The latest officially reported population of Guinea-Bissau was 2,249,515 in 2025 vs 623,129 people in Montenegro in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Guinea-Bissau's population is 2,323,460 people compared to 613,759 in Montenegro.
Population statistics:
- Guinea-Bissau's population is 3.79 times bigger than Montenegro's.
- Guinea-Bissau is ranked the 146th most populous country in the world, while Montenegro is the 166th.
- The countries together account for 0.04% of the world: 0.03% for Guinea-Bissau vs 0.007% for Montenegro.
- For the last 10 years, Guinea-Bissau has had an average growth rate of +2.36% per year vs -0.009% in Montenegro.
- Since 2006, the population of Guinea-Bissau has increased from 1.42M people to 2.32M (64.2% growth), while Montenegro has declined from 615K to 614K (0.21% decline).
Guinea-Bissau vs Montenegro: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 4,713,104 | 320,475 |
| 2099 | 4,706,098 | 324,115 |
| 2098 | 4,699,568 | 327,713 |
| 2097 | 4,691,855 | 331,355 |
| 2096 | 4,682,938 | 335,007 |
| 2095 | 4,674,608 | 338,654 |
| 2094 | 4,663,103 | 342,297 |
| 2093 | 4,651,788 | 345,975 |
| 2092 | 4,639,582 | 349,650 |
| 2091 | 4,628,423 | 353,353 |
| 2090 | 4,616,772 | 357,061 |
| 2089 | 4,604,837 | 360,774 |
| 2088 | 4,592,099 | 364,461 |
| 2087 | 4,578,407 | 368,192 |
| 2086 | 4,562,793 | 371,937 |
| 2085 | 4,547,020 | 375,715 |
| 2084 | 4,530,206 | 379,539 |
| 2083 | 4,514,557 | 383,359 |
| 2082 | 4,498,172 | 387,223 |
| 2081 | 4,481,590 | 391,147 |
| 2080 | 4,461,992 | 395,110 |
| 2079 | 4,440,836 | 399,116 |
| 2078 | 4,419,277 | 403,132 |
| 2077 | 4,395,599 | 407,160 |
| 2076 | 4,371,019 | 411,233 |
| 2075 | 4,343,934 | 415,356 |
| 2074 | 4,318,519 | 419,523 |
| 2073 | 4,290,772 | 423,747 |
| 2072 | 4,262,846 | 427,961 |
| 2071 | 4,234,576 | 432,249 |
| 2070 | 4,206,253 | 436,592 |
| 2069 | 4,176,501 | 440,907 |
| 2068 | 4,145,457 | 445,235 |
| 2067 | 4,114,243 | 449,615 |
| 2066 | 4,082,951 | 453,939 |
| 2065 | 4,048,502 | 458,379 |
| 2064 | 4,013,784 | 462,797 |
| 2063 | 3,978,328 | 467,212 |
| 2062 | 3,941,631 | 471,608 |
| 2061 | 3,904,197 | 475,993 |
| 2060 | 3,868,146 | 480,424 |
| 2059 | 3,829,277 | 484,778 |
| 2058 | 3,789,609 | 489,082 |
| 2057 | 3,750,140 | 493,417 |
| 2056 | 3,710,996 | 497,856 |
| 2055 | 3,670,229 | 502,222 |
| 2054 | 3,627,303 | 506,518 |
| 2053 | 3,586,333 | 510,759 |
| 2052 | 3,543,640 | 514,996 |
| 2051 | 3,498,845 | 519,179 |
| 2050 | 3,453,155 | 523,331 |
| 2049 | 3,405,764 | 527,485 |
| 2048 | 3,358,731 | 531,545 |
| 2047 | 3,310,142 | 535,674 |
| 2046 | 3,263,507 | 539,713 |
| 2045 | 3,214,677 | 543,724 |
| 2044 | 3,167,400 | 547,696 |
| 2043 | 3,120,097 | 551,691 |
| 2042 | 3,072,862 | 555,589 |
| 2041 | 3,025,833 | 559,520 |
| 2040 | 2,978,159 | 563,410 |
| 2039 | 2,929,364 | 567,304 |
| 2038 | 2,881,007 | 571,182 |
| 2037 | 2,832,794 | 575,034 |
| 2036 | 2,783,401 | 578,842 |
| 2035 | 2,736,240 | 582,604 |
| 2034 | 2,688,290 | 586,301 |
| 2033 | 2,638,427 | 589,943 |
| 2032 | 2,588,961 | 593,521 |
| 2031 | 2,540,013 | 597,018 |
| 2030 | 2,491,987 | 600,445 |
| 2029 | 2,444,278 | 603,840 |
| 2028 | 2,396,253 | 607,174 |
| 2027 | 2,347,151 | 610,430 |
| 2026 | 2,298,439 | 613,759 |
| 2025 | 2,249,515 | 623,129 |
| 2024 | 2,201,352 | 623,525 |
| 2023 | 2,153,339 | 623,529 |
| 2022 | 2,105,529 | 623,591 |
| 2021 | 2,058,841 | 625,053 |
| 2020 | 2,013,255 | 626,590 |
| 2019 | 1,967,696 | 626,753 |
| 2018 | 1,922,168 | 626,438 |
| 2017 | 1,877,072 | 625,982 |
| 2016 | 1,831,893 | 625,353 |
| 2015 | 1,786,457 | 624,651 |
| 2014 | 1,741,122 | 623,744 |
| 2013 | 1,695,973 | 622,587 |
| 2012 | 1,651,417 | 621,418 |
| 2011 | 1,608,076 | 620,345 |
| 2010 | 1,566,347 | 619,428 |
| 2009 | 1,526,377 | 618,294 |
| 2008 | 1,488,054 | 616,969 |
| 2007 | 1,450,986 | 615,875 |
| 2006 | 1,415,303 | 615,025 |
| 2005 | 1,381,585 | 614,261 |
| 2004 | 1,349,563 | 613,353 |
| 2003 | 1,318,806 | 612,267 |
| 2002 | 1,289,307 | 609,828 |
| 2001 | 1,261,273 | 607,389 |
| 2000 | 1,234,741 | 604,950 |
| 1999 | 1,210,206 | 606,001 |
| 1998 | 1,187,473 | 607,662 |
| 1997 | 1,165,545 | 609,520 |
| 1996 | 1,143,535 | 611,003 |
| 1995 | 1,119,949 | 611,712 |
| 1994 | 1,092,031 | 611,389 |
| 1993 | 1,058,745 | 610,170 |
| 1992 | 1,024,356 | 608,516 |
| 1991 | 994,639 | 607,105 |
| 1990 | 973,669 | 606,372 |
| 1989 | 957,789 | 606,571 |
| 1988 | 942,061 | 607,413 |
| 1987 | 926,862 | 608,144 |
| 1986 | 912,126 | 607,711 |
| 1985 | 897,697 | 605,398 |
| 1984 | 883,519 | 600,884 |
| 1983 | 869,592 | 594,506 |
| 1982 | 855,891 | 587,001 |
| 1981 | 842,432 | 579,445 |
| 1980 | 829,303 | 572,608 |
| 1979 | 819,867 | 566,888 |
| 1978 | 791,694 | 562,065 |
| 1977 | 741,789 | 557,576 |
| 1976 | 694,191 | 552,562 |
| 1975 | 650,966 | 546,487 |
| 1974 | 613,338 | 538,902 |
| 1973 | 592,808 | 530,220 |
| 1972 | 586,620 | 521,785 |
| 1971 | 586,221 | 515,449 |
| 1970 | 584,403 | 512,407 |
| 1969 | 581,610 | 513,340 |
| 1968 | 578,170 | 517,481 |
| 1967 | 569,011 | 522,796 |
| 1966 | 566,908 | 526,419 |
| 1965 | 575,005 | 526,327 |
| 1964 | 588,543 | 521,753 |
| 1963 | 594,418 | 513,409 |
| 1962 | 589,474 | 502,558 |
| 1961 | 582,532 | 491,140 |
| 1960 | 577,633 | 480,579 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/guinea-bissau/montenegro | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Guinea-Bissau increased by 416,590 people (a 29.4% growth), while Montenegro gained 10,328 people (a 1.68% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Guinea-Bissau gained 491,567 people (a 26.8% growth), while Montenegro's population decreased by 11,594 people (a 1.85% decline).
Guinea-Bissau was ranked 148th most populous country in 2006 and is 146th in 2026. Montenegro was ranked 162nd in 2006 and ranked 166th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Guinea-Bissau's population will grow by 48.6% to 3,453,155 people with a rank change from 146th to 136th. The population of Montenegro will decrease by 14.7% to 523,331 people and rank change from 166th to 170th.
Guinea-Bissau is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 4.71M people, while Montenegro's population already peaked in 2019 at 627K people and is projected to decrease to 320K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 0.15% | -1.12% |
| 2099 | 0.14% | -1.1% |
| 2098 | 0.16% | -1.1% |
| 2097 | 0.19% | -1.09% |
| 2096 | 0.18% | -1.08% |
| 2095 | 0.25% | -1.06% |
| 2094 | 0.24% | -1.06% |
| 2093 | 0.26% | -1.05% |
| 2092 | 0.24% | -1.05% |
| 2091 | 0.25% | -1.04% |
| 2090 | 0.26% | -1.03% |
| 2089 | 0.28% | -1.01% |
| 2088 | 0.3% | -1.01% |
| 2087 | 0.34% | -1.01% |
| 2086 | 0.35% | -1.01% |
| 2085 | 0.37% | -1.01% |
| 2084 | 0.35% | -1% |
| 2083 | 0.36% | -1% |
| 2082 | 0.37% | -1% |
| 2081 | 0.44% | -1% |
| 2080 | 0.48% | -1% |
| 2079 | 0.49% | -1% |
| 2078 | 0.54% | -0.99% |
| 2077 | 0.56% | -0.99% |
| 2076 | 0.62% | -0.99% |
| 2075 | 0.59% | -0.99% |
| 2074 | 0.65% | -1% |
| 2073 | 0.66% | -0.98% |
| 2072 | 0.67% | -0.99% |
| 2071 | 0.67% | -0.99% |
| 2070 | 0.71% | -0.98% |
| 2069 | 0.75% | -0.97% |
| 2068 | 0.76% | -0.97% |
| 2067 | 0.77% | -0.95% |
| 2066 | 0.85% | -0.97% |
| 2065 | 0.86% | -0.95% |
| 2064 | 0.89% | -0.94% |
| 2063 | 0.93% | -0.93% |
| 2062 | 0.96% | -0.92% |
| 2061 | 0.93% | -0.92% |
| 2060 | 1.02% | -0.9% |
| 2059 | 1.05% | -0.88% |
| 2058 | 1.05% | -0.88% |
| 2057 | 1.05% | -0.89% |
| 2056 | 1.11% | -0.87% |
| 2055 | 1.18% | -0.85% |
| 2054 | 1.14% | -0.83% |
| 2053 | 1.2% | -0.82% |
| 2052 | 1.28% | -0.81% |
| 2051 | 1.32% | -0.79% |
| 2050 | 1.39% | -0.79% |
| 2049 | 1.4% | -0.76% |
| 2048 | 1.47% | -0.77% |
| 2047 | 1.43% | -0.75% |
| 2046 | 1.52% | -0.74% |
| 2045 | 1.49% | -0.73% |
| 2044 | 1.52% | -0.72% |
| 2043 | 1.54% | -0.7% |
| 2042 | 1.55% | -0.7% |
| 2041 | 1.6% | -0.69% |
| 2040 | 1.67% | -0.69% |
| 2039 | 1.68% | -0.68% |
| 2038 | 1.7% | -0.67% |
| 2037 | 1.77% | -0.66% |
| 2036 | 1.72% | -0.65% |
| 2035 | 1.78% | -0.63% |
| 2034 | 1.89% | -0.62% |
| 2033 | 1.91% | -0.6% |
| 2032 | 1.93% | -0.59% |
| 2031 | 1.93% | -0.57% |
| 2030 | 1.95% | -0.56% |
| 2029 | 2% | -0.55% |
| 2028 | 2.09% | -0.53% |
| 2027 | 2.12% | -0.54% |
| 2026 | 2.17% | -1.5% |
| 2025 | 2.19% | -0.06% |
| 2024 | 2.23% | -0.001% |
| 2023 | 2.27% | -0.01% |
| 2022 | 2.27% | -0.23% |
| 2021 | 2.26% | -0.25% |
| 2020 | 2.32% | -0.03% |
| 2019 | 2.37% | 0.05% |
| 2018 | 2.4% | 0.07% |
| 2017 | 2.47% | 0.1% |
| 2016 | 2.54% | 0.11% |
| 2015 | 2.6% | 0.15% |
| 2014 | 2.66% | 0.19% |
| 2013 | 2.7% | 0.19% |
| 2012 | 2.7% | 0.17% |
| 2011 | 2.66% | 0.15% |
| 2010 | 2.62% | 0.18% |
| 2009 | 2.58% | 0.21% |
| 2008 | 2.55% | 0.18% |
| 2007 | 2.52% | 0.14% |
| 2006 | 2.44% | 0.12% |
| 2005 | 2.37% | 0.15% |
| 2004 | 2.33% | 0.18% |
| 2003 | 2.29% | 0.4% |
| 2002 | 2.22% | 0.4% |
| 2001 | 2.15% | 0.4% |
| 2000 | 2.03% | -0.17% |
| 1999 | 1.91% | -0.27% |
| 1998 | 1.88% | -0.3% |
| 1997 | 1.92% | -0.24% |
| 1996 | 2.11% | -0.12% |
| 1995 | 2.56% | 0.05% |
| 1994 | 3.14% | 0.2% |
| 1993 | 3.36% | 0.27% |
| 1992 | 2.99% | 0.23% |
| 1991 | 2.15% | 0.12% |
| 1990 | 1.66% | -0.03% |
| 1989 | 1.67% | -0.14% |
| 1988 | 1.64% | -0.12% |
| 1987 | 1.62% | 0.07% |
| 1986 | 1.61% | 0.38% |
| 1985 | 1.6% | 0.75% |
| 1984 | 1.6% | 1.07% |
| 1983 | 1.6% | 1.28% |
| 1982 | 1.6% | 1.3% |
| 1981 | 1.58% | 1.19% |
| 1980 | 1.15% | 1.01% |
| 1979 | 3.56% | 0.86% |
| 1978 | 6.73% | 0.81% |
| 1977 | 6.86% | 0.91% |
| 1976 | 6.64% | 1.11% |
| 1975 | 6.13% | 1.41% |
| 1974 | 3.46% | 1.64% |
| 1973 | 1.05% | 1.62% |
| 1972 | 0.07% | 1.23% |
| 1971 | 0.31% | 0.59% |
| 1970 | 0.48% | -0.18% |
| 1969 | 0.59% | -0.8% |
| 1968 | 1.61% | -1.02% |
| 1967 | 0.37% | -0.69% |
| 1966 | -1.41% | 0.02% |
| 1965 | -2.3% | 0.88% |
| 1964 | -0.99% | 1.63% |
| 1963 | 0.84% | 2.16% |
| 1962 | 1.19% | 2.32% |
| 1961 | 0.85% | 2.2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/guinea-bissau/montenegro | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Guinea-Bissau grew by 2.19%, while Montenegro's population declined by 0.06%.
Live population counters
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2323460
|
613759
|
| Population rank | 146/197 | 166/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.03% | 0.007% |
| One net population change |
10.9 minutes
|
22.2 hours
|
| One birth every |
8.08 minutes
|
1.25 hours
|
| One death every |
34.1 minutes
|
1.38 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | +132 | -1 |
| Annual growth/decline | +48,163 | -396 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.19% | -0.06% |
| Population growth rate rank | 41/197 | 163/197 |
| One migration net change every |
6.4 hours
|
56.8 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -1,373 | -9,279 |
| Net migration rank | 96/196 | 131/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 15,064 | 92,237 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 172/195 | 134/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.7% | 14.4% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 165/195 | 45/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -1,373 | - | -9,279 |
| 2024 | 49,642 | -1,712 | 624 | -1,686 |
| 2023 | 49,498 | -1,400 | 686 | 12,000 |
| 2022 | 48,920 | -1,400 | 0 | 26,332 |
| 2021 | 47,242 | -1,395 | -2,062 | -2,344 |
| 2020 | 46,718 | -1,394 | -188 | -3,310 |
| 2019 | 47,196 | -1,395 | 627 | -4,083 |
| 2018 | 46,659 | -1,396 | 752 | -5,058 |
| 2017 | 46,318 | -1,398 | 939 | -4,948 |
| 2016 | 46,814 | -1,392 | 1,125 | -5,274 |
| 2015 | 46,846 | -1,393 | 1,062 | -4,863 |
| 2014 | 46,615 | -1,393 | 1,560 | -4,357 |
| 2013 | 46,472 | -1,395 | 1,557 | -2,478 |
| 2012 | 45,480 | -1,442 | 1,554 | -1,583 |
| 2011 | 44,405 | -1,760 | 1,365 | 0 |
| 2010 | 43,067 | -2,257 | 1,797 | -2,276 |
| 2009 | 41,950 | -2,821 | 2,783 | -3,456 |
| 2008 | 40,841 | -3,313 | 2,530 | -3,326 |
| 2007 | 40,288 | -3,676 | 1,848 | -3,056 |
| 2006 | 38,886 | -4,142 | 1,599 | -2,735 |
| 2005 | 37,347 | -4,662 | 1,536 | -2,247 |
| 2004 | 36,495 | -5,144 | 2,146 | -1,997 |
| 2003 | 35,649 | -5,487 | 2,632 | -3,178 |
| 2002 | 34,561 | -5,712 | 2,988 | -3,357 |
| 2001 | 33,461 | -6,239 | 3,462 | -3,511 |
| 2000 | 32,816 | -6,971 | 3,751 | -3,734 |
| 1999 | 30,916 | -7,686 | 3,454 | -3,487 |
| 1998 | 30,390 | -8,163 | 3,889 | -3,326 |
| 1997 | 29,792 | -8,176 | 3,597 | -3,077 |
| 1996 | 29,778 | -7,369 | 4,155 | -3,051 |
| 1995 | 29,142 | -4,376 | 4,527 | -3,082 |
| 1994 | 27,895 | 3,174 | 4,381 | -2,889 |
| 1993 | 26,943 | 8,562 | 4,638 | -2,835 |
| 1992 | 25,747 | 7,531 | 5,015 | -2,942 |
| 1991 | 24,527 | 1,621 | 5,191 | -2,630 |
| 1990 | 23,936 | -8,151 | 5,010 | -1,705 |
| 1989 | 24,286 | -8,296 | 5,129 | -1,730 |
| 1988 | 23,940 | -8,473 | 5,529 | -2,165 |
| 1987 | 23,549 | -8,622 | 5,958 | -2,569 |
| 1986 | 23,301 | -8,748 | 6,097 | -2,747 |
| 1985 | 23,116 | -8,812 | 6,283 | -3,013 |
| 1984 | 22,861 | -8,812 | 6,337 | -3,074 |
| 1983 | 22,542 | -8,729 | 6,482 | -3,190 |
| 1982 | 22,131 | -8,539 | 6,419 | -3,151 |
| 1981 | 21,611 | -8,291 | 6,275 | -2,287 |
| 1980 | 21,024 | -8,086 | 6,383 | -450 |
| 1979 | 19,736 | -13,801 | 6,139 | -718 |
| 1978 | 17,468 | 32,936 | 6,408 | -1,103 |
| 1977 | 15,484 | 33,922 | 6,650 | -1,364 |
| 1976 | 13,688 | 32,113 | 6,845 | -1,447 |
| 1975 | 11,998 | 28,645 | 6,878 | -1,588 |
| 1974 | 10,321 | 24,290 | 6,919 | -1,669 |
| 1973 | 8,430 | -1,985 | 7,096 | -1,778 |
| 1972 | 7,911 | -1,985 | 7,252 | -1,922 |
| 1971 | 8,183 | -13,302 | 7,168 | -1,856 |
| 1970 | 7,632 | 1,123 | 7,069 | -2,013 |
| 1969 | 7,857 | -11,033 | 7,449 | -2,456 |
| 1968 | 7,289 | 2,769 | 7,497 | -2,404 |
| 1967 | 6,742 | 1,516 | 7,961 | -2,519 |
| 1966 | 6,955 | -11,006 | 8,661 | -2,751 |
| 1965 | 7,789 | -19,928 | 9,010 | -2,743 |
| 1964 | 8,989 | -23,936 | 9,227 | -2,734 |
| 1963 | 9,190 | -5,993 | 9,449 | -2,800 |
| 1962 | 10,662 | -3,960 | 9,402 | -2,606 |
| 1961 | 10,756 | -3,575 | 9,278 | -2,254 |
| 1960 | 10,618 | -8,007 | 9,144 | -2,467 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/guinea-bissau/montenegro | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 97.1% of the population change in Guinea-Bissau is from natural causes (a gain of 475,853 people) and 2.91% is from migration (a loss of 14,275 people). In Montenegro 34.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 3,565 people) and 65.5% is from migration (a gain of 6,766 people).
As of 2024, 15,064 residents or 0.7% of the population were not native-born in Guinea-Bissau, compared to 92,237 people or 14.4% in Montenegro.
Biggest cities by population
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Bissau | 492K |
| Bafata | 29.6K |
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Podgorica | 151K |
| Cetinje | 14K |
| Plav | 13.8K |
| Bar | 13.7K |
| Budva | 13.3K |
| Ulcinj | 11.5K |
| Berane | 11.1K |
| Mojkovac | 3.59K |
| Kotor | 961 |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Guinea-Bissau and Montenegro
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 64.6 years | 77.6 years |
| Average age | 24.4 years | 40.6 years |
| Median age | 20.4 years | 41 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.4:50.6 | 48.1:51.9 |
| Fertility rate | 3.76 births per woman | 1.8 births per woman |
| Population density | 211.7 ppl/mi² | 118.2 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/guinea-bissau/montenegro | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.