The Cayman Islands has a population of 75.8K (ranked 187/197), compared with 41K in Liechtenstein (ranked 190/197). The Cayman Islands' land area is 92.7 sq mi versus 61.8 sq mi for Liechtenstein (ranked 190th vs. 192nd).
By GDP, The Cayman Islands ranks 158/197 ($7.77B) and Liechtenstein ranks 156/197 ($8.91B). By GDP per capita, The Cayman Islands ranks 6/197 ($104,293), while Liechtenstein ranks 2/197 ($220,167).
Main facts and rankings
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Population |
77917
|
41400
|
| Population rank | 187/197 | 190/197 |
| GDP |
$7.77B
2024 |
$8.91B
2024 |
| GDP rank | 158/197 | 156/197 |
| GDP per capita |
$104,293
2024 |
$220,167
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank | 6/197 | 2/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$88,428
2023 |
$139,100
2009 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$94,558
2026 |
$109,813
2026 |
| Land area | 92.7 sq mi | 61.8 sq mi |
| Population density |
833 ppl/mi²
2026 |
668 ppl/mi²
2026 |
| Fertility rate |
1.53
2024 |
1.37
2024 |
| Median age |
39.7 years
2025 |
45.5 years
2025 |
| Life expectancy |
80.9 years
2026 |
84.1 years
2026 |
Cayman Islands and Liechtenstein: Comparison Charts
Cayman Islands and Liechtenstein economies compared
| Year | GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2024 | $7,765,336,505 | $8,905,764,270 |
| 2023 | $7,308,564,549 | $8,239,379,403 |
| 2022 | $6,653,516,041 | $7,426,856,243 |
| 2021 | $6,060,813,808 | $7,912,602,342 |
| 2020 | $5,655,357,984 | $6,405,870,210 |
| 2019 | $5,941,896,608 | $6,436,467,007 |
| 2018 | $5,530,178,441 | $6,692,620,692 |
| 2017 | $5,166,281,305 | $6,474,308,718 |
| 2016 | $4,909,322,237 | $6,237,302,034 |
| 2015 | $4,708,167,233 | $6,268,515,276 |
| 2014 | $4,562,853,611 | $6,657,526,980 |
| 2013 | $4,405,796,023 | $6,391,708,311 |
| 2012 | $4,291,004,524 | $5,456,102,482 |
| 2011 | $4,186,073,104 | $5,739,706,005 |
| 2010 | $4,156,841,107 | $5,082,337,238 |
| 2009 | $4,281,714,567 | $4,504,375,348 |
| 2008 | $4,585,949,024 | $5,081,479,840 |
| 2007 | $4,466,278,065 | $4,601,429,897 |
| 2006 | $4,200,288,241 | $4,000,102,086 |
| 2005 | - | $3,659,319,117 |
| 2004 | - | $3,454,373,798 |
| 2003 | - | $3,070,803,051 |
| 2002 | - | $2,688,618,747 |
| 2001 | - | $2,491,800,559 |
| 2000 | - | $2,483,889,858 |
| 1999 | - | $2,664,105,901 |
| 1998 | - | $2,479,699,106 |
| 1997 | - | $2,298,389,803 |
| 1996 | - | $2,504,012,993 |
| 1995 | - | $2,428,525,061 |
| 1994 | - | $1,948,129,623 |
| 1993 | - | $1,673,085,245 |
| 1992 | - | $1,631,177,029 |
| 1991 | - | $1,484,160,302 |
| 1990 | - | $1,421,509,216 |
| 1989 | - | $1,119,983,801 |
| 1988 | - | $1,161,757,671 |
| 1987 | - | $1,052,848,996 |
| 1986 | - | $779,357,803 |
| 1985 | - | $529,073,612 |
| 1984 | - | $502,620,992 |
| 1983 | - | $524,023,625 |
| 1982 | - | $522,096,760 |
| 1981 | - | $511,647,750 |
| 1980 | - | $534,699,363 |
| 1979 | - | $503,173,104 |
| 1978 | - | $436,912,068 |
| 1977 | - | $303,493,119 |
| 1976 | - | $272,489,300 |
| 1975 | - | $246,389,102 |
| 1974 | - | $193,980,465 |
| 1973 | - | $165,928,882 |
| 1972 | - | $124,940,289 |
| 1971 | - | $104,889,795 |
| 1970 | - | $90,099,361 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1970–2024, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/cayman-islands/liechtenstein | CC BY
Cayman Islands and Liechtenstein economies compared
| Year | GDP per capita | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2024 | $104,293 | $220,167 |
| 2023 | $100,065 | $206,781 |
| 2022 | $92,938 | $188,055 |
| 2021 | $86,450 | $201,945 |
| 2020 | $82,339 | $164,671 |
| 2019 | $88,254 | $166,908 |
| 2018 | $83,866 | $174,989 |
| 2017 | $80,054 | $170,547 |
| 2016 | $77,802 | $165,375 |
| 2015 | $76,379 | $167,187 |
| 2014 | $75,845 | $178,735 |
| 2013 | $75,114 | $172,824 |
| 2012 | $75,102 | $148,842 |
| 2011 | $75,281 | $158,066 |
| 2010 | $76,838 | $141,090 |
| 2009 | $81,374 | $126,025 |
| 2008 | $89,655 | $143,249 |
| 2007 | $89,888 | $130,493 |
| 2006 | $87,085 | $114,168 |
| 2005 | - | $105,295 |
| 2004 | - | $100,281 |
| 2003 | - | $90,108 |
| 2002 | - | $79,795 |
| 2001 | - | $75,068 |
| 2000 | - | $76,088 |
| 1999 | - | $82,682 |
| 1998 | - | $78,303 |
| 1997 | - | $73,591 |
| 1996 | - | $80,689 |
| 1995 | - | $78,910 |
| 1994 | - | $63,936 |
| 1993 | - | $55,605 |
| 1992 | - | $55,057 |
| 1991 | - | $50,812 |
| 1990 | - | $49,458 |
| 1989 | - | $39,552 |
| 1988 | - | $41,569 |
| 1987 | - | $38,206 |
| 1986 | - | $28,613 |
| 1985 | - | $19,684 |
| 1984 | - | $18,898 |
| 1983 | - | $19,815 |
| 1982 | - | $19,886 |
| 1981 | - | $19,929 |
| 1980 | - | $20,959 |
| 1979 | - | $19,674 |
| 1978 | - | $17,457 |
| 1977 | - | $12,417 |
| 1976 | - | $11,326 |
| 1975 | - | $10,333 |
| 1974 | - | $8,272 |
| 1973 | - | $7,282 |
| 1972 | - | $5,645 |
| 1971 | - | $4,856 |
| 1970 | - | $4,262 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1970–2024, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/cayman-islands/liechtenstein | CC BY
Cayman Islands vs. Liechtenstein life expectancy calculator
| Year | Life expectancy, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2026 | 80.9 | 84.1 |
| 2025 | 80.7 | 83.9 |
| 2024 | 80.5 | 83.7 |
| 2023 | 80.4 | 83.6 |
| 2022 | 80 | 83.4 |
| 2021 | 79.3 | 82.8 |
| 2020 | 79.2 | 82 |
| 2019 | 79.1 | 83.4 |
| 2018 | 78.8 | 83.3 |
| 2017 | 78.6 | 83.1 |
| 2016 | 78.4 | 82.9 |
| 2015 | 78.1 | 82.8 |
| 2014 | 77.9 | 82.5 |
| 2013 | 77.7 | 82.4 |
| 2012 | 77.1 | 82.3 |
| 2011 | 76.6 | 82.2 |
| 2010 | 76.1 | 82.1 |
| 2009 | 75.7 | 81.9 |
| 2008 | 75.4 | 81.9 |
| 2007 | 75.2 | 81.6 |
| 2006 | 75 | 81.4 |
| 2005 | 74.9 | 81.1 |
| 2004 | 74.6 | 80.7 |
| 2003 | 74.6 | 80.2 |
| 2002 | 74.6 | 79.8 |
| 2001 | 74.5 | 79.2 |
| 2000 | 74.4 | 78.6 |
| 1999 | 74.2 | 78.2 |
| 1998 | 74.1 | 77.8 |
| 1997 | 73.9 | 77.6 |
| 1996 | 73.7 | 77.7 |
| 1995 | 73.6 | 77.9 |
| 1994 | 73.4 | 78.2 |
| 1993 | 73.2 | 78.5 |
| 1992 | 73.1 | 78.7 |
| 1991 | 72.9 | 78.7 |
| 1990 | 72.7 | 78.5 |
| 1989 | 72.5 | 78.3 |
| 1988 | 72.4 | 78 |
| 1987 | 72.1 | 77.8 |
| 1986 | 71.9 | 77.2 |
| 1985 | 71.6 | 76.7 |
| 1984 | 71.2 | 76.2 |
| 1983 | 70.8 | 75.7 |
| 1982 | 70.4 | 75.1 |
| 1981 | 70 | 74.9 |
| 1980 | 69.5 | 74.8 |
| 1979 | 69 | 74.7 |
| 1978 | 68.5 | 74.7 |
| 1977 | 68.1 | 74.8 |
| 1976 | 67.5 | 74.6 |
| 1975 | 67 | 74.3 |
| 1974 | 66.5 | 74 |
| 1973 | 65.9 | 73.7 |
| 1972 | 65.4 | 73.4 |
| 1971 | 64.8 | 73 |
| 1970 | 64.4 | 72.8 |
| 1969 | 64 | 72.6 |
| 1968 | 63.6 | 72.3 |
| 1967 | 63.2 | 72 |
| 1966 | 62.8 | 71.6 |
| 1965 | 62.2 | 71.2 |
| 1964 | 61.4 | 71.1 |
| 1963 | 60.8 | 70.9 |
| 1962 | 60.1 | 70.9 |
| 1961 | 59.4 | 71 |
| 1960 | 58.8 | 70.9 |
| 1959 | 58.2 | 70.6 |
| 1958 | 57.7 | 70.1 |
| 1957 | 57.3 | 69.6 |
| 1956 | 56.8 | 68.9 |
| 1955 | 56.4 | 68.3 |
| 1954 | 55.9 | 67.5 |
| 1953 | 55.4 | 66.9 |
| 1952 | 55 | 66.2 |
| 1951 | 54.5 | 65.8 |
| 1950 | 54 | 65.3 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (1950–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/cayman-islands/liechtenstein | CC BY
Cayman Islands and Liechtenstein population clocks and comparison
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2025 | 75,844 | 41,024 |
| 2024 | 74,457 | 40,450 |
| 2023 | 73,038 | 39,846 |
| 2022 | 71,591 | 39,493 |
| 2021 | 70,108 | 39,182 |
| 2020 | 68,684 | 38,901 |
| 2019 | 67,327 | 38,563 |
| 2018 | 65,941 | 38,246 |
| 2017 | 64,535 | 37,962 |
| 2016 | 63,100 | 37,716 |
| 2015 | 61,642 | 37,494 |
| 2014 | 60,160 | 37,248 |
| 2013 | 58,655 | 36,984 |
| 2012 | 57,136 | 36,657 |
| 2011 | 55,606 | 36,312 |
| 2010 | 54,099 | 36,022 |
| 2009 | 52,618 | 35,742 |
| 2008 | 51,151 | 35,473 |
| 2007 | 49,687 | 35,262 |
| 2006 | 48,232 | 35,037 |
| 2005 | 46,788 | 34,753 |
| 2004 | 45,352 | 34,447 |
| 2003 | 43,934 | 34,079 |
| 2002 | 42,514 | 33,694 |
| 2001 | 41,089 | 33,194 |
| 2000 | 39,674 | 32,645 |
| 1999 | 38,284 | 32,221 |
| 1998 | 36,922 | 31,668 |
| 1997 | 35,543 | 31,232 |
| 1996 | 34,143 | 31,033 |
| 1995 | 32,743 | 30,776 |
| 1994 | 31,352 | 30,470 |
| 1993 | 29,976 | 30,089 |
| 1992 | 28,621 | 29,627 |
| 1991 | 27,294 | 29,209 |
| 1990 | 25,999 | 28,742 |
| 1989 | 24,874 | 28,317 |
| 1988 | 23,951 | 27,948 |
| 1987 | 23,073 | 27,557 |
| 1986 | 22,197 | 27,238 |
| 1985 | 21,324 | 26,878 |
| 1984 | 20,454 | 26,596 |
| 1983 | 19,598 | 26,446 |
| 1982 | 18,750 | 26,255 |
| 1981 | 17,905 | 25,673 |
| 1980 | 17,079 | 25,512 |
| 1979 | 16,351 | 25,575 |
| 1978 | 15,727 | 25,028 |
| 1977 | 15,105 | 24,442 |
| 1976 | 14,454 | 24,058 |
| 1975 | 13,788 | 23,846 |
| 1974 | 13,114 | 23,451 |
| 1973 | 12,438 | 22,785 |
| 1972 | 11,764 | 22,132 |
| 1971 | 11,098 | 21,600 |
| 1970 | 10,517 | 21,140 |
| 1969 | 10,165 | 21,084 |
| 1968 | 9,971 | 20,835 |
| 1967 | 9,769 | 20,175 |
| 1966 | 9,560 | 19,610 |
| 1965 | 9,361 | 19,195 |
| 1964 | 9,166 | 18,755 |
| 1963 | 8,970 | 18,093 |
| 1962 | 8,781 | 17,443 |
| 1961 | 8,601 | 16,877 |
| 1960 | 8,428 | 16,451 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/cayman-islands/liechtenstein | CC BY
Fertility rates in Cayman Islands and Liechtenstein
| Year | Fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2024 | 1.53 | 1.37 |
| 2023 | 1.53 | 1.45 |
| 2022 | 1.54 | 1.47 |
| 2021 | 1.55 | 1.53 |
| 2020 | 1.55 | 1.46 |
| 2019 | 1.51 | 1.48 |
| 2018 | 1.28 | 1.58 |
| 2017 | 1.22 | 1.44 |
| 2016 | 1.23 | 1.61 |
| 2015 | 1.27 | 1.4 |
| 2014 | 1.33 | 1.59 |
| 2013 | 1.45 | 1.45 |
| 2012 | 1.53 | 1.51 |
| 2011 | 1.64 | 1.69 |
| 2010 | 1.69 | 1.4 |
| 2009 | 1.72 | 1.71 |
| 2008 | 1.7 | 1.43 |
| 2007 | 1.68 | 1.42 |
| 2006 | 1.67 | 1.43 |
| 2005 | 1.67 | 1.49 |
| 2004 | 1.67 | 1.44 |
| 2003 | 1.67 | 1.36 |
| 2002 | 1.68 | 1.47 |
| 2001 | 1.7 | 1.52 |
| 2000 | 1.71 | 1.57 |
| 1999 | 1.71 | 1.63 |
| 1998 | 1.7 | 1.59 |
| 1997 | 1.7 | 1.57 |
| 1996 | 1.69 | 1.52 |
| 1995 | 1.67 | 1.44 |
| 1994 | 1.66 | 1.44 |
| 1993 | 1.67 | 1.45 |
| 1992 | 1.73 | 1.48 |
| 1991 | 1.85 | 1.5 |
| 1990 | 1.78 | 1.5 |
| 1989 | 1.76 | 1.5 |
| 1988 | 1.63 | 1.5 |
| 1987 | 1.58 | 1.5 |
| 1986 | 1.69 | 1.48 |
| 1985 | 1.75 | 1.5 |
| 1984 | 1.79 | 1.51 |
| 1983 | 1.83 | 1.53 |
| 1982 | 2.01 | 1.61 |
| 1981 | 2.38 | 1.69 |
| 1980 | 2.4 | 1.7 |
| 1979 | 2.37 | 1.67 |
| 1978 | 2.37 | 1.9 |
| 1977 | 2.41 | 1.92 |
| 1976 | 2.53 | 1.91 |
| 1975 | 2.72 | 1.9 |
| 1974 | 2.96 | 1.9 |
| 1973 | 3.56 | 1.94 |
| 1972 | 4.89 | 1.98 |
| 1971 | 3.47 | 2.03 |
| 1970 | 4.66 | 2.09 |
| 1969 | 3.52 | 2.13 |
| 1968 | 3.99 | 2.22 |
| 1967 | 4.05 | 2.48 |
| 1966 | 4.08 | 2.78 |
| 1965 | 4.16 | 2.96 |
| 1964 | 4.41 | 2.92 |
| 1963 | 4.69 | 2.85 |
| 1962 | 4.79 | 2.8 |
| 1961 | 4.78 | 2.78 |
| 1960 | 4.71 | 2.78 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/cayman-islands/liechtenstein | CC BY
Cayman Islands and Liechtenstein demographics compared
| Year | Median age, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 2025 | 39.7 | 45.5 |
| 2024 | 39.3 | 45.4 |
| 2023 | 38.9 | 45.2 |
| 2022 | 38.5 | 45 |
| 2021 | 38.1 | 44.8 |
| 2020 | 37.8 | 44.6 |
| 2019 | 37.4 | 44.4 |
| 2018 | 37.1 | 44.1 |
| 2017 | 36.8 | 43.8 |
| 2016 | 36.5 | 43.4 |
| 2015 | 36.3 | 43 |
| 2014 | 36.1 | 42.7 |
| 2013 | 35.9 | 42.2 |
| 2012 | 35.8 | 41.8 |
| 2011 | 35.7 | 41.4 |
| 2010 | 35.4 | 41.1 |
| 2009 | 35.1 | 40.6 |
| 2008 | 34.8 | 40.1 |
| 2007 | 34.5 | 39.6 |
| 2006 | 34.2 | 39.1 |
| 2005 | 33.9 | 38.6 |
| 2004 | 33.7 | 38.2 |
| 2003 | 33.5 | 37.7 |
| 2002 | 33.4 | 37.3 |
| 2001 | 33.3 | 36.9 |
| 2000 | 33.2 | 36.5 |
| 1999 | 32.9 | 36.1 |
| 1998 | 32.3 | 35.7 |
| 1997 | 31.8 | 35.3 |
| 1996 | 31.3 | 35 |
| 1995 | 30.8 | 34.6 |
| 1994 | 30.5 | 34.3 |
| 1993 | 30.1 | 33.9 |
| 1992 | 29.9 | 33.6 |
| 1991 | 29.6 | 33.3 |
| 1990 | 29.5 | 32.9 |
| 1989 | 29.1 | 32.6 |
| 1988 | 28.6 | 32.3 |
| 1987 | 28.1 | 32 |
| 1986 | 27.6 | 31.7 |
| 1985 | 27.2 | 31.5 |
| 1984 | 26.8 | 31.2 |
| 1983 | 26.4 | 31 |
| 1982 | 26.2 | 30.7 |
| 1981 | 26.1 | 30.5 |
| 1980 | 26 | 30.2 |
| 1979 | 25.7 | 29.8 |
| 1978 | 25 | 29.4 |
| 1977 | 24.3 | 29 |
| 1976 | 23.7 | 28.6 |
| 1975 | 23.1 | 28.3 |
| 1974 | 22.6 | 28.1 |
| 1973 | 22.2 | 27.8 |
| 1972 | 21.8 | 27.6 |
| 1971 | 21.4 | 27.3 |
| 1970 | 21.2 | 27.2 |
| 1969 | 21.2 | 27.1 |
| 1968 | 21.3 | 27 |
| 1967 | 21.6 | 27 |
| 1966 | 21.8 | 27 |
| 1965 | 22.1 | 27 |
| 1964 | 22.3 | 27.1 |
| 1963 | 22.6 | 27.3 |
| 1962 | 22.9 | 27.5 |
| 1961 | 23.3 | 27.8 |
| 1960 | 23.5 | 28 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/cayman-islands/liechtenstein | CC BY
Interactive Maps
Use the buttons below to switch between world maps comparing statistics for the Cayman Islands and Liechtenstein.
National statistics comparison
Finance
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| GNI, Atlas method |
$6.1B
2024 |
$4.16B
2009 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
14%
2026 |
22.6%
2026 |
| Education expenditure, % of GDP |
1.57%
2023 |
2.56%
2011 |
| Unemployment rate |
4.2%
2015 |
2.31%
2017 |
| Services, % of GDP |
86.5%
2024 |
57.4%
2023 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
7.64%
2024 |
39.1%
2023 |
| Economic freedom index |
74
2026 |
74
2026 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
1
2026 |
| Percentage of billionaires | n/a |
0.003%
2026 |
| Listed domestic companies |
4
2020 |
n/a |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$644M
2020 |
n/a |
| Total reserves including gold |
$252M
2024 |
n/a |
| Personal remittances received |
$11.5M
2024 |
n/a |
| International tourist arrivals |
660,000
2020 |
58,400
2020 |
| International tourism as share of exports |
22.9%
2019 |
n/a |
Energy
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions |
0.37 megatons
2024 |
n/a |
| CO2 emissions per capita |
5 tons
2024 |
n/a |
| Renewable energy use share |
0%
2022 |
56.9%
2022 |
| Renewable electricity output share |
2.94%
2021 |
n/a |
| Hydroelectric share |
0%
2021 |
n/a |
| Nuclear share |
0%
2021 |
n/a |
| Electricity access |
100%
2023 |
100%
2023 |
Society
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| % of world population |
0.0009%
2025 |
0.0005%
2025 |
| Annual migration change |
+888
2025 |
+194
2025 |
| Urban population |
100%
2025 |
14.6%
2025 |
| Male:Female ratio |
50.2:49.8
2025 |
49.7:50.3
2025 |
| Quality of life index |
85.3
2026 |
97.5
2026 |
| Corruption Perceptions Index |
76
2026 |
82
2026 |
| Higher education index |
13
2026 |
44
2026 |
| Homicides per 100K people |
4.37
2020 |
5.12
2021 |
| Road traffic mortality per 100K people |
14
2026 |
0.5
2026 |
| Visa free countries | n/a |
170
2026 |
| Adult literacy rate |
98.9%
2017 |
100%
2013 |
| English speaking |
88.8%
2026 |
15.1%
2026 |
| People using the Internet |
81.1%
2017 |
98.3%
2024 |
Health
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Government health expenditure per capita | n/a |
$11,495
2023 |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita | n/a |
$2,266
2023 |
| Life expectancy |
80.9 years
2026 |
84.1 years
2026 |
| Physicians per 1,000 people |
1.94
1997 |
n/a |
| Age at first childbirth | n/a |
31.3 years
2017 |
| Diabetes prevalence |
11.1%
2024 |
7.2%
2024 |
| Air quality index |
78
2026 |
86
2026 |
Territory
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| % of world land |
0.0002%
2026 |
0.0001%
2026 |
| Land area per capita |
1,222 sq mi
2025 |
1,506 sq mi
2025 |
| Agricultural land area |
10.4 sq mi
2026 |
20 sq mi
2026 |
| Forest area |
48.6 sq mi
2026 |
25.9 sq mi
2026 |
| Roads length |
488 mi
2007 |
391 mi
2019 |
In-depth comparisons
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1950–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- EduRank (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (2017, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Passport Index (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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