The latest officially reported population of Egypt was 118,365,995 in 2025 vs 623,129 people in Montenegro in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Egypt's population is 121,012,163 people compared to 613,759 in Montenegro.
Population statistics:
- Egypt's population is 197.2 times bigger than Montenegro's.
- Egypt is ranked the 13th most populous country in the world, while Montenegro is the 166th.
- The countries together account for 1.46% of the world: 1.46% for Egypt vs 0.007% for Montenegro.
- For the last 10 years, Egypt has had an average growth rate of +1.78% per year vs -0.009% in Montenegro.
- Since 2006, the population of Egypt has increased from 82.7M people to 121M (46.3% growth), while Montenegro has declined from 615K to 614K (0.21% decline).
Egypt vs Montenegro: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Egypt
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 203,337,521 | 320,475 |
| 2099 | 203,218,114 | 324,115 |
| 2098 | 203,062,591 | 327,713 |
| 2097 | 202,889,853 | 331,355 |
| 2096 | 202,685,235 | 335,007 |
| 2095 | 202,441,274 | 338,654 |
| 2094 | 202,165,793 | 342,297 |
| 2093 | 201,856,239 | 345,975 |
| 2092 | 201,525,341 | 349,650 |
| 2091 | 201,163,844 | 353,353 |
| 2090 | 200,783,715 | 357,061 |
| 2089 | 200,378,346 | 360,774 |
| 2088 | 199,940,915 | 364,461 |
| 2087 | 199,468,604 | 368,192 |
| 2086 | 198,974,783 | 371,937 |
| 2085 | 198,457,022 | 375,715 |
| 2084 | 197,904,537 | 379,539 |
| 2083 | 197,322,086 | 383,359 |
| 2082 | 196,711,766 | 387,223 |
| 2081 | 196,063,790 | 391,147 |
| 2080 | 195,392,263 | 395,110 |
| 2079 | 194,673,206 | 399,116 |
| 2078 | 193,926,829 | 403,132 |
| 2077 | 193,148,518 | 407,160 |
| 2076 | 192,332,562 | 411,233 |
| 2075 | 191,487,145 | 415,356 |
| 2074 | 190,613,099 | 419,523 |
| 2073 | 189,713,677 | 423,747 |
| 2072 | 188,775,903 | 427,961 |
| 2071 | 187,810,038 | 432,249 |
| 2070 | 186,818,210 | 436,592 |
| 2069 | 185,796,200 | 440,907 |
| 2068 | 184,743,675 | 445,235 |
| 2067 | 183,667,996 | 449,615 |
| 2066 | 182,568,538 | 453,939 |
| 2065 | 181,455,486 | 458,379 |
| 2064 | 180,302,738 | 462,797 |
| 2063 | 179,129,965 | 467,212 |
| 2062 | 177,948,157 | 471,608 |
| 2061 | 176,746,499 | 475,993 |
| 2060 | 175,526,868 | 480,424 |
| 2059 | 174,282,938 | 484,778 |
| 2058 | 173,021,784 | 489,082 |
| 2057 | 171,741,174 | 493,417 |
| 2056 | 170,438,073 | 497,856 |
| 2055 | 169,114,979 | 502,222 |
| 2054 | 167,762,729 | 506,518 |
| 2053 | 166,387,264 | 510,759 |
| 2052 | 164,980,351 | 514,996 |
| 2051 | 163,555,634 | 519,179 |
| 2050 | 162,092,482 | 523,331 |
| 2049 | 160,596,782 | 527,485 |
| 2048 | 159,061,812 | 531,545 |
| 2047 | 157,488,020 | 535,674 |
| 2046 | 155,881,578 | 539,713 |
| 2045 | 154,230,619 | 543,724 |
| 2044 | 152,529,288 | 547,696 |
| 2043 | 150,790,036 | 551,691 |
| 2042 | 149,009,732 | 555,589 |
| 2041 | 147,199,258 | 559,520 |
| 2040 | 145,373,264 | 563,410 |
| 2039 | 143,531,585 | 567,304 |
| 2038 | 141,691,401 | 571,182 |
| 2037 | 139,850,324 | 575,034 |
| 2036 | 138,013,568 | 578,842 |
| 2035 | 136,191,405 | 582,604 |
| 2034 | 134,368,084 | 586,301 |
| 2033 | 132,560,311 | 589,943 |
| 2032 | 130,760,579 | 593,521 |
| 2031 | 128,968,320 | 597,018 |
| 2030 | 127,188,528 | 600,445 |
| 2029 | 125,409,684 | 603,840 |
| 2028 | 123,633,275 | 607,174 |
| 2027 | 121,861,990 | 610,430 |
| 2026 | 120,114,593 | 613,759 |
| 2025 | 118,365,995 | 623,129 |
| 2024 | 116,538,258 | 623,525 |
| 2023 | 114,535,772 | 623,529 |
| 2022 | 112,618,250 | 623,591 |
| 2021 | 110,957,008 | 625,053 |
| 2020 | 109,315,124 | 626,590 |
| 2019 | 107,553,158 | 626,753 |
| 2018 | 105,682,094 | 626,438 |
| 2017 | 103,696,057 | 625,982 |
| 2016 | 101,644,589 | 625,353 |
| 2015 | 99,597,342 | 624,651 |
| 2014 | 97,528,654 | 623,744 |
| 2013 | 95,333,553 | 622,587 |
| 2012 | 93,161,001 | 621,418 |
| 2011 | 91,093,059 | 620,345 |
| 2010 | 89,196,072 | 619,428 |
| 2009 | 87,501,636 | 618,294 |
| 2008 | 85,864,789 | 616,969 |
| 2007 | 84,276,225 | 615,875 |
| 2006 | 82,700,403 | 615,025 |
| 2005 | 81,101,004 | 614,261 |
| 2004 | 79,477,443 | 613,353 |
| 2003 | 77,853,548 | 612,267 |
| 2002 | 76,239,137 | 609,828 |
| 2001 | 74,652,029 | 607,389 |
| 2000 | 73,083,284 | 604,950 |
| 1999 | 71,520,954 | 606,001 |
| 1998 | 69,943,294 | 607,662 |
| 1997 | 68,431,740 | 609,520 |
| 1996 | 67,028,048 | 611,003 |
| 1995 | 65,652,622 | 611,712 |
| 1994 | 64,285,589 | 611,389 |
| 1993 | 62,915,681 | 610,170 |
| 1992 | 61,480,660 | 608,516 |
| 1991 | 60,028,997 | 607,105 |
| 1990 | 58,396,618 | 606,372 |
| 1989 | 56,710,642 | 606,571 |
| 1988 | 55,187,681 | 607,413 |
| 1987 | 53,674,435 | 608,144 |
| 1986 | 52,206,295 | 607,711 |
| 1985 | 50,734,968 | 605,398 |
| 1984 | 49,247,334 | 600,884 |
| 1983 | 47,786,402 | 594,506 |
| 1982 | 46,407,611 | 587,001 |
| 1981 | 45,147,224 | 579,445 |
| 1980 | 43,950,413 | 572,608 |
| 1979 | 42,818,628 | 566,888 |
| 1978 | 41,761,431 | 562,065 |
| 1977 | 40,748,870 | 557,576 |
| 1976 | 39,795,557 | 552,562 |
| 1975 | 38,875,327 | 546,487 |
| 1974 | 37,969,667 | 538,902 |
| 1973 | 37,102,043 | 530,220 |
| 1972 | 36,258,328 | 521,785 |
| 1971 | 35,433,368 | 515,449 |
| 1970 | 34,623,990 | 512,407 |
| 1969 | 33,811,615 | 513,340 |
| 1968 | 32,998,319 | 517,481 |
| 1967 | 32,196,360 | 522,796 |
| 1966 | 31,406,541 | 526,419 |
| 1965 | 30,629,174 | 526,327 |
| 1964 | 29,858,922 | 521,753 |
| 1963 | 29,091,869 | 513,409 |
| 1962 | 28,337,013 | 502,558 |
| 1961 | 27,600,898 | 491,140 |
| 1960 | 26,896,479 | 480,579 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/montenegro | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Egypt increased by 18,944,186 people (a 22.9% growth), while Montenegro gained 10,328 people (a 1.68% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Egypt gained 19,367,574 people (a 19.1% growth), while Montenegro's population decreased by 11,594 people (a 1.85% decline).
Egypt was ranked 13th most populous country in 2006 and is still 13th in 2026. Montenegro was ranked 162nd in 2006 and ranked 166th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Egypt's population will grow by 33.9% to 162,092,482 people with a rank change from 13th to 11th. The population of Montenegro will decrease by 14.7% to 523,331 people and rank change from 166th to 170th.
Egypt is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 203M people, while Montenegro's population already peaked in 2019 at 627K people and is projected to decrease to 320K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Egypt
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 2100 | 0.06% | -1.12% |
| 2099 | 0.08% | -1.1% |
| 2098 | 0.09% | -1.1% |
| 2097 | 0.1% | -1.09% |
| 2096 | 0.12% | -1.08% |
| 2095 | 0.14% | -1.06% |
| 2094 | 0.15% | -1.06% |
| 2093 | 0.16% | -1.05% |
| 2092 | 0.18% | -1.05% |
| 2091 | 0.19% | -1.04% |
| 2090 | 0.2% | -1.03% |
| 2089 | 0.22% | -1.01% |
| 2088 | 0.24% | -1.01% |
| 2087 | 0.25% | -1.01% |
| 2086 | 0.26% | -1.01% |
| 2085 | 0.28% | -1.01% |
| 2084 | 0.3% | -1% |
| 2083 | 0.31% | -1% |
| 2082 | 0.33% | -1% |
| 2081 | 0.34% | -1% |
| 2080 | 0.37% | -1% |
| 2079 | 0.38% | -1% |
| 2078 | 0.4% | -0.99% |
| 2077 | 0.42% | -0.99% |
| 2076 | 0.44% | -0.99% |
| 2075 | 0.46% | -0.99% |
| 2074 | 0.47% | -1% |
| 2073 | 0.5% | -0.98% |
| 2072 | 0.51% | -0.99% |
| 2071 | 0.53% | -0.99% |
| 2070 | 0.55% | -0.98% |
| 2069 | 0.57% | -0.97% |
| 2068 | 0.59% | -0.97% |
| 2067 | 0.6% | -0.95% |
| 2066 | 0.61% | -0.97% |
| 2065 | 0.64% | -0.95% |
| 2064 | 0.65% | -0.94% |
| 2063 | 0.66% | -0.93% |
| 2062 | 0.68% | -0.92% |
| 2061 | 0.69% | -0.92% |
| 2060 | 0.71% | -0.9% |
| 2059 | 0.73% | -0.88% |
| 2058 | 0.75% | -0.88% |
| 2057 | 0.76% | -0.89% |
| 2056 | 0.78% | -0.87% |
| 2055 | 0.81% | -0.85% |
| 2054 | 0.83% | -0.83% |
| 2053 | 0.85% | -0.82% |
| 2052 | 0.87% | -0.81% |
| 2051 | 0.9% | -0.79% |
| 2050 | 0.93% | -0.79% |
| 2049 | 0.97% | -0.76% |
| 2048 | 1% | -0.77% |
| 2047 | 1.03% | -0.75% |
| 2046 | 1.07% | -0.74% |
| 2045 | 1.12% | -0.73% |
| 2044 | 1.15% | -0.72% |
| 2043 | 1.19% | -0.7% |
| 2042 | 1.23% | -0.7% |
| 2041 | 1.26% | -0.69% |
| 2040 | 1.28% | -0.69% |
| 2039 | 1.3% | -0.68% |
| 2038 | 1.32% | -0.67% |
| 2037 | 1.33% | -0.66% |
| 2036 | 1.34% | -0.65% |
| 2035 | 1.36% | -0.63% |
| 2034 | 1.36% | -0.62% |
| 2033 | 1.38% | -0.6% |
| 2032 | 1.39% | -0.59% |
| 2031 | 1.4% | -0.57% |
| 2030 | 1.42% | -0.56% |
| 2029 | 1.44% | -0.55% |
| 2028 | 1.45% | -0.53% |
| 2027 | 1.45% | -0.54% |
| 2026 | 1.48% | -1.5% |
| 2025 | 1.57% | -0.06% |
| 2024 | 1.75% | -0.001% |
| 2023 | 1.7% | -0.01% |
| 2022 | 1.5% | -0.23% |
| 2021 | 1.5% | -0.25% |
| 2020 | 1.64% | -0.03% |
| 2019 | 1.77% | 0.05% |
| 2018 | 1.92% | 0.07% |
| 2017 | 2.02% | 0.1% |
| 2016 | 2.06% | 0.11% |
| 2015 | 2.12% | 0.15% |
| 2014 | 2.3% | 0.19% |
| 2013 | 2.33% | 0.19% |
| 2012 | 2.27% | 0.17% |
| 2011 | 2.13% | 0.15% |
| 2010 | 1.94% | 0.18% |
| 2009 | 1.91% | 0.21% |
| 2008 | 1.88% | 0.18% |
| 2007 | 1.91% | 0.14% |
| 2006 | 1.97% | 0.12% |
| 2005 | 2.04% | 0.15% |
| 2004 | 2.09% | 0.18% |
| 2003 | 2.12% | 0.4% |
| 2002 | 2.13% | 0.4% |
| 2001 | 2.15% | 0.4% |
| 2000 | 2.18% | -0.17% |
| 1999 | 2.26% | -0.27% |
| 1998 | 2.21% | -0.3% |
| 1997 | 2.09% | -0.24% |
| 1996 | 2.1% | -0.12% |
| 1995 | 2.13% | 0.05% |
| 1994 | 2.18% | 0.2% |
| 1993 | 2.33% | 0.27% |
| 1992 | 2.42% | 0.23% |
| 1991 | 2.8% | 0.12% |
| 1990 | 2.97% | -0.03% |
| 1989 | 2.76% | -0.14% |
| 1988 | 2.82% | -0.12% |
| 1987 | 2.81% | 0.07% |
| 1986 | 2.9% | 0.38% |
| 1985 | 3.02% | 0.75% |
| 1984 | 3.06% | 1.07% |
| 1983 | 2.97% | 1.28% |
| 1982 | 2.79% | 1.3% |
| 1981 | 2.72% | 1.19% |
| 1980 | 2.64% | 1.01% |
| 1979 | 2.53% | 0.86% |
| 1978 | 2.48% | 0.81% |
| 1977 | 2.4% | 0.91% |
| 1976 | 2.37% | 1.11% |
| 1975 | 2.39% | 1.41% |
| 1974 | 2.34% | 1.64% |
| 1973 | 2.33% | 1.62% |
| 1972 | 2.33% | 1.23% |
| 1971 | 2.34% | 0.59% |
| 1970 | 2.4% | -0.18% |
| 1969 | 2.46% | -0.8% |
| 1968 | 2.49% | -1.02% |
| 1967 | 2.51% | -0.69% |
| 1966 | 2.54% | 0.02% |
| 1965 | 2.58% | 0.88% |
| 1964 | 2.64% | 1.63% |
| 1963 | 2.66% | 2.16% |
| 1962 | 2.67% | 2.32% |
| 1961 | 2.62% | 2.2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/montenegro | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Egypt grew by 1.57%, while Montenegro's population declined by 0.06%.
Live population counters
|
Egypt
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
121012163
|
613759
|
| Population rank | 13/197 | 166/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.46% | 0.007% |
| One net population change |
17.3 seconds
|
22.2 hours
|
| One birth every |
12.9 seconds
|
1.25 hours
|
| One death every |
49.1 seconds
|
1.38 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | +5,007 | -1 |
| Annual growth/decline | +1,827,737 | -396 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.57% | -0.06% |
| Population growth rate rank | 67/197 | 163/197 |
| One migration net change every |
9.2 minutes
|
56.8 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -57,305 | -9,279 |
| Net migration rank | 177/196 | 131/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,139,820 | 92,237 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 55/195 | 134/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 1% | 14.4% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 153/195 | 45/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Egypt
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -57,305 | - | -9,279 |
| 2024 | 1,795,738 | 123,884 | 624 | -1,686 |
| 2023 | 1,780,230 | 305,006 | 686 | 12,000 |
| 2022 | 1,736,123 | 13,707 | 0 | 26,332 |
| 2021 | 1,566,491 | 6,161 | -2,062 | -2,344 |
| 2020 | 1,704,988 | 6,016 | -188 | -3,310 |
| 2019 | 1,805,818 | 7,050 | 627 | -4,083 |
| 2018 | 1,908,512 | 20,788 | 752 | -5,058 |
| 2017 | 2,122,866 | -80,000 | 939 | -4,948 |
| 2016 | 2,131,690 | -71,604 | 1,125 | -5,274 |
| 2015 | 2,227,594 | -193,298 | 1,062 | -4,863 |
| 2014 | 2,195,761 | -92,801 | 1,560 | -4,357 |
| 2013 | 2,156,922 | 130,305 | 1,557 | -2,478 |
| 2012 | 2,060,535 | -2,626 | 1,554 | -1,583 |
| 2011 | 1,951,851 | 126,170 | 1,365 | 0 |
| 2010 | 1,910,134 | -194,100 | 1,797 | -2,276 |
| 2009 | 1,848,123 | -175,191 | 2,783 | -3,456 |
| 2008 | 1,792,943 | -192,199 | 2,530 | -3,326 |
| 2007 | 1,749,322 | -173,021 | 1,848 | -3,056 |
| 2006 | 1,693,374 | -118,055 | 1,599 | -2,735 |
| 2005 | 1,660,624 | -37,129 | 1,536 | -2,247 |
| 2004 | 1,626,745 | -3,044 | 2,146 | -1,997 |
| 2003 | 1,614,293 | 9,854 | 2,632 | -3,178 |
| 2002 | 1,593,474 | 11,205 | 2,988 | -3,357 |
| 2001 | 1,568,962 | 556 | 3,462 | -3,511 |
| 2000 | 1,540,084 | 27,873 | 3,751 | -3,734 |
| 1999 | 1,534,697 | 22,026 | 3,454 | -3,487 |
| 1998 | 1,519,728 | 78,858 | 3,889 | -3,326 |
| 1997 | 1,470,119 | -45,599 | 3,597 | -3,077 |
| 1996 | 1,427,161 | -44,272 | 4,155 | -3,051 |
| 1995 | 1,406,935 | -38,920 | 4,527 | -3,082 |
| 1994 | 1,402,840 | -36,738 | 4,381 | -2,889 |
| 1993 | 1,409,374 | -35,669 | 4,638 | -2,835 |
| 1992 | 1,421,372 | 74,950 | 5,015 | -2,942 |
| 1991 | 1,440,936 | -33,952 | 5,191 | -2,630 |
| 1990 | 1,450,747 | 406,994 | 5,010 | -1,705 |
| 1989 | 1,461,547 | 52,648 | 5,129 | -1,730 |
| 1988 | 1,465,620 | 66,147 | 5,529 | -2,165 |
| 1987 | 1,436,059 | 58,678 | 5,958 | -2,569 |
| 1986 | 1,410,249 | 31,299 | 6,097 | -2,747 |
| 1985 | 1,388,718 | 112,411 | 6,283 | -3,013 |
| 1984 | 1,351,297 | 122,791 | 6,337 | -3,074 |
| 1983 | 1,318,474 | 129,242 | 6,482 | -3,190 |
| 1982 | 1,258,574 | 51,229 | 6,419 | -3,151 |
| 1981 | 1,206,830 | 4,140 | 6,275 | -2,287 |
| 1980 | 1,181,914 | 738 | 6,383 | -450 |
| 1979 | 1,145,655 | -64,757 | 6,139 | -718 |
| 1978 | 1,107,179 | -73,664 | 6,408 | -1,103 |
| 1977 | 1,065,298 | -73,705 | 6,650 | -1,364 |
| 1976 | 1,030,546 | -115,544 | 6,845 | -1,447 |
| 1975 | 987,822 | -62,368 | 6,878 | -1,588 |
| 1974 | 946,052 | -60,174 | 6,919 | -1,669 |
| 1973 | 905,068 | -55,702 | 7,096 | -1,778 |
| 1972 | 893,333 | -55,282 | 7,252 | -1,922 |
| 1971 | 868,365 | -56,503 | 7,168 | -1,856 |
| 1970 | 841,952 | -35,064 | 7,069 | -2,013 |
| 1969 | 824,564 | -6,703 | 7,449 | -2,456 |
| 1968 | 809,482 | -764 | 7,497 | -2,404 |
| 1967 | 788,908 | 6,286 | 7,961 | -2,519 |
| 1966 | 774,391 | 10,089 | 8,661 | -2,751 |
| 1965 | 752,682 | 17,605 | 9,010 | -2,743 |
| 1964 | 749,608 | 20,596 | 9,227 | -2,734 |
| 1963 | 738,788 | 25,109 | 9,449 | -2,800 |
| 1962 | 720,128 | 25,696 | 9,402 | -2,606 |
| 1961 | 703,216 | 23,184 | 9,278 | -2,254 |
| 1960 | 685,403 | -2,954 | 9,144 | -2,467 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/montenegro | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.3% of the population change in Egypt is from natural causes (a gain of 18,780,050 people) and 0.73% is from migration (a gain of 137,710 people). In Montenegro 34.5% is from natural causes (a gain of 3,565 people) and 65.5% is from migration (a gain of 6,766 people).
As of 2024, 1,139,820 residents or 1% of the population were not native-born in Egypt, compared to 92,237 people or 14.4% in Montenegro.
Biggest cities by population
|
Egypt
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Cairo | 9.8M |
| Alexandria | 5.36M |
| Giza | 4.46M |
| Shubra El Kheima | 1.03M |
| Port Said | 792K |
| Suez | 716K |
| Mansoura | 622K |
| Helwan | 619K |
| El Mahalla El Kubra | 593K |
| Asyut | 562K |
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Podgorica | 151K |
| Cetinje | 14K |
| Plav | 13.8K |
| Bar | 13.7K |
| Budva | 13.3K |
| Ulcinj | 11.5K |
| Berane | 11.1K |
| Mojkovac | 3.59K |
| Kotor | 961 |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Egypt and Montenegro
|
Egypt
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 72.2 years | 77.6 years |
| Average age | 28.7 years | 40.6 years |
| Median age | 25.5 years | 41 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.5:49.5 | 48.1:51.9 |
| Fertility rate | 2.74 births per woman | 1.8 births per woman |
| Population density | 313 ppl/mi² | 118.2 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/egypt/montenegro | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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