The latest officially reported population of Iraq was 47,020,774 in 2025 vs 623,129 people in Montenegro in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Iraq's population is 48,531,417 people compared to 613,759 in Montenegro.
Population statistics:
- Iraq's population is 79.1 times bigger than Montenegro's.
- Iraq is ranked the 33rd most populous country in the world, while Montenegro is the 166th.
- The countries together account for 0.59% of the world: 0.58% for Iraq vs 0.007% for Montenegro.
- For the last 10 years, Iraq has had an average growth rate of +2.32% per year vs -0.009% in Montenegro.
- Since 2006, the population of Iraq has increased from 28.6M people to 48.5M (69.6% growth), while Montenegro has declined from 615K to 614K (0.21% decline).
Iraq vs Montenegro: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Iraq
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 101,633,126 | 320,475 |
| 2099 | 101,421,797 | 324,115 |
| 2098 | 101,213,066 | 327,713 |
| 2097 | 100,981,364 | 331,355 |
| 2096 | 100,724,968 | 335,007 |
| 2095 | 100,465,117 | 338,654 |
| 2094 | 100,194,566 | 342,297 |
| 2093 | 99,876,697 | 345,975 |
| 2092 | 99,532,563 | 349,650 |
| 2091 | 99,204,350 | 353,353 |
| 2090 | 98,887,474 | 357,061 |
| 2089 | 98,513,541 | 360,774 |
| 2088 | 98,144,553 | 364,461 |
| 2087 | 97,768,049 | 368,192 |
| 2086 | 97,325,536 | 371,937 |
| 2085 | 96,873,514 | 375,715 |
| 2084 | 96,449,107 | 379,539 |
| 2083 | 95,991,669 | 383,359 |
| 2082 | 95,510,163 | 387,223 |
| 2081 | 95,009,824 | 391,147 |
| 2080 | 94,507,711 | 395,110 |
| 2079 | 93,960,720 | 399,116 |
| 2078 | 93,417,874 | 403,132 |
| 2077 | 92,904,470 | 407,160 |
| 2076 | 92,360,076 | 411,233 |
| 2075 | 91,825,735 | 415,356 |
| 2074 | 91,229,744 | 419,523 |
| 2073 | 90,571,495 | 423,747 |
| 2072 | 89,918,845 | 427,961 |
| 2071 | 89,266,016 | 432,249 |
| 2070 | 88,596,956 | 436,592 |
| 2069 | 87,909,934 | 440,907 |
| 2068 | 87,220,950 | 445,235 |
| 2067 | 86,514,449 | 449,615 |
| 2066 | 85,734,979 | 453,939 |
| 2065 | 84,972,344 | 458,379 |
| 2064 | 84,191,791 | 462,797 |
| 2063 | 83,388,388 | 467,212 |
| 2062 | 82,605,010 | 471,608 |
| 2061 | 81,801,066 | 475,993 |
| 2060 | 80,951,432 | 480,424 |
| 2059 | 80,142,288 | 484,778 |
| 2058 | 79,319,959 | 489,082 |
| 2057 | 78,477,750 | 493,417 |
| 2056 | 77,609,609 | 497,856 |
| 2055 | 76,740,326 | 502,222 |
| 2054 | 75,857,522 | 506,518 |
| 2053 | 74,953,340 | 510,759 |
| 2052 | 74,072,968 | 514,996 |
| 2051 | 73,150,617 | 519,179 |
| 2050 | 72,236,317 | 523,331 |
| 2049 | 71,272,496 | 527,485 |
| 2048 | 70,317,228 | 531,545 |
| 2047 | 69,348,186 | 535,674 |
| 2046 | 68,401,022 | 539,713 |
| 2045 | 67,436,306 | 543,724 |
| 2044 | 66,447,658 | 547,696 |
| 2043 | 65,453,908 | 551,691 |
| 2042 | 64,434,168 | 555,589 |
| 2041 | 63,409,041 | 559,520 |
| 2040 | 62,360,444 | 563,410 |
| 2039 | 61,289,676 | 567,304 |
| 2038 | 60,253,388 | 571,182 |
| 2037 | 59,221,968 | 575,034 |
| 2036 | 58,156,294 | 578,842 |
| 2035 | 57,128,298 | 582,604 |
| 2034 | 56,087,988 | 586,301 |
| 2033 | 55,051,428 | 589,943 |
| 2032 | 54,002,572 | 593,521 |
| 2031 | 52,991,720 | 597,018 |
| 2030 | 51,987,045 | 600,445 |
| 2029 | 50,982,830 | 603,840 |
| 2028 | 50,001,395 | 607,174 |
| 2027 | 49,015,079 | 610,430 |
| 2026 | 48,020,585 | 613,759 |
| 2025 | 47,020,774 | 623,129 |
| 2024 | 46,042,015 | 623,525 |
| 2023 | 45,074,049 | 623,529 |
| 2022 | 44,070,551 | 623,591 |
| 2021 | 43,071,211 | 625,053 |
| 2020 | 42,116,605 | 626,590 |
| 2019 | 41,192,171 | 626,753 |
| 2018 | 40,265,624 | 626,438 |
| 2017 | 39,337,353 | 625,982 |
| 2016 | 38,469,627 | 625,353 |
| 2015 | 37,560,535 | 624,651 |
| 2014 | 36,550,059 | 623,744 |
| 2013 | 35,281,989 | 622,587 |
| 2012 | 33,654,842 | 621,418 |
| 2011 | 32,161,424 | 620,345 |
| 2010 | 31,045,366 | 619,428 |
| 2009 | 30,058,206 | 618,294 |
| 2008 | 28,971,036 | 616,969 |
| 2007 | 28,391,607 | 615,875 |
| 2006 | 28,616,515 | 615,025 |
| 2005 | 28,407,448 | 614,261 |
| 2004 | 27,577,878 | 613,353 |
| 2003 | 26,802,659 | 612,267 |
| 2002 | 26,006,559 | 609,828 |
| 2001 | 25,197,840 | 607,389 |
| 2000 | 24,424,056 | 604,950 |
| 1999 | 23,636,527 | 606,001 |
| 1998 | 22,884,399 | 607,662 |
| 1997 | 22,176,593 | 609,520 |
| 1996 | 21,501,321 | 611,003 |
| 1995 | 20,825,860 | 611,712 |
| 1994 | 20,139,807 | 611,389 |
| 1993 | 19,201,195 | 610,170 |
| 1992 | 18,300,845 | 608,516 |
| 1991 | 17,767,253 | 607,105 |
| 1990 | 17,581,206 | 606,372 |
| 1989 | 17,364,542 | 606,571 |
| 1988 | 16,908,819 | 607,413 |
| 1987 | 16,521,049 | 608,144 |
| 1986 | 16,074,145 | 607,711 |
| 1985 | 15,683,430 | 605,398 |
| 1984 | 15,310,733 | 600,884 |
| 1983 | 14,840,555 | 594,506 |
| 1982 | 14,406,083 | 587,001 |
| 1981 | 14,006,381 | 579,445 |
| 1980 | 13,591,992 | 572,608 |
| 1979 | 13,170,365 | 566,888 |
| 1978 | 12,753,355 | 562,065 |
| 1977 | 12,331,046 | 557,576 |
| 1976 | 11,927,651 | 552,562 |
| 1975 | 11,543,639 | 546,487 |
| 1974 | 11,167,761 | 538,902 |
| 1973 | 10,795,869 | 530,220 |
| 1972 | 10,430,164 | 521,785 |
| 1971 | 10,077,809 | 515,449 |
| 1970 | 9,735,611 | 512,407 |
| 1969 | 9,403,356 | 513,340 |
| 1968 | 9,085,016 | 517,481 |
| 1967 | 8,778,869 | 522,796 |
| 1966 | 8,485,104 | 526,419 |
| 1965 | 8,202,140 | 526,327 |
| 1964 | 7,929,566 | 521,753 |
| 1963 | 7,667,928 | 513,409 |
| 1962 | 7,413,875 | 502,558 |
| 1961 | 7,194,553 | 491,140 |
| 1960 | 7,022,052 | 480,579 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iraq/montenegro | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Iraq increased by 9,853,112 people (a 34.4% growth), while Montenegro gained 10,328 people (a 1.68% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Iraq gained 10,061,790 people (a 26.2% growth), while Montenegro's population decreased by 11,594 people (a 1.85% decline).
Iraq was ranked 39th most populous country in 2006 and is 33rd in 2026. Montenegro was ranked 162nd in 2006 and ranked 166th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Iraq's population will grow by 48.8% to 72,236,317 people with a rank change from 33rd to 28th. The population of Montenegro will decrease by 14.7% to 523,331 people and rank change from 166th to 170th.
Iraq is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 102M people, while Montenegro's population already peaked in 2019 at 627K people and is projected to decrease to 320K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 0.21% | -1.12% |
| 2099 | 0.21% | -1.1% |
| 2098 | 0.23% | -1.1% |
| 2097 | 0.25% | -1.09% |
| 2096 | 0.26% | -1.08% |
| 2095 | 0.27% | -1.06% |
| 2094 | 0.32% | -1.06% |
| 2093 | 0.35% | -1.05% |
| 2092 | 0.33% | -1.05% |
| 2091 | 0.32% | -1.04% |
| 2090 | 0.38% | -1.03% |
| 2089 | 0.38% | -1.01% |
| 2088 | 0.39% | -1.01% |
| 2087 | 0.45% | -1.01% |
| 2086 | 0.47% | -1.01% |
| 2085 | 0.44% | -1.01% |
| 2084 | 0.48% | -1% |
| 2083 | 0.5% | -1% |
| 2082 | 0.53% | -1% |
| 2081 | 0.53% | -1% |
| 2080 | 0.58% | -1% |
| 2079 | 0.58% | -1% |
| 2078 | 0.55% | -0.99% |
| 2077 | 0.59% | -0.99% |
| 2076 | 0.58% | -0.99% |
| 2075 | 0.65% | -0.99% |
| 2074 | 0.73% | -1% |
| 2073 | 0.73% | -0.98% |
| 2072 | 0.73% | -0.99% |
| 2071 | 0.76% | -0.99% |
| 2070 | 0.78% | -0.98% |
| 2069 | 0.79% | -0.97% |
| 2068 | 0.82% | -0.97% |
| 2067 | 0.91% | -0.95% |
| 2066 | 0.9% | -0.97% |
| 2065 | 0.93% | -0.95% |
| 2064 | 0.96% | -0.94% |
| 2063 | 0.95% | -0.93% |
| 2062 | 0.98% | -0.92% |
| 2061 | 1.05% | -0.92% |
| 2060 | 1.01% | -0.9% |
| 2059 | 1.04% | -0.88% |
| 2058 | 1.07% | -0.88% |
| 2057 | 1.12% | -0.89% |
| 2056 | 1.13% | -0.87% |
| 2055 | 1.16% | -0.85% |
| 2054 | 1.21% | -0.83% |
| 2053 | 1.19% | -0.82% |
| 2052 | 1.26% | -0.81% |
| 2051 | 1.27% | -0.79% |
| 2050 | 1.35% | -0.79% |
| 2049 | 1.36% | -0.76% |
| 2048 | 1.4% | -0.77% |
| 2047 | 1.38% | -0.75% |
| 2046 | 1.43% | -0.74% |
| 2045 | 1.49% | -0.73% |
| 2044 | 1.52% | -0.72% |
| 2043 | 1.58% | -0.7% |
| 2042 | 1.62% | -0.7% |
| 2041 | 1.68% | -0.69% |
| 2040 | 1.75% | -0.69% |
| 2039 | 1.72% | -0.68% |
| 2038 | 1.74% | -0.67% |
| 2037 | 1.83% | -0.66% |
| 2036 | 1.8% | -0.65% |
| 2035 | 1.85% | -0.63% |
| 2034 | 1.88% | -0.62% |
| 2033 | 1.94% | -0.6% |
| 2032 | 1.91% | -0.59% |
| 2031 | 1.93% | -0.57% |
| 2030 | 1.97% | -0.56% |
| 2029 | 1.96% | -0.55% |
| 2028 | 2.01% | -0.53% |
| 2027 | 2.07% | -0.54% |
| 2026 | 2.13% | -1.5% |
| 2025 | 2.13% | -0.06% |
| 2024 | 2.15% | -0.001% |
| 2023 | 2.28% | -0.01% |
| 2022 | 2.32% | -0.23% |
| 2021 | 2.27% | -0.25% |
| 2020 | 2.24% | -0.03% |
| 2019 | 2.3% | 0.05% |
| 2018 | 2.36% | 0.07% |
| 2017 | 2.26% | 0.1% |
| 2016 | 2.42% | 0.11% |
| 2015 | 2.76% | 0.15% |
| 2014 | 3.59% | 0.19% |
| 2013 | 4.83% | 0.19% |
| 2012 | 4.64% | 0.17% |
| 2011 | 3.59% | 0.15% |
| 2010 | 3.28% | 0.18% |
| 2009 | 3.75% | 0.21% |
| 2008 | 2.04% | 0.18% |
| 2007 | -0.79% | 0.14% |
| 2006 | 0.74% | 0.12% |
| 2005 | 3.01% | 0.15% |
| 2004 | 2.89% | 0.18% |
| 2003 | 3.06% | 0.4% |
| 2002 | 3.21% | 0.4% |
| 2001 | 3.17% | 0.4% |
| 2000 | 3.33% | -0.17% |
| 1999 | 3.29% | -0.27% |
| 1998 | 3.19% | -0.3% |
| 1997 | 3.14% | -0.24% |
| 1996 | 3.24% | -0.12% |
| 1995 | 3.41% | 0.05% |
| 1994 | 4.89% | 0.2% |
| 1993 | 4.92% | 0.27% |
| 1992 | 3% | 0.23% |
| 1991 | 1.06% | 0.12% |
| 1990 | 1.25% | -0.03% |
| 1989 | 2.7% | -0.14% |
| 1988 | 2.35% | -0.12% |
| 1987 | 2.78% | 0.07% |
| 1986 | 2.49% | 0.38% |
| 1985 | 2.43% | 0.75% |
| 1984 | 3.17% | 1.07% |
| 1983 | 3.02% | 1.28% |
| 1982 | 2.85% | 1.3% |
| 1981 | 3.05% | 1.19% |
| 1980 | 3.2% | 1.01% |
| 1979 | 3.27% | 0.86% |
| 1978 | 3.42% | 0.81% |
| 1977 | 3.38% | 0.91% |
| 1976 | 3.33% | 1.11% |
| 1975 | 3.37% | 1.41% |
| 1974 | 3.44% | 1.64% |
| 1973 | 3.51% | 1.62% |
| 1972 | 3.5% | 1.23% |
| 1971 | 3.51% | 0.59% |
| 1970 | 3.53% | -0.18% |
| 1969 | 3.5% | -0.8% |
| 1968 | 3.49% | -1.02% |
| 1967 | 3.46% | -0.69% |
| 1966 | 3.45% | 0.02% |
| 1965 | 3.44% | 0.88% |
| 1964 | 3.41% | 1.63% |
| 1963 | 3.43% | 2.16% |
| 1962 | 3.05% | 2.32% |
| 1961 | 2.46% | 2.2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iraq/montenegro | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Iraq grew by 2.13%, while Montenegro's population declined by 0.06%.
Live population counters
|
Iraq
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
48531417
|
613759
|
| Population rank | 33/197 | 166/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.58% | 0.007% |
| One net population change |
32.3 seconds
|
22.2 hours
|
| One birth every |
26.8 seconds
|
1.25 hours
|
| One death every |
2.74 minutes
|
1.38 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | +2,682 | -1 |
| Annual growth/decline | +978,759 | -396 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.13% | -0.06% |
| Population growth rate rank | 43/197 | 163/197 |
| One migration net change every |
8.26 hours
|
56.8 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -1,064 | -9,279 |
| Net migration rank | 93/196 | 131/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 370,980 | 92,237 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 92/195 | 134/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.8% | 14.4% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 160/195 | 45/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Iraq
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -1,064 | - | -9,279 |
| 2024 | 985,943 | -17,735 | 624 | -1,686 |
| 2023 | 973,420 | -5,710 | 686 | 12,000 |
| 2022 | 962,501 | 76,821 | 0 | 26,332 |
| 2021 | 941,924 | 17,474 | -2,062 | -2,344 |
| 2020 | 919,953 | 29,858 | -188 | -3,310 |
| 2019 | 942,972 | -43,919 | 627 | -4,083 |
| 2018 | 938,310 | 15,775 | 752 | -5,058 |
| 2017 | 924,507 | -21,998 | 939 | -4,948 |
| 2016 | 946,968 | -113,980 | 1,125 | -5,274 |
| 2015 | 1,007,561 | -22,338 | 1,062 | -4,863 |
| 2014 | 1,040,726 | -5,033 | 1,560 | -4,357 |
| 2013 | 1,026,036 | 474,379 | 1,557 | -2,478 |
| 2012 | 999,987 | 753,907 | 1,554 | -1,583 |
| 2011 | 971,082 | 261,880 | 1,365 | 0 |
| 2010 | 906,369 | 92,779 | 1,797 | -2,276 |
| 2009 | 855,096 | 120,092 | 2,783 | -3,456 |
| 2008 | 802,382 | 396,792 | 2,530 | -3,326 |
| 2007 | 784,119 | -824,428 | 1,848 | -3,056 |
| 2006 | 797,342 | -1,206,850 | 1,599 | -2,735 |
| 2005 | 776,603 | 51,019 | 1,536 | -2,247 |
| 2004 | 761,563 | 69,948 | 2,146 | -1,997 |
| 2003 | 746,159 | -27,236 | 2,632 | -3,178 |
| 2002 | 739,419 | 133,839 | 2,988 | -3,357 |
| 2001 | 729,704 | 14,451 | 3,462 | -3,511 |
| 2000 | 715,771 | 87,624 | 3,751 | -3,734 |
| 1999 | 702,170 | 69,491 | 3,454 | -3,487 |
| 1998 | 684,152 | 48,446 | 3,889 | -3,326 |
| 1997 | 667,582 | 15,429 | 3,597 | -3,077 |
| 1996 | 652,866 | 14,652 | 4,155 | -3,051 |
| 1995 | 642,977 | 40,424 | 4,527 | -3,082 |
| 1994 | 634,344 | 54,355 | 4,381 | -2,889 |
| 1993 | 606,700 | 581,818 | 4,638 | -2,835 |
| 1992 | 591,886 | 20,292 | 5,015 | -2,942 |
| 1991 | 550,146 | -95,155 | 5,191 | -2,630 |
| 1990 | 518,575 | -601,469 | 5,010 | -1,705 |
| 1989 | 496,852 | 19,392 | 5,129 | -1,730 |
| 1988 | 476,778 | -81,562 | 5,529 | -2,165 |
| 1987 | 488,742 | -108,426 | 5,958 | -2,569 |
| 1986 | 474,348 | 39,136 | 6,097 | -2,747 |
| 1985 | 467,445 | -199,505 | 6,283 | -3,013 |
| 1984 | 455,740 | 21,709 | 6,337 | -3,074 |
| 1983 | 439,800 | 23,115 | 6,482 | -3,190 |
| 1982 | 428,336 | -22,302 | 6,419 | -3,151 |
| 1981 | 416,998 | -23,640 | 6,275 | -2,287 |
| 1980 | 419,653 | 15,757 | 6,383 | -450 |
| 1979 | 428,458 | -20,617 | 6,139 | -718 |
| 1978 | 418,756 | 7,434 | 6,408 | -1,103 |
| 1977 | 410,229 | 8,204 | 6,650 | -1,364 |
| 1976 | 402,260 | -13,915 | 6,845 | -1,447 |
| 1975 | 385,916 | -6,237 | 6,878 | -1,588 |
| 1974 | 376,197 | -4,090 | 6,919 | -1,669 |
| 1973 | 373,191 | -1,507 | 7,096 | -1,778 |
| 1972 | 362,334 | -2,600 | 7,252 | -1,922 |
| 1971 | 351,464 | -6,479 | 7,168 | -1,856 |
| 1970 | 338,030 | 1,377 | 7,069 | -2,013 |
| 1969 | 324,792 | 312 | 7,449 | -2,456 |
| 1968 | 310,644 | 928 | 7,497 | -2,404 |
| 1967 | 298,192 | 2,531 | 7,961 | -2,519 |
| 1966 | 285,507 | 1,298 | 8,661 | -2,751 |
| 1965 | 274,551 | 4,555 | 9,010 | -2,743 |
| 1964 | 262,825 | 3,224 | 9,227 | -2,734 |
| 1963 | 254,046 | 3,197 | 9,449 | -2,800 |
| 1962 | 247,520 | 3,343 | 9,402 | -2,606 |
| 1961 | 184,792 | 2,981 | 9,278 | -2,254 |
| 1960 | 155,651 | 1,573 | 9,144 | -2,467 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iraq/montenegro | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.1% of the population change in Iraq is from natural causes (a gain of 9,544,059 people) and 0.89% is from migration (a loss of 85,752 people). In Montenegro 34.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 3,565 people) and 65.5% is from migration (a gain of 6,766 people).
As of 2024, 370,980 residents or 0.8% of the population were not native-born in Iraq, compared to 92,237 people or 14.4% in Montenegro.
Biggest cities by population
|
Iraq
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Baghdad | 8.13M |
| Mosul | 1.79M |
| Basra | 1.33M |
| Kirkuk | 975K |
| Sulaymaniyah | 878K |
| Ramadi | 875K |
| Erbil | 846K |
| Najaf | 725K |
| Karbala | 690K |
| Nasiriyah | 542K |
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Podgorica | 151K |
| Cetinje | 14K |
| Plav | 13.8K |
| Bar | 13.7K |
| Budva | 13.3K |
| Ulcinj | 11.5K |
| Berane | 11.1K |
| Mojkovac | 3.59K |
| Kotor | 961 |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Iraq and Montenegro
|
Iraq
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 72.6 years | 77.6 years |
| Average age | 25.7 years | 40.6 years |
| Median age | 21.9 years | 41 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 48.1:51.9 |
| Fertility rate | 3.22 births per woman | 1.8 births per woman |
| Population density | 286.5 ppl/mi² | 118.2 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/iraq/montenegro | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.