | 2.54% | 1.55% |
| 2040 | 2.57% | 1.46% |
| 2039 | 2.61% | 1.51% |
| 2038 | 2.64% | 1.5% |
| 2037 | 2.7% | 1.46% |
| 2036 | 2.75% | 1.48% |
| 2035 | 2.8% | 1.48% |
| 2034 | 2.85% | 1.5% |
| 2033 | 2.89% | 1.54% |
| 2032 | 2.95% | 1.66% |
| 2031 | 3% | 1.62% |
| 2030 | 3.05% | 1.7% |
| 2029 | 3.1% | 1.81% |
| 2028 | 3.14% | 1.83% |
| 2027 | 3.18% | 2.14% |
| 2026 | 3.24% | -0.94% |
| 2025 | 3.27% | 0.38% |
| 2024 | 3.3% | 0.99% |
| 2023 | 3.31% | 1.63% |
| 2022 | 3.28% | 1.72% |
| 2021 | 3.29% | 1.85% |
| 2020 | 3.27% | 1.81% |
| 2019 | 3.22% | 2% |
| 2018 | 3.4% | 2.23% |
| 2017 | 3.72% | 2.28% |
| 2016 | 3.6% | 4.84% |
| 2015 | 3.36% | 8.57% |
| 2014 | 3.45% | 10% |
| 2013 | 3.46% | 5.33% |
| 2012 | 3.39% | 1.43% |
| 2011 | 3.33% | 2.51% |
| 2010 | 3.24% | 2.17% |
| 2009 | 3.14% | 2.17% |
| 2008 | 3.06% | 2.38% |
| 2007 | 3.07% | 6.22% |
| 2006 | 3.13% | 6.6% |
| 2005 | 3.12% | 2.51% |
| 2004 | 2.99% | 2.44% |
| 2003 | 2.96% | 2.24% |
| 2002 | 3.1% | 2.13% |
| 2001 | 3.22% | 2.08% |
| 2000 | 3.26% | 2.09% |
| 1999 | 3.42% | 2.17% |
| 1998 | 2.75% | 2.34% |
| 1997 | 1.62% | 2.72% |
| 1996 | 1.94% | 3.38% |
| 1995 | 4.24% | 4.18% |
| 1994 | 4.85% | 4.91% |
| 1993 | 3.64% | 5.34% |
| 1992 | 3.44% | 5.43% |
| 1991 | 3.38% | 8.1% |
| 1990 | 3.37% | 8.13% |
| 1989 | 3.21% | 4.9% |
| 1988 | 3.25% | 4.77% |
| 1987 | 3.2% | 4.73% |
| 1986 | 3.2% | 4.72% |
| 1985 | 3.37% | 4.68% |
| 1984 | 3.4% | 4.63% |
| 1983 | 3.22% | 4.55% |
| 1982 | 3.05% | 4.36% |
| 1981 | 2.96% | 4.09% |
| 1980 | 3.18% | 3.73% |
| 1979 | 3.58% | 3.37% |
| 1978 | 3.15% | 3.2% |
| 1977 | 2.56% | 3.11% |
| 1976 | 2.62% | 3.11% |
| 1975 | 2.69% | 3.26% |
| 1974 | 2.71% | 3.44% |
| 1973 | 2.71% | 3.71% |
| 1972 | 2.68% | 4.22% |
| 1971 | 2.77% | 5.11% |
| 1970 | 2.9% | 6.25% |
| 1969 | 2.94% | 7.33% |
| 1968 | 2.98% | 7.97% |
| 1967 | 2.96% | 7.88% |
| 1966 | 2.89% | 7.18% |
| 1965 | 2.79% | 6.16% |
| 1964 | 2.71% | 5.17% |
| 1963 | 2.69% | 4.7% |
| 1962 | 2.64% | 4.79% |
| 1961 | 2.6% | 5.17% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/jordan | CC BY
In 2024, the population of the DR Congo grew by 3.3%, while Jordan's population grew by 0.99%.
Live population counters
|
DR Congo
|
Jordan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
117507801
|
11555022
|
| Population rank | 15/197 | 86/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.42% | 0.14% |
| One net population change |
9.05 seconds
|
4.62 minutes
|
| One birth every |
7.22 seconds
|
2.23 minutes
|
| One death every |
35 seconds
|
15.1 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +9,552 | +311 |
| Annual growth/decline | +3,486,534 | +113,663 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.3% | +0.99% |
| Population growth rate rank | 11/197 | 102/197 |
| One migration net change every |
19.3 minutes
|
1.74 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -27,309 | -303,267 |
| Net migration rank | 159/196 | 190/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,085,090 | 5,280,168 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 57/195 | 13/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1% | 45.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 152/195 | 10/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
DR Congo
|
Jordan
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -27,309 | - | -303,267 |
| 2024 | - | -26,968 | - | -156,369 |
| 2023 | 3,467,787 | -14,992 | 200,895 | -17,445 |
| 2022 | 3,347,664 | -14,991 | 199,900 | -17,445 |
| 2021 | 3,227,992 | -64,639 | 190,795 | 6,573 |
| 2020 | 3,156,152 | -1,633 | 198,138 | 6,745 |
| 2019 | 3,075,538 | -144,920 | 204,933 | -23,156 |
| 2018 | 2,993,184 | -124,246 | 205,333 | 32,062 |
| 2017 | 2,883,245 | 176,290 | 205,903 | 12,873 |
| 2016 | 2,753,687 | 440,748 | 205,891 | 31,046 |
| 2015 | 2,665,016 | -17,711 | 195,495 | 490,844 |
| 2014 | 2,580,251 | 36,966 | 184,169 | 635,528 |
| 2013 | 2,489,378 | 121,097 | 170,473 | 609,631 |
| 2012 | 2,405,462 | 53,668 | 175,437 | -146,181 |
| 2011 | 2,310,679 | 40,891 | 177,076 | 7,057 |
| 2010 | 2,212,255 | 8,823 | 177,748 | 4,872 |
| 2009 | 2,126,912 | -46,009 | 177,651 | -49,687 |
| 2008 | 2,044,210 | -82,339 | 175,048 | 767 |
| 2007 | 1,963,738 | -99,742 | 167,574 | -18,108 |
| 2006 | 1,889,398 | -29,715 | 147,643 | 502,609 |
| 2005 | 1,800,300 | 20,384 | 141,816 | 3,500 |
| 2004 | 1,731,022 | 4,260 | 141,752 | 7,979 |
| 2003 | 1,679,188 | -106,731 | 142,443 | -11,699 |
| 2002 | 1,631,597 | -17,358 | 139,250 | -18,463 |
| 2001 | 1,594,999 | 26,523 | 136,450 | -22,896 |
| 2000 | 1,549,518 | 79,340 | 136,414 | -26,077 |
| 1999 | 1,450,318 | 109,761 | 138,201 | -27,530 |
| 1998 | 1,375,130 | 295,560 | 140,696 | -27,036 |
| 1997 | 1,392,037 | -527,356 | 145,358 | -23,021 |
| 1996 | 1,380,490 | -777,833 | 147,852 | -2,655 |
| 1995 | 1,395,440 | -273,434 | 147,652 | 27,991 |
| 1994 | 1,259,539 | 1,232,105 | 144,199 | 61,533 |
| 1993 | 1,209,242 | 240,176 | 139,467 | 81,576 |
| 1992 | 1,152,781 | 252,666 | 134,241 | 85,376 |
| 1991 | 1,114,033 | 86,721 | 129,642 | 75,824 |
| 1990 | 1,063,508 | 219,270 | 114,912 | 266,100 |
| 1989 | 1,027,238 | 84,415 | 112,608 | 50,941 |
| 1988 | 995,278 | 101,314 | 109,754 | 39,873 |
| 1987 | 959,875 | 111,220 | 106,536 | 34,646 |
| 1986 | 925,334 | 70,988 | 103,551 | 30,763 |
| 1985 | 885,670 | 118,791 | 99,801 | 28,040 |
| 1984 | 844,956 | 190,045 | 96,092 | 24,316 |
| 1983 | 807,122 | 146,095 | 92,863 | 21,487 |
| 1982 | 774,823 | 97,495 | 89,473 | 16,944 |
| 1981 | 748,371 | 54,656 | 86,751 | 9,659 |
| 1980 | 724,111 | 51,685 | 84,508 | 1,735 |
| 1979 | 691,773 | 181,028 | 82,076 | -7,706 |
| 1978 | 646,411 | 268,974 | 79,908 | -13,701 |
| 1977 | 638,242 | -26,355 | 78,101 | -15,132 |
| 1976 | 624,147 | -25,965 | 75,981 | -17,309 |
| 1975 | 608,655 | -972 | 74,392 | -14,822 |
| 1974 | 593,539 | 3,216 | 72,212 | -12,024 |
| 1973 | 578,280 | 7,414 | 70,058 | -8,072 |
| 1972 | 564,495 | 2,840 | 67,707 | -2,622 |
| 1971 | 549,343 | -5,497 | 64,763 | 8,976 |
| 1970 | 533,300 | 39,116 | 60,321 | 25,894 |
| 1969 | 514,800 | 46,778 | 57,431 | 40,481 |
| 1968 | 497,682 | 57,274 | 53,336 | 50,036 |
| 1967 | 479,552 | 64,307 | 48,791 | 50,397 |
| 1966 | 463,397 | 54,443 | 44,580 | 41,882 |
| 1965 | 429,002 | 61,397 | 41,635 | 29,737 |
| 1964 | 406,334 | 48,207 | 39,205 | 17,018 |
| 1963 | 398,972 | 41,960 | 36,858 | 8,763 |
| 1962 | 383,406 | 39,431 | 34,598 | 8,098 |
| 1961 | 368,207 | 35,654 | 32,143 | 11,097 |
| 1960 | 363,517 | 27,673 | 29,491 | 15,509 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/jordan | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.1% of the population change in the DR Congo is from natural causes (a gain of 30,150,516 people) and 0.89% is from migration (a gain of 270,872 people). In Jordan 63.2% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,991,452 people) and 36.8% is from migration (a gain of 1,157,625 people).
As of 2024, 1,085,090 residents or 1% of the population were not native-born in the DR Congo, compared to 5,280,168 people or 45.7% in Jordan.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between the DR Congo and Jordan
|
DR Congo
|
Jordan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 62.4 years | 78.3 years |
| Average age | 21.9 years | 28.4 years |
| Median age | 16.9 years | 25.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.6:50.4 | 51.6:48.4 |
| Fertility rate | 6.05 births per woman | 2.64 births per woman |
| Population density | 133.1 ppl/mi² | 335 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/dr-congo/jordan | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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