The latest officially reported population of Afghanistan was 43,844,111 in 2025 vs 623,129 people in Montenegro in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Afghanistan's population is 45,682,388 people compared to 613,759 in Montenegro.
Population statistics:
- Afghanistan's population is 74.4 times bigger than Montenegro's.
- Afghanistan is ranked the 36th most populous country in the world, while Montenegro is the 166th.
- The countries together account for 0.56% of the world: 0.55% for Afghanistan vs 0.007% for Montenegro.
- For the last 10 years, Afghanistan has had an average growth rate of +2.68% per year vs -0.009% in Montenegro.
- Since 2006, the population of Afghanistan has increased from 25.4M people to 45.7M (79.7% growth), while Montenegro has declined from 615K to 614K (0.21% decline).
Afghanistan vs Montenegro: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Afghanistan
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 131,724,468 | 320,475 |
| 2099 | 131,066,750 | 324,115 |
| 2098 | 130,403,871 | 327,713 |
| 2097 | 129,730,117 | 331,355 |
| 2096 | 129,070,342 | 335,007 |
| 2095 | 128,396,829 | 338,654 |
| 2094 | 127,685,065 | 342,297 |
| 2093 | 126,942,174 | 345,975 |
| 2092 | 126,194,378 | 349,650 |
| 2091 | 125,433,421 | 353,353 |
| 2090 | 124,561,248 | 357,061 |
| 2089 | 123,768,926 | 360,774 |
| 2088 | 122,960,614 | 364,461 |
| 2087 | 122,074,409 | 368,192 |
| 2086 | 121,308,199 | 371,937 |
| 2085 | 120,413,992 | 375,715 |
| 2084 | 119,420,025 | 379,539 |
| 2083 | 118,560,008 | 383,359 |
| 2082 | 117,671,742 | 387,223 |
| 2081 | 116,771,980 | 391,147 |
| 2080 | 115,724,307 | 395,110 |
| 2079 | 114,561,305 | 399,116 |
| 2078 | 113,556,727 | 403,132 |
| 2077 | 112,455,804 | 407,160 |
| 2076 | 111,375,301 | 411,233 |
| 2075 | 110,333,033 | 415,356 |
| 2074 | 109,170,742 | 419,523 |
| 2073 | 107,895,475 | 423,747 |
| 2072 | 106,682,883 | 427,961 |
| 2071 | 105,504,989 | 432,249 |
| 2070 | 104,167,895 | 436,592 |
| 2069 | 102,902,233 | 440,907 |
| 2068 | 101,568,136 | 445,235 |
| 2067 | 100,320,548 | 449,615 |
| 2066 | 99,057,144 | 453,939 |
| 2065 | 97,655,437 | 458,379 |
| 2064 | 96,248,770 | 462,797 |
| 2063 | 94,892,092 | 467,212 |
| 2062 | 93,522,871 | 471,608 |
| 2061 | 92,260,642 | 475,993 |
| 2060 | 90,945,998 | 480,424 |
| 2059 | 89,663,478 | 484,778 |
| 2058 | 88,293,680 | 489,082 |
| 2057 | 86,865,803 | 493,417 |
| 2056 | 85,428,888 | 497,856 |
| 2055 | 84,023,782 | 502,222 |
| 2054 | 82,626,785 | 506,518 |
| 2053 | 81,236,203 | 510,759 |
| 2052 | 79,860,096 | 514,996 |
| 2051 | 78,595,977 | 519,179 |
| 2050 | 77,285,393 | 523,331 |
| 2049 | 75,819,307 | 527,485 |
| 2048 | 74,435,057 | 531,545 |
| 2047 | 73,075,297 | 535,674 |
| 2046 | 71,654,160 | 539,713 |
| 2045 | 70,310,871 | 543,724 |
| 2044 | 68,983,509 | 547,696 |
| 2043 | 67,616,795 | 551,691 |
| 2042 | 66,317,516 | 555,589 |
| 2041 | 64,937,760 | 559,520 |
| 2040 | 63,497,378 | 563,410 |
| 2039 | 62,092,429 | 567,304 |
| 2038 | 60,767,134 | 571,182 |
| 2037 | 59,418,629 | 575,034 |
| 2036 | 58,079,976 | 578,842 |
| 2035 | 56,769,901 | 582,604 |
| 2034 | 55,469,080 | 586,301 |
| 2033 | 54,103,368 | 589,943 |
| 2032 | 52,759,572 | 593,521 |
| 2031 | 51,403,105 | 597,018 |
| 2030 | 50,049,673 | 600,445 |
| 2029 | 48,739,663 | 603,840 |
| 2028 | 47,504,926 | 607,174 |
| 2027 | 46,283,055 | 610,430 |
| 2026 | 45,047,977 | 613,759 |
| 2025 | 43,844,111 | 623,129 |
| 2024 | 42,647,492 | 623,525 |
| 2023 | 41,454,761 | 623,529 |
| 2022 | 40,578,842 | 623,591 |
| 2021 | 40,000,412 | 625,053 |
| 2020 | 39,068,979 | 626,590 |
| 2019 | 37,856,121 | 626,753 |
| 2018 | 36,743,039 | 626,438 |
| 2017 | 35,688,935 | 625,982 |
| 2016 | 34,700,612 | 625,353 |
| 2015 | 33,831,764 | 624,651 |
| 2014 | 32,792,523 | 623,744 |
| 2013 | 31,622,704 | 622,587 |
| 2012 | 30,560,034 | 621,418 |
| 2011 | 29,347,708 | 620,345 |
| 2010 | 28,284,089 | 619,428 |
| 2009 | 27,466,101 | 618,294 |
| 2008 | 26,482,622 | 616,969 |
| 2007 | 25,909,852 | 615,875 |
| 2006 | 25,424,094 | 615,025 |
| 2005 | 24,404,567 | 614,261 |
| 2004 | 23,560,654 | 613,353 |
| 2003 | 22,733,049 | 612,267 |
| 2002 | 21,378,117 | 609,828 |
| 2001 | 20,284,307 | 607,389 |
| 2000 | 20,130,327 | 604,950 |
| 1999 | 19,887,785 | 606,001 |
| 1998 | 19,159,996 | 607,662 |
| 1997 | 18,452,091 | 609,520 |
| 1996 | 17,763,266 | 611,003 |
| 1995 | 17,065,836 | 611,712 |
| 1994 | 16,250,794 | 611,389 |
| 1993 | 14,943,172 | 610,170 |
| 1992 | 13,278,974 | 608,516 |
| 1991 | 12,238,879 | 607,105 |
| 1990 | 12,045,660 | 606,372 |
| 1989 | 11,874,088 | 606,571 |
| 1988 | 11,523,298 | 607,413 |
| 1987 | 11,387,818 | 608,144 |
| 1986 | 11,420,074 | 607,711 |
| 1985 | 11,426,852 | 605,398 |
| 1984 | 11,190,221 | 600,884 |
| 1983 | 10,917,982 | 594,506 |
| 1982 | 10,991,378 | 587,001 |
| 1981 | 11,937,581 | 579,445 |
| 1980 | 13,169,311 | 572,608 |
| 1979 | 13,655,567 | 566,888 |
| 1978 | 13,611,441 | 562,065 |
| 1977 | 13,340,756 | 557,576 |
| 1976 | 13,059,851 | 552,562 |
| 1975 | 12,773,954 | 546,487 |
| 1974 | 12,469,127 | 538,902 |
| 1973 | 12,157,999 | 530,220 |
| 1972 | 11,853,696 | 521,785 |
| 1971 | 11,567,667 | 515,449 |
| 1970 | 11,290,128 | 512,407 |
| 1969 | 11,017,409 | 513,340 |
| 1968 | 10,756,922 | 517,481 |
| 1967 | 10,505,959 | 522,796 |
| 1966 | 10,266,395 | 526,419 |
| 1965 | 10,036,008 | 526,327 |
| 1964 | 9,814,318 | 521,753 |
| 1963 | 9,604,487 | 513,409 |
| 1962 | 9,404,406 | 502,558 |
| 1961 | 9,214,083 | 491,140 |
| 1960 | 9,035,043 | 480,579 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/afghanistan/montenegro | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Afghanistan increased by 9,276,518 people (a 36.5% growth), while Montenegro gained 10,328 people (a 1.68% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Afghanistan gained 10,981,776 people (a 31.6% growth), while Montenegro's population decreased by 11,594 people (a 1.85% decline).
Afghanistan was ranked 45th most populous country in 2006 and is 36th in 2026. Montenegro was ranked 162nd in 2006 and ranked 166th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Afghanistan's population will grow by 69.2% to 77,285,393 people with a rank change from 36th to 25th. The population of Montenegro will decrease by 14.7% to 523,331 people and rank change from 166th to 170th.
Afghanistan is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 132M people, while Montenegro's population already peaked in 2019 at 627K people and is projected to decrease to 320K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Afghanistan
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 0.5% | -1.12% |
| 2099 | 0.51% | -1.1% |
| 2098 | 0.52% | -1.1% |
| 2097 | 0.51% | -1.09% |
| 2096 | 0.52% | -1.08% |
| 2095 | 0.56% | -1.06% |
| 2094 | 0.59% | -1.06% |
| 2093 | 0.59% | -1.05% |
| 2092 | 0.61% | -1.05% |
| 2091 | 0.7% | -1.04% |
| 2090 | 0.64% | -1.03% |
| 2089 | 0.66% | -1.01% |
| 2088 | 0.73% | -1.01% |
| 2087 | 0.63% | -1.01% |
| 2086 | 0.74% | -1.01% |
| 2085 | 0.83% | -1.01% |
| 2084 | 0.73% | -1% |
| 2083 | 0.75% | -1% |
| 2082 | 0.77% | -1% |
| 2081 | 0.91% | -1% |
| 2080 | 1.02% | -1% |
| 2079 | 0.88% | -1% |
| 2078 | 0.98% | -0.99% |
| 2077 | 0.97% | -0.99% |
| 2076 | 0.94% | -0.99% |
| 2075 | 1.06% | -0.99% |
| 2074 | 1.18% | -1% |
| 2073 | 1.14% | -0.98% |
| 2072 | 1.12% | -0.99% |
| 2071 | 1.28% | -0.99% |
| 2070 | 1.23% | -0.98% |
| 2069 | 1.31% | -0.97% |
| 2068 | 1.24% | -0.97% |
| 2067 | 1.28% | -0.95% |
| 2066 | 1.44% | -0.97% |
| 2065 | 1.46% | -0.95% |
| 2064 | 1.43% | -0.94% |
| 2063 | 1.46% | -0.93% |
| 2062 | 1.37% | -0.92% |
| 2061 | 1.45% | -0.92% |
| 2060 | 1.43% | -0.9% |
| 2059 | 1.55% | -0.88% |
| 2058 | 1.64% | -0.88% |
| 2057 | 1.68% | -0.89% |
| 2056 | 1.67% | -0.87% |
| 2055 | 1.69% | -0.85% |
| 2054 | 1.71% | -0.83% |
| 2053 | 1.72% | -0.82% |
| 2052 | 1.61% | -0.81% |
| 2051 | 1.7% | -0.79% |
| 2050 | 1.93% | -0.79% |
| 2049 | 1.86% | -0.76% |
| 2048 | 1.86% | -0.77% |
| 2047 | 1.98% | -0.75% |
| 2046 | 1.91% | -0.74% |
| 2045 | 1.92% | -0.73% |
| 2044 | 2.02% | -0.72% |
| 2043 | 1.96% | -0.7% |
| 2042 | 2.12% | -0.7% |
| 2041 | 2.27% | -0.69% |
| 2040 | 2.26% | -0.69% |
| 2039 | 2.18% | -0.68% |
| 2038 | 2.27% | -0.67% |
| 2037 | 2.3% | -0.66% |
| 2036 | 2.31% | -0.65% |
| 2035 | 2.35% | -0.63% |
| 2034 | 2.52% | -0.62% |
| 2033 | 2.55% | -0.6% |
| 2032 | 2.64% | -0.59% |
| 2031 | 2.7% | -0.57% |
| 2030 | 2.69% | -0.56% |
| 2029 | 2.6% | -0.55% |
| 2028 | 2.64% | -0.53% |
| 2027 | 2.74% | -0.54% |
| 2026 | 2.75% | -1.5% |
| 2025 | 2.81% | -0.06% |
| 2024 | 2.88% | -0.001% |
| 2023 | 2.16% | -0.01% |
| 2022 | 1.45% | -0.23% |
| 2021 | 2.38% | -0.25% |
| 2020 | 3.2% | -0.03% |
| 2019 | 3.03% | 0.05% |
| 2018 | 2.95% | 0.07% |
| 2017 | 2.85% | 0.1% |
| 2016 | 2.57% | 0.11% |
| 2015 | 3.17% | 0.15% |
| 2014 | 3.7% | 0.19% |
| 2013 | 3.48% | 0.19% |
| 2012 | 4.13% | 0.17% |
| 2011 | 3.76% | 0.15% |
| 2010 | 2.98% | 0.18% |
| 2009 | 3.71% | 0.21% |
| 2008 | 2.21% | 0.18% |
| 2007 | 1.91% | 0.14% |
| 2006 | 4.18% | 0.12% |
| 2005 | 3.58% | 0.15% |
| 2004 | 3.64% | 0.18% |
| 2003 | 6.34% | 0.4% |
| 2002 | 5.39% | 0.4% |
| 2001 | 0.76% | 0.4% |
| 2000 | 1.22% | -0.17% |
| 1999 | 3.8% | -0.27% |
| 1998 | 3.84% | -0.3% |
| 1997 | 3.88% | -0.24% |
| 1996 | 4.09% | -0.12% |
| 1995 | 5.02% | 0.05% |
| 1994 | 8.75% | 0.2% |
| 1993 | 12.5% | 0.27% |
| 1992 | 8.5% | 0.23% |
| 1991 | 1.6% | 0.12% |
| 1990 | 1.44% | -0.03% |
| 1989 | 3.04% | -0.14% |
| 1988 | 1.19% | -0.12% |
| 1987 | -0.28% | 0.07% |
| 1986 | -0.06% | 0.38% |
| 1985 | 2.11% | 0.75% |
| 1984 | 2.49% | 1.07% |
| 1983 | -0.67% | 1.28% |
| 1982 | -7.93% | 1.3% |
| 1981 | -9.35% | 1.19% |
| 1980 | -3.56% | 1.01% |
| 1979 | 0.32% | 0.86% |
| 1978 | 2.03% | 0.81% |
| 1977 | 2.15% | 0.91% |
| 1976 | 2.24% | 1.11% |
| 1975 | 2.44% | 1.41% |
| 1974 | 2.56% | 1.64% |
| 1973 | 2.57% | 1.62% |
| 1972 | 2.47% | 1.23% |
| 1971 | 2.46% | 0.59% |
| 1970 | 2.48% | -0.18% |
| 1969 | 2.42% | -0.8% |
| 1968 | 2.39% | -1.02% |
| 1967 | 2.33% | -0.69% |
| 1966 | 2.3% | 0.02% |
| 1965 | 2.26% | 0.88% |
| 1964 | 2.18% | 1.63% |
| 1963 | 2.13% | 2.16% |
| 1962 | 2.07% | 2.32% |
| 1961 | 1.98% | 2.2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/afghanistan/montenegro | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Afghanistan grew by 2.81%, while Montenegro's population declined by 0.06%.
Live population counters
|
Afghanistan
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
45682388
|
613759
|
| Population rank | 36/197 | 166/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.55% | 0.007% |
| One net population change |
26.4 seconds
|
22.2 hours
|
| One birth every |
21.1 seconds
|
1.25 hours
|
| One death every |
2.16 minutes
|
1.38 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | +3,278 | -1 |
| Annual growth/decline | +1,196,619 | -396 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.81% | -0.06% |
| Population growth rate rank | 20/197 | 163/197 |
| One migration net change every |
7.08 minutes
|
56.8 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -74,404 | -9,279 |
| Net migration rank | 179/196 | 131/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 98,110 | 92,237 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 131/195 | 134/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.2% | 14.4% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 186/195 | 45/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Afghanistan
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -74,404 | - | -9,279 |
| 2024 | 1,249,785 | -44,089 | 624 | -1,686 |
| 2023 | 1,228,719 | -48,958 | 686 | 12,000 |
| 2022 | 1,219,475 | -647,402 | 0 | 26,332 |
| 2021 | 1,133,611 | -548,784 | -2,062 | -2,344 |
| 2020 | 1,134,407 | 143,634 | -188 | -3,310 |
| 2019 | 1,138,485 | 9,159 | 627 | -4,083 |
| 2018 | 1,115,262 | -36,753 | 752 | -5,058 |
| 2017 | 1,101,218 | -71,491 | 939 | -4,948 |
| 2016 | 1,090,016 | -143,049 | 1,125 | -5,274 |
| 2015 | 1,077,068 | -286,314 | 1,062 | -4,863 |
| 2014 | 1,053,788 | 233,913 | 1,560 | -4,357 |
| 2013 | 1,033,778 | 18,119 | 1,557 | -2,478 |
| 2012 | 1,004,814 | 68,628 | 1,554 | -1,583 |
| 2011 | 966,743 | 384,486 | 1,365 | 0 |
| 2010 | 943,473 | -167,460 | 1,797 | -2,276 |
| 2009 | 920,581 | -60,602 | 2,783 | -3,456 |
| 2008 | 891,246 | 215,753 | 2,530 | -3,326 |
| 2007 | 889,848 | -851,298 | 1,848 | -3,056 |
| 2006 | 875,301 | 57,673 | 1,599 | -2,735 |
| 2005 | 855,112 | 250,971 | 1,536 | -2,247 |
| 2004 | 850,940 | -269,194 | 2,146 | -1,997 |
| 2003 | 826,165 | 247,317 | 2,632 | -3,178 |
| 2002 | 776,048 | 860,349 | 2,988 | -3,357 |
| 2001 | 764,090 | -212,872 | 3,462 | -3,511 |
| 2000 | 782,727 | -1,025,973 | 3,751 | -3,734 |
| 1999 | 760,727 | -32,400 | 3,454 | -3,487 |
| 1998 | 719,860 | 7,380 | 3,889 | -3,326 |
| 1997 | 709,778 | -21,215 | 3,597 | -3,077 |
| 1996 | 685,005 | 4,072 | 4,155 | -3,051 |
| 1995 | 653,280 | 52,505 | 4,527 | -3,082 |
| 1994 | 609,096 | 315,206 | 4,381 | -2,889 |
| 1993 | 541,257 | 1,149,684 | 4,638 | -2,835 |
| 1992 | 440,132 | 1,197,329 | 5,015 | -2,942 |
| 1991 | 409,954 | 32,782 | 5,191 | -2,630 |
| 1990 | 402,433 | -458,737 | 5,010 | -1,705 |
| 1989 | 381,158 | 18,296 | 5,129 | -1,730 |
| 1988 | 358,397 | -56,263 | 5,529 | -2,165 |
| 1987 | 314,361 | -345,535 | 5,958 | -2,569 |
| 1986 | 310,066 | -343,397 | 6,097 | -2,747 |
| 1985 | 228,469 | -208,685 | 6,283 | -3,013 |
| 1984 | 205,262 | 248,224 | 6,337 | -3,074 |
| 1983 | 263,778 | -172,797 | 6,482 | -3,190 |
| 1982 | 263,210 | -500,998 | 6,419 | -3,151 |
| 1981 | 343,468 | -1,998,086 | 6,275 | -2,287 |
| 1980 | 365,396 | -1,174,239 | 6,383 | -450 |
| 1979 | 361,750 | -525,413 | 6,139 | -718 |
| 1978 | 369,101 | -117,186 | 6,408 | -1,103 |
| 1977 | 372,567 | -83,115 | 6,650 | -1,364 |
| 1976 | 357,775 | -85,430 | 6,845 | -1,447 |
| 1975 | 343,850 | -44,418 | 6,878 | -1,588 |
| 1974 | 330,232 | -20,009 | 6,919 | -1,669 |
| 1973 | 315,062 | -3,030 | 7,096 | -1,778 |
| 1972 | 300,633 | -4,050 | 7,252 | -1,922 |
| 1971 | 288,267 | -12,801 | 7,168 | -1,856 |
| 1970 | 275,129 | 4,458 | 7,069 | -2,013 |
| 1969 | 263,823 | 2,029 | 7,449 | -2,456 |
| 1968 | 251,798 | 3,333 | 7,497 | -2,404 |
| 1967 | 239,967 | 6,824 | 7,961 | -2,519 |
| 1966 | 228,786 | 3,563 | 8,661 | -2,751 |
| 1965 | 217,741 | 10,695 | 9,010 | -2,743 |
| 1964 | 207,867 | 7,079 | 9,227 | -2,734 |
| 1963 | 198,035 | 6,681 | 9,449 | -2,800 |
| 1962 | 188,427 | 7,016 | 9,402 | -2,606 |
| 1961 | 179,094 | 6,109 | 9,278 | -2,254 |
| 1960 | 170,257 | 2,606 | 9,144 | -2,467 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/afghanistan/montenegro | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 87.3% of the population change in Afghanistan is from natural causes (a gain of 11,488,046 people) and 12.7% is from migration (a loss of 1,674,047 people). In Montenegro 34.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 3,565 people) and 65.5% is from migration (a gain of 6,766 people).
As of 2024, 98,110 residents or 0.2% of the population were not native-born in Afghanistan, compared to 92,237 people or 14.4% in Montenegro.
Biggest cities by population
|
Afghanistan
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Kabul | 5.33M |
| Kandahar | 614K |
| Herat | 556K |
| Mazar-i-Sharif | 469K |
| Kunduz | 357K |
| Jalalabad | 263K |
| Lashkargah | 202K |
| Sheberghan | 176K |
| Khost | 160K |
| Ghazni | 143K |
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Podgorica | 151K |
| Cetinje | 14K |
| Plav | 13.8K |
| Bar | 13.7K |
| Budva | 13.3K |
| Ulcinj | 11.5K |
| Berane | 11.1K |
| Mojkovac | 3.59K |
| Kotor | 961 |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Afghanistan and Montenegro
|
Afghanistan
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 66.8 years | 77.6 years |
| Average age | 22.2 years | 40.6 years |
| Median age | 18.3 years | 41 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.5:49.5 | 48.1:51.9 |
| Fertility rate | 4.76 births per woman | 1.8 births per woman |
| Population density | 178.9 ppl/mi² | 118.2 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/afghanistan/montenegro | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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