The latest officially reported population of East Timor was 1,418,517 in 2025 vs 123,366,734 people in Japan in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current East Timor's population is 1,446,322 people compared to 122,704,252 in Japan.
Population statistics:
- Japan's population is 84.8 times bigger than East Timor's.
- East Timor is ranked the 152nd most populous country in the world, while Japan is the 12th.
- The countries together account for 1.49% of the world: 0.02% for East Timor vs 1.48% for Japan.
- For the last 10 years, East Timor has had an average growth rate of +1.67% per year vs -0.28% in Japan.
- Since 2006, the population of East Timor has increased from 977K people to 1.45M (48.1% growth), while Japan has declined from 128M to 123M (4.03% decline).
East Timor vs Japan: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
East Timor
|
Japan
|
|
| 2100 | 1,987,832 | 76,995,942 |
| 2099 | 1,992,781 | 77,380,486 |
| 2098 | 1,999,464 | 77,759,557 |
| 2097 | 2,006,033 | 78,135,569 |
| 2096 | 2,013,975 | 78,515,892 |
| 2095 | 2,022,154 | 78,892,606 |
| 2094 | 2,029,021 | 79,267,768 |
| 2093 | 2,034,247 | 79,645,584 |
| 2092 | 2,039,828 | 80,025,578 |
| 2091 | 2,046,736 | 80,401,222 |
| 2090 | 2,053,036 | 80,778,500 |
| 2089 | 2,060,872 | 81,158,413 |
| 2088 | 2,066,894 | 81,539,639 |
| 2087 | 2,074,575 | 81,926,401 |
| 2086 | 2,077,501 | 82,322,612 |
| 2085 | 2,082,992 | 82,727,738 |
| 2084 | 2,088,750 | 83,141,354 |
| 2083 | 2,094,025 | 83,562,394 |
| 2082 | 2,096,584 | 83,998,809 |
| 2081 | 2,100,389 | 84,447,888 |
| 2080 | 2,103,318 | 84,918,455 |
| 2079 | 2,102,450 | 85,406,042 |
| 2078 | 2,105,023 | 85,916,840 |
| 2077 | 2,105,962 | 86,453,316 |
| 2076 | 2,105,353 | 87,012,155 |
| 2075 | 2,105,681 | 87,597,053 |
| 2074 | 2,104,008 | 88,209,803 |
| 2073 | 2,103,594 | 88,854,316 |
| 2072 | 2,099,913 | 89,519,055 |
| 2071 | 2,092,097 | 90,204,314 |
| 2070 | 2,089,631 | 90,919,143 |
| 2069 | 2,083,998 | 91,645,589 |
| 2068 | 2,077,421 | 92,388,299 |
| 2067 | 2,070,800 | 93,133,993 |
| 2066 | 2,062,424 | 93,889,902 |
| 2065 | 2,055,429 | 94,654,259 |
| 2064 | 2,047,710 | 95,412,429 |
| 2063 | 2,039,046 | 96,169,244 |
| 2062 | 2,031,925 | 96,924,236 |
| 2061 | 2,026,233 | 97,675,525 |
| 2060 | 2,018,606 | 98,422,553 |
| 2059 | 2,008,230 | 99,166,038 |
| 2058 | 1,996,788 | 99,890,950 |
| 2057 | 1,984,779 | 100,607,740 |
| 2056 | 1,970,553 | 101,318,164 |
| 2055 | 1,957,864 | 102,012,184 |
| 2054 | 1,949,402 | 102,706,063 |
| 2053 | 1,933,335 | 103,381,833 |
| 2052 | 1,920,154 | 104,059,800 |
| 2051 | 1,909,672 | 104,729,745 |
| 2050 | 1,892,861 | 105,400,477 |
| 2049 | 1,878,666 | 106,076,354 |
| 2048 | 1,861,588 | 106,754,699 |
| 2047 | 1,844,948 | 107,442,881 |
| 2046 | 1,829,365 | 108,139,155 |
| 2045 | 1,812,921 | 108,844,934 |
| 2044 | 1,797,407 | 109,553,441 |
| 2043 | 1,777,316 | 110,269,851 |
| 2042 | 1,756,704 | 110,992,599 |
| 2041 | 1,738,329 | 111,729,216 |
| 2040 | 1,720,028 | 112,463,507 |
| 2039 | 1,699,358 | 113,200,859 |
| 2038 | 1,679,907 | 113,940,856 |
| 2037 | 1,659,862 | 114,687,611 |
| 2036 | 1,640,436 | 115,436,359 |
| 2035 | 1,617,753 | 116,187,949 |
| 2034 | 1,597,457 | 116,936,734 |
| 2033 | 1,578,852 | 117,678,572 |
| 2032 | 1,560,402 | 118,419,247 |
| 2031 | 1,540,509 | 119,153,646 |
| 2030 | 1,518,434 | 119,882,512 |
| 2029 | 1,496,842 | 120,600,781 |
| 2028 | 1,475,633 | 121,314,239 |
| 2027 | 1,455,562 | 122,015,984 |
| 2026 | 1,436,564 | 122,704,252 |
| 2025 | 1,418,517 | 123,366,734 |
| 2024 | 1,400,638 | 123,975,371 |
| 2023 | 1,384,286 | 124,516,650 |
| 2022 | 1,369,295 | 125,124,989 |
| 2021 | 1,350,139 | 125,681,593 |
| 2020 | 1,326,053 | 126,261,000 |
| 2019 | 1,300,945 | 126,633,000 |
| 2018 | 1,275,959 | 126,811,000 |
| 2017 | 1,251,703 | 126,972,000 |
| 2016 | 1,228,312 | 127,076,000 |
| 2015 | 1,205,131 | 127,141,000 |
| 2014 | 1,181,903 | 127,276,000 |
| 2013 | 1,158,695 | 127,445,000 |
| 2012 | 1,134,885 | 127,629,000 |
| 2011 | 1,110,207 | 127,833,000 |
| 2010 | 1,084,679 | 128,070,000 |
| 2009 | 1,058,782 | 128,047,000 |
| 2008 | 1,032,429 | 128,063,000 |
| 2007 | 1,004,889 | 128,001,000 |
| 2006 | 976,597 | 127,854,000 |
| 2005 | 948,311 | 127,773,000 |
| 2004 | 929,074 | 127,761,000 |
| 2003 | 916,878 | 127,718,000 |
| 2002 | 879,159 | 127,445,000 |
| 2001 | 812,249 | 127,149,000 |
| 2000 | 745,088 | 126,843,000 |
| 1999 | 834,697 | 126,631,000 |
| 1998 | 942,530 | 126,400,000 |
| 1997 | 917,184 | 126,057,000 |
| 1996 | 892,282 | 125,757,000 |
| 1995 | 868,146 | 125,472,000 |
| 1994 | 844,493 | 125,178,000 |
| 1993 | 821,437 | 124,829,000 |
| 1992 | 799,318 | 124,425,000 |
| 1991 | 778,278 | 123,964,000 |
| 1990 | 760,345 | 123,478,000 |
| 1989 | 744,856 | 123,069,000 |
| 1988 | 730,745 | 122,578,000 |
| 1987 | 718,476 | 122,069,000 |
| 1986 | 707,185 | 121,482,000 |
| 1985 | 696,665 | 120,837,000 |
| 1984 | 686,777 | 120,083,000 |
| 1983 | 677,707 | 119,307,000 |
| 1982 | 669,149 | 118,480,000 |
| 1981 | 660,493 | 117,661,000 |
| 1980 | 649,871 | 116,807,000 |
| 1979 | 638,719 | 115,890,000 |
| 1978 | 628,775 | 114,913,000 |
| 1977 | 618,315 | 113,872,000 |
| 1976 | 607,620 | 112,775,000 |
| 1975 | 598,158 | 111,573,000 |
| 1974 | 590,827 | 110,162,000 |
| 1973 | 582,855 | 108,707,000 |
| 1972 | 572,962 | 107,188,000 |
| 1971 | 562,966 | 105,697,000 |
| 1970 | 553,069 | 103,403,000 |
| 1969 | 543,356 | 102,219,000 |
| 1968 | 533,875 | 101,011,000 |
| 1967 | 524,648 | 99,879,000 |
| 1966 | 515,696 | 98,851,000 |
| 1965 | 507,034 | 97,952,000 |
| 1964 | 498,659 | 96,903,000 |
| 1963 | 490,564 | 95,900,000 |
| 1962 | 482,774 | 94,933,000 |
| 1961 | 475,291 | 94,055,000 |
| 1960 | 468,118 | 93,216,000 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/japan | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of East Timor increased by 251,715 people (a 25.8% growth), while Japan lost 778,000 people (a 0.61% decline).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, East Timor gained 218,010 people (a 17.7% growth), while Japan's population decreased by 4,371,748 people (a 3.44% decline).
East Timor was ranked 155th most populous country in 2006 and is 152nd in 2026. Japan was ranked 10th in 2006 and ranked 12th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) East Timor's population will grow by 30.9% to 1,892,861 people with a rank change from 152nd to 149th. The population of Japan will decrease by 14.1% to 105,400,477 people and rank change from 12th to 17th.
East Timor is projected to reach its peak in 2077 at 2.11M people, while Japan's population already peaked in 2010 at 128M people and is projected to decrease to 77M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
East Timor
|
Japan
|
|
| 2100 | -0.25% | -0.5% |
| 2099 | -0.33% | -0.49% |
| 2098 | -0.33% | -0.48% |
| 2097 | -0.39% | -0.48% |
| 2096 | -0.4% | -0.48% |
| 2095 | -0.34% | -0.47% |
| 2094 | -0.26% | -0.47% |
| 2093 | -0.27% | -0.47% |
| 2092 | -0.34% | -0.47% |
| 2091 | -0.31% | -0.47% |
| 2090 | -0.38% | -0.47% |
| 2089 | -0.29% | -0.47% |
| 2088 | -0.37% | -0.47% |
| 2087 | -0.14% | -0.48% |
| 2086 | -0.26% | -0.49% |
| 2085 | -0.28% | -0.5% |
| 2084 | -0.25% | -0.5% |
| 2083 | -0.12% | -0.52% |
| 2082 | -0.18% | -0.53% |
| 2081 | -0.14% | -0.55% |
| 2080 | 0.04% | -0.57% |
| 2079 | -0.12% | -0.59% |
| 2078 | -0.04% | -0.62% |
| 2077 | 0.03% | -0.64% |
| 2076 | -0.02% | -0.67% |
| 2075 | 0.08% | -0.69% |
| 2074 | 0.02% | -0.73% |
| 2073 | 0.18% | -0.74% |
| 2072 | 0.37% | -0.76% |
| 2071 | 0.12% | -0.79% |
| 2070 | 0.27% | -0.79% |
| 2069 | 0.32% | -0.8% |
| 2068 | 0.32% | -0.8% |
| 2067 | 0.41% | -0.81% |
| 2066 | 0.34% | -0.81% |
| 2065 | 0.38% | -0.79% |
| 2064 | 0.42% | -0.79% |
| 2063 | 0.35% | -0.78% |
| 2062 | 0.28% | -0.77% |
| 2061 | 0.38% | -0.76% |
| 2060 | 0.52% | -0.75% |
| 2059 | 0.57% | -0.73% |
| 2058 | 0.61% | -0.71% |
| 2057 | 0.72% | -0.7% |
| 2056 | 0.65% | -0.68% |
| 2055 | 0.43% | -0.68% |
| 2054 | 0.83% | -0.65% |
| 2053 | 0.69% | -0.65% |
| 2052 | 0.55% | -0.64% |
| 2051 | 0.89% | -0.64% |
| 2050 | 0.76% | -0.64% |
| 2049 | 0.92% | -0.64% |
| 2048 | 0.9% | -0.64% |
| 2047 | 0.85% | -0.64% |
| 2046 | 0.91% | -0.65% |
| 2045 | 0.86% | -0.65% |
| 2044 | 1.13% | -0.65% |
| 2043 | 1.17% | -0.65% |
| 2042 | 1.06% | -0.66% |
| 2041 | 1.06% | -0.65% |
| 2040 | 1.22% | -0.65% |
| 2039 | 1.16% | -0.65% |
| 2038 | 1.21% | -0.65% |
| 2037 | 1.18% | -0.65% |
| 2036 | 1.4% | -0.65% |
| 2035 | 1.27% | -0.64% |
| 2034 | 1.18% | -0.63% |
| 2033 | 1.18% | -0.63% |
| 2032 | 1.29% | -0.62% |
| 2031 | 1.45% | -0.61% |
| 2030 | 1.44% | -0.6% |
| 2029 | 1.44% | -0.59% |
| 2028 | 1.38% | -0.58% |
| 2027 | 1.32% | -0.56% |
| 2026 | 1.27% | -0.54% |
| 2025 | 1.28% | -0.49% |
| 2024 | 1.18% | -0.43% |
| 2023 | 1.09% | -0.49% |
| 2022 | 1.42% | -0.44% |
| 2021 | 1.82% | -0.46% |
| 2020 | 1.93% | -0.29% |
| 2019 | 1.96% | -0.14% |
| 2018 | 1.94% | -0.13% |
| 2017 | 1.9% | -0.08% |
| 2016 | 1.92% | -0.05% |
| 2015 | 1.97% | -0.11% |
| 2014 | 2% | -0.13% |
| 2013 | 2.1% | -0.14% |
| 2012 | 2.22% | -0.16% |
| 2011 | 2.35% | -0.19% |
| 2010 | 2.45% | 0.02% |
| 2009 | 2.55% | -0.01% |
| 2008 | 2.74% | 0.05% |
| 2007 | 2.9% | 0.11% |
| 2006 | 2.98% | 0.06% |
| 2005 | 2.07% | 0.009% |
| 2004 | 1.33% | 0.03% |
| 2003 | 4.29% | 0.21% |
| 2002 | 8.24% | 0.23% |
| 2001 | 9.01% | 0.24% |
| 2000 | -10.7% | 0.17% |
| 1999 | -11.4% | 0.18% |
| 1998 | 2.76% | 0.27% |
| 1997 | 2.79% | 0.24% |
| 1996 | 2.78% | 0.23% |
| 1995 | 2.8% | 0.23% |
| 1994 | 2.81% | 0.28% |
| 1993 | 2.77% | 0.32% |
| 1992 | 2.7% | 0.37% |
| 1991 | 2.36% | 0.39% |
| 1990 | 2.08% | 0.33% |
| 1989 | 1.93% | 0.4% |
| 1988 | 1.71% | 0.42% |
| 1987 | 1.6% | 0.48% |
| 1986 | 1.51% | 0.53% |
| 1985 | 1.44% | 0.63% |
| 1984 | 1.34% | 0.65% |
| 1983 | 1.28% | 0.7% |
| 1982 | 1.31% | 0.7% |
| 1981 | 1.63% | 0.73% |
| 1980 | 1.75% | 0.79% |
| 1979 | 1.58% | 0.85% |
| 1978 | 1.69% | 0.91% |
| 1977 | 1.76% | 0.97% |
| 1976 | 1.58% | 1.08% |
| 1975 | 1.24% | 1.28% |
| 1974 | 1.37% | 1.34% |
| 1973 | 1.73% | 1.42% |
| 1972 | 1.78% | 1.41% |
| 1971 | 1.79% | 2.22% |
| 1970 | 1.79% | 1.16% |
| 1969 | 1.78% | 1.2% |
| 1968 | 1.76% | 1.13% |
| 1967 | 1.74% | 1.04% |
| 1966 | 1.71% | 0.92% |
| 1965 | 1.68% | 1.08% |
| 1964 | 1.65% | 1.05% |
| 1963 | 1.61% | 1.02% |
| 1962 | 1.57% | 0.93% |
| 1961 | 1.53% | 0.9% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/japan | CC BY
In 2025, the population of East Timor grew by 1.28%, while Japan's population declined by 0.49%.
Live population counters
|
East Timor
|
Japan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1446322
|
122704252
|
| Population rank | 152/197 | 12/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 1.48% |
| One net population change |
29.5 minutes
|
52 seconds
|
| One birth every |
17.2 minutes
|
44.6 seconds
|
| One death every |
52 minutes
|
19.1 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | +49 | -1,667 |
| Annual growth/decline | +17,879 | -608,637 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.28% | -0.49% |
| Population growth rate rank | 80/197 | 183/197 |
| One migration net change every |
3.44 hours
|
3.75 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -2,550 | +140,579 |
| Net migration rank | 102/196 | 10/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 8,303 | 3,409,529 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 179/195 | 19/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.6% | 2.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 169/195 | 120/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
East Timor
|
Japan
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,550 | - | 140,579 |
| 2024 | 20,378 | -2,552 | -942,213 | 153,357 |
| 2023 | 20,495 | -5,620 | -871,617 | 175,003 |
| 2022 | 20,625 | -5,519 | -825,825 | 175,003 |
| 2021 | 20,101 | 3,111 | -640,976 | -34,996 |
| 2020 | 21,166 | 3,793 | -542,923 | 42,001 |
| 2019 | 21,307 | 3,942 | -531,858 | 318,190 |
| 2018 | 21,650 | 3,062 | -456,520 | 320,601 |
| 2017 | 22,145 | 1,666 | -406,310 | 322,564 |
| 2016 | 22,778 | 208 | -343,106 | 314,732 |
| 2015 | 23,391 | -20 | -292,424 | 168,896 |
| 2014 | 24,040 | -958 | -267,279 | 58,109 |
| 2013 | 24,538 | -1,206 | -242,146 | 66,449 |
| 2012 | 24,890 | -609 | -229,733 | 67,904 |
| 2011 | 25,237 | -159 | -204,533 | 97,720 |
| 2010 | 25,515 | 470 | -128,070 | 131,860 |
| 2009 | 25,696 | 117 | -76,828 | 125,450 |
| 2008 | 25,888 | 1,009 | -51,225 | 142,605 |
| 2007 | 26,074 | 2,103 | -25,600 | 138,024 |
| 2006 | 26,221 | 2,184 | 12,785 | 130,065 |
| 2005 | 26,412 | 1,759 | -25,554 | 113,017 |
| 2004 | 26,751 | -16,447 | 76,656 | 69,014 |
| 2003 | 26,900 | -12,810 | 114,946 | 74,875 |
| 2002 | 25,410 | 35,935 | 178,423 | 60,864 |
| 2001 | 23,314 | 49,159 | 203,438 | 59,563 |
| 2000 | 21,579 | 40,272 | 228,317 | 23,468 |
| 1999 | 21,871 | -262,940 | 202,610 | 56,901 |
| 1998 | 23,590 | 1,806 | 265,440 | 45,912 |
| 1997 | 23,501 | 1,804 | 277,325 | 43,366 |
| 1996 | 22,703 | 1,796 | 314,392 | 25,030 |
| 1995 | 21,962 | 1,806 | 276,039 | 87,714 |
| 1994 | 21,746 | 1,794 | 363,017 | 154,214 |
| 1993 | 20,770 | 1,795 | 312,073 | 168,836 |
| 1992 | 19,880 | 1,794 | 360,833 | 170,878 |
| 1991 | 18,605 | 1,803 | 396,685 | 161,331 |
| 1990 | 18,343 | -2,881 | 407,478 | 124,582 |
| 1989 | 17,758 | -2,246 | 467,662 | 31,202 |
| 1988 | 12,118 | 587 | 527,085 | 51,154 |
| 1987 | 11,945 | -106 | 598,138 | 28,001 |
| 1986 | 11,062 | -316 | 631,706 | 27,987 |
| 1985 | 10,788 | -495 | 676,687 | -141,323 |
| 1984 | 10,922 | -1,436 | 756,523 | -273,686 |
| 1983 | 9,686 | -1,032 | 775,495 | -269,755 |
| 1982 | 9,579 | -1,125 | 805,664 | -288,550 |
| 1981 | 9,336 | -482 | 811,861 | -278,525 |
| 1980 | 6,940 | 5,457 | 864,372 | -92,314 |
| 1979 | 987 | 8,924 | 950,298 | -57,692 |
| 1978 | -1,000 | 10,967 | 1,011,234 | -47,996 |
| 1977 | 296 | 10,657 | 1,070,397 | -49,082 |
| 1976 | 783 | 9,662 | 1,127,750 | -34,976 |
| 1975 | -1,062 | 9,542 | 1,204,989 | 107 |
| 1974 | 8,405 | -2,222 | 1,332,960 | -10,145 |
| 1973 | 10,033 | -278 | 1,391,449 | -34,674 |
| 1972 | 10,030 | 0 | 1,372,006 | -73,980 |
| 1971 | 9,964 | 0 | 1,331,782 | -107,778 |
| 1970 | 9,824 | 0 | 1,230,496 | 33,731 |
| 1969 | 9,611 | 0 | 1,195,962 | 49,447 |
| 1968 | 9,356 | 0 | 1,191,930 | 43,593 |
| 1967 | 9,089 | 0 | 1,258,475 | 29,632 |
| 1966 | 8,810 | 0 | 682,072 | 68,934 |
| 1965 | 8,526 | 0 | 1,126,448 | -50,667 |
| 1964 | 8,235 | 0 | 1,046,553 | -100,696 |
| 1963 | 7,938 | 0 | 987,770 | -100,742 |
| 1962 | 7,639 | 0 | 901,864 | -57,075 |
| 1961 | 7,330 | 0 | 893,522 | -58,882 |
| 1960 | 7,012 | 0 | 894,874 | -150,371 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/japan | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99% of the population change in East Timor is from natural causes (a gain of 214,036 people) and 0.96% is from migration (a gain of 2,071 people). In Japan 75% is from natural causes (a loss of 5,853,772 people) and 25% is from migration (a gain of 1,955,351 people).
As of 2024, 8,303 residents or 0.6% of the population were not native-born in East Timor, compared to 3,409,529 people or 2.8% in Japan.
Biggest cities by population
|
East Timor
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Dili | 222K |
| Maliana | 15.8K |
| Baucau | 15K |
| Ainaro | 5.45K |
|
Japan
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Tokyo | 14.3M |
| Yokohama | 3.76M |
| Osaka | 2.75M |
| Nagoya | 2.33M |
| Sapporo | 1.96M |
| Fukuoka | 1.6M |
| Kawasaki | 1.54M |
| Kobe | 1.52M |
| Kyoto | 1.46M |
| Saitama | 1.33M |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between East Timor and Japan
|
East Timor
|
Japan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 68.3 years | 85.1 years |
| Average age | 26.8 years | 48.5 years |
| Median age | 22.8 years | 50.8 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.4:49.6 | 48.8:51.2 |
| Fertility rate | 2.63 births per woman | 1.15 births per woman |
| Population density | 250.2 ppl/mi² | 872 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/japan | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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