The latest officially reported population of Costa Rica was 5,152,950 in 2025 vs 1,418,517 people in East Timor in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Costa Rica's population is 5,186,356 people compared to 1,446,322 in East Timor.
Population statistics:
- Costa Rica's population is 3.59 times bigger than East Timor's.
- Costa Rica is ranked the 126th most populous country in the world, while East Timor is the 152nd.
- The countries together account for 0.08% of the world: 0.06% for Costa Rica vs 0.02% for East Timor.
- For the last 10 years, Costa Rica has had an average growth rate of +0.71% per year vs +1.67% in East Timor.
- Since 2006, the population of Costa Rica has increased from 4.32M people to 5.19M (20% growth), while East Timor has grown from 977K to 1.45M (48.1% growth).
Costa Rica vs East Timor: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Costa Rica
|
East Timor
|
|
| 2100 | 3,803,678 | 1,987,832 |
| 2099 | 3,841,913 | 1,992,781 |
| 2098 | 3,880,484 | 1,999,464 |
| 2097 | 3,919,475 | 2,006,033 |
| 2096 | 3,958,826 | 2,013,975 |
| 2095 | 3,998,552 | 2,022,154 |
| 2094 | 4,038,516 | 2,029,021 |
| 2093 | 4,078,807 | 2,034,247 |
| 2092 | 4,119,351 | 2,039,828 |
| 2091 | 4,160,111 | 2,046,736 |
| 2090 | 4,200,989 | 2,053,036 |
| 2089 | 4,241,888 | 2,060,872 |
| 2088 | 4,282,758 | 2,066,894 |
| 2087 | 4,323,650 | 2,074,575 |
| 2086 | 4,364,399 | 2,077,501 |
| 2085 | 4,404,935 | 2,082,992 |
| 2084 | 4,445,179 | 2,088,750 |
| 2083 | 4,485,048 | 2,094,025 |
| 2082 | 4,524,570 | 2,096,584 |
| 2081 | 4,563,658 | 2,100,389 |
| 2080 | 4,602,126 | 2,103,318 |
| 2079 | 4,640,060 | 2,102,450 |
| 2078 | 4,677,313 | 2,105,023 |
| 2077 | 4,713,901 | 2,105,962 |
| 2076 | 4,749,678 | 2,105,353 |
| 2075 | 4,784,723 | 2,105,681 |
| 2074 | 4,819,050 | 2,104,008 |
| 2073 | 4,852,492 | 2,103,594 |
| 2072 | 4,885,078 | 2,099,913 |
| 2071 | 4,916,792 | 2,092,097 |
| 2070 | 4,947,655 | 2,089,631 |
| 2069 | 4,977,764 | 2,083,998 |
| 2068 | 5,006,939 | 2,077,421 |
| 2067 | 5,035,207 | 2,070,800 |
| 2066 | 5,062,849 | 2,062,424 |
| 2065 | 5,089,797 | 2,055,429 |
| 2064 | 5,115,866 | 2,047,710 |
| 2063 | 5,141,239 | 2,039,046 |
| 2062 | 5,165,574 | 2,031,925 |
| 2061 | 5,189,146 | 2,026,233 |
| 2060 | 5,211,857 | 2,018,606 |
| 2059 | 5,233,370 | 2,008,230 |
| 2058 | 5,253,830 | 1,996,788 |
| 2057 | 5,273,143 | 1,984,779 |
| 2056 | 5,291,310 | 1,970,553 |
| 2055 | 5,308,124 | 1,957,864 |
| 2054 | 5,323,598 | 1,949,402 |
| 2053 | 5,337,707 | 1,933,335 |
| 2052 | 5,350,263 | 1,920,154 |
| 2051 | 5,361,152 | 1,909,672 |
| 2050 | 5,370,484 | 1,892,861 |
| 2049 | 5,378,189 | 1,878,666 |
| 2048 | 5,384,366 | 1,861,588 |
| 2047 | 5,388,962 | 1,844,948 |
| 2046 | 5,391,996 | 1,829,365 |
| 2045 | 5,393,493 | 1,812,921 |
| 2044 | 5,393,407 | 1,797,407 |
| 2043 | 5,391,873 | 1,777,316 |
| 2042 | 5,388,912 | 1,756,704 |
| 2041 | 5,384,386 | 1,738,329 |
| 2040 | 5,378,629 | 1,720,028 |
| 2039 | 5,371,473 | 1,699,358 |
| 2038 | 5,362,904 | 1,679,907 |
| 2037 | 5,353,217 | 1,659,862 |
| 2036 | 5,342,317 | 1,640,436 |
| 2035 | 5,330,286 | 1,617,753 |
| 2034 | 5,317,189 | 1,597,457 |
| 2033 | 5,302,930 | 1,578,852 |
| 2032 | 5,287,714 | 1,560,402 |
| 2031 | 5,271,514 | 1,540,509 |
| 2030 | 5,254,366 | 1,518,434 |
| 2029 | 5,236,206 | 1,496,842 |
| 2028 | 5,217,031 | 1,475,633 |
| 2027 | 5,196,723 | 1,455,562 |
| 2026 | 5,175,408 | 1,436,564 |
| 2025 | 5,152,950 | 1,418,517 |
| 2024 | 5,129,910 | 1,400,638 |
| 2023 | 5,105,525 | 1,384,286 |
| 2022 | 5,081,765 | 1,369,295 |
| 2021 | 5,059,988 | 1,350,139 |
| 2020 | 5,034,320 | 1,326,053 |
| 2019 | 4,999,553 | 1,300,945 |
| 2018 | 4,957,818 | 1,275,959 |
| 2017 | 4,913,177 | 1,251,703 |
| 2016 | 4,866,998 | 1,228,312 |
| 2015 | 4,818,038 | 1,205,131 |
| 2014 | 4,767,119 | 1,181,903 |
| 2013 | 4,716,147 | 1,158,695 |
| 2012 | 4,663,934 | 1,134,885 |
| 2011 | 4,609,833 | 1,110,207 |
| 2010 | 4,555,962 | 1,084,679 |
| 2009 | 4,499,791 | 1,058,782 |
| 2008 | 4,440,056 | 1,032,429 |
| 2007 | 4,380,248 | 1,004,889 |
| 2006 | 4,321,340 | 976,597 |
| 2005 | 4,261,240 | 948,311 |
| 2004 | 4,200,078 | 929,074 |
| 2003 | 4,138,784 | 916,878 |
| 2002 | 4,075,705 | 879,159 |
| 2001 | 4,008,947 | 812,249 |
| 2000 | 3,937,739 | 745,088 |
| 1999 | 3,862,101 | 834,697 |
| 1998 | 3,782,838 | 942,530 |
| 1997 | 3,701,711 | 917,184 |
| 1996 | 3,619,013 | 892,282 |
| 1995 | 3,535,176 | 868,146 |
| 1994 | 3,451,122 | 844,493 |
| 1993 | 3,367,434 | 821,437 |
| 1992 | 3,284,258 | 799,318 |
| 1991 | 3,202,176 | 778,278 |
| 1990 | 3,121,706 | 760,345 |
| 1989 | 3,043,827 | 744,856 |
| 1988 | 2,968,103 | 730,745 |
| 1987 | 2,892,699 | 718,476 |
| 1986 | 2,817,216 | 707,185 |
| 1985 | 2,741,894 | 696,665 |
| 1984 | 2,667,595 | 686,777 |
| 1983 | 2,595,153 | 677,707 |
| 1982 | 2,524,806 | 669,149 |
| 1981 | 2,456,637 | 660,493 |
| 1980 | 2,390,633 | 649,871 |
| 1979 | 2,326,490 | 638,719 |
| 1978 | 2,264,510 | 628,775 |
| 1977 | 2,205,025 | 618,315 |
| 1976 | 2,147,774 | 607,620 |
| 1975 | 2,092,719 | 598,158 |
| 1974 | 2,039,643 | 590,827 |
| 1973 | 1,988,343 | 582,855 |
| 1972 | 1,938,248 | 572,962 |
| 1971 | 1,888,539 | 562,966 |
| 1970 | 1,838,949 | 553,069 |
| 1969 | 1,789,276 | 543,356 |
| 1968 | 1,739,731 | 533,875 |
| 1967 | 1,689,523 | 524,648 |
| 1966 | 1,638,116 | 515,696 |
| 1965 | 1,586,208 | 507,034 |
| 1964 | 1,533,960 | 498,659 |
| 1963 | 1,481,604 | 490,564 |
| 1962 | 1,429,445 | 482,774 |
| 1961 | 1,377,920 | 475,291 |
| 1960 | 1,327,496 | 468,118 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/costa-rica/east-timor | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Costa Rica increased by 545,658 people (a 12.6% growth), while East Timor gained 251,715 people (a 25.8% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Costa Rica gained 319,358 people (a 6.56% growth), while East Timor's population increased by 218,010 people (a 17.7% growth).
Costa Rica was ranked 119th most populous country in 2006 and is 126th in 2026. East Timor was ranked 155th in 2006 and ranked 152nd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Costa Rica's population will grow by 3.55% to 5,370,484 people with a rank change from 126th to 127th. The population of East Timor will increase by 30.9% to 1,892,861 people and rank change from 152nd to 149th.
Costa Rica is projected to reach its peak in 2045 at 5.39M people compared to the peak of 2.11M people in 2077 for East Timor.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Costa Rica
|
East Timor
|
|
| 2100 | -1% | -0.25% |
| 2099 | -0.99% | -0.33% |
| 2098 | -0.99% | -0.33% |
| 2097 | -0.99% | -0.39% |
| 2096 | -0.99% | -0.4% |
| 2095 | -0.99% | -0.34% |
| 2094 | -0.99% | -0.26% |
| 2093 | -0.98% | -0.27% |
| 2092 | -0.98% | -0.34% |
| 2091 | -0.97% | -0.31% |
| 2090 | -0.96% | -0.38% |
| 2089 | -0.95% | -0.29% |
| 2088 | -0.95% | -0.37% |
| 2087 | -0.93% | -0.14% |
| 2086 | -0.92% | -0.26% |
| 2085 | -0.91% | -0.28% |
| 2084 | -0.89% | -0.25% |
| 2083 | -0.87% | -0.12% |
| 2082 | -0.86% | -0.18% |
| 2081 | -0.84% | -0.14% |
| 2080 | -0.82% | 0.04% |
| 2079 | -0.8% | -0.12% |
| 2078 | -0.78% | -0.04% |
| 2077 | -0.75% | 0.03% |
| 2076 | -0.73% | -0.02% |
| 2075 | -0.71% | 0.08% |
| 2074 | -0.69% | 0.02% |
| 2073 | -0.67% | 0.18% |
| 2072 | -0.65% | 0.37% |
| 2071 | -0.62% | 0.12% |
| 2070 | -0.6% | 0.27% |
| 2069 | -0.58% | 0.32% |
| 2068 | -0.56% | 0.32% |
| 2067 | -0.55% | 0.41% |
| 2066 | -0.53% | 0.34% |
| 2065 | -0.51% | 0.38% |
| 2064 | -0.49% | 0.42% |
| 2063 | -0.47% | 0.35% |
| 2062 | -0.45% | 0.28% |
| 2061 | -0.44% | 0.38% |
| 2060 | -0.41% | 0.52% |
| 2059 | -0.39% | 0.57% |
| 2058 | -0.37% | 0.61% |
| 2057 | -0.34% | 0.72% |
| 2056 | -0.32% | 0.65% |
| 2055 | -0.29% | 0.43% |
| 2054 | -0.26% | 0.83% |
| 2053 | -0.23% | 0.69% |
| 2052 | -0.2% | 0.55% |
| 2051 | -0.17% | 0.89% |
| 2050 | -0.14% | 0.76% |
| 2049 | -0.11% | 0.92% |
| 2048 | -0.09% | 0.9% |
| 2047 | -0.06% | 0.85% |
| 2046 | -0.03% | 0.91% |
| 2045 | 0.002% | 0.86% |
| 2044 | 0.03% | 1.13% |
| 2043 | 0.05% | 1.17% |
| 2042 | 0.08% | 1.06% |
| 2041 | 0.11% | 1.06% |
| 2040 | 0.13% | 1.22% |
| 2039 | 0.16% | 1.16% |
| 2038 | 0.18% | 1.21% |
| 2037 | 0.2% | 1.18% |
| 2036 | 0.23% | 1.4% |
| 2035 | 0.25% | 1.27% |
| 2034 | 0.27% | 1.18% |
| 2033 | 0.29% | 1.18% |
| 2032 | 0.31% | 1.29% |
| 2031 | 0.33% | 1.45% |
| 2030 | 0.35% | 1.44% |
| 2029 | 0.37% | 1.44% |
| 2028 | 0.39% | 1.38% |
| 2027 | 0.41% | 1.32% |
| 2026 | 0.44% | 1.27% |
| 2025 | 0.45% | 1.28% |
| 2024 | 0.48% | 1.18% |
| 2023 | 0.47% | 1.09% |
| 2022 | 0.43% | 1.42% |
| 2021 | 0.51% | 1.82% |
| 2020 | 0.7% | 1.93% |
| 2019 | 0.84% | 1.96% |
| 2018 | 0.91% | 1.94% |
| 2017 | 0.95% | 1.9% |
| 2016 | 1.02% | 1.92% |
| 2015 | 1.07% | 1.97% |
| 2014 | 1.08% | 2% |
| 2013 | 1.12% | 2.1% |
| 2012 | 1.17% | 2.22% |
| 2011 | 1.18% | 2.35% |
| 2010 | 1.25% | 2.45% |
| 2009 | 1.35% | 2.55% |
| 2008 | 1.37% | 2.74% |
| 2007 | 1.36% | 2.9% |
| 2006 | 1.41% | 2.98% |
| 2005 | 1.46% | 2.07% |
| 2004 | 1.48% | 1.33% |
| 2003 | 1.55% | 4.29% |
| 2002 | 1.67% | 8.24% |
| 2001 | 1.81% | 9.01% |
| 2000 | 1.96% | -10.7% |
| 1999 | 2.1% | -11.4% |
| 1998 | 2.19% | 2.76% |
| 1997 | 2.29% | 2.79% |
| 1996 | 2.37% | 2.78% |
| 1995 | 2.44% | 2.8% |
| 1994 | 2.49% | 2.81% |
| 1993 | 2.53% | 2.77% |
| 1992 | 2.56% | 2.7% |
| 1991 | 2.58% | 2.36% |
| 1990 | 2.56% | 2.08% |
| 1989 | 2.55% | 1.93% |
| 1988 | 2.61% | 1.71% |
| 1987 | 2.68% | 1.6% |
| 1986 | 2.75% | 1.51% |
| 1985 | 2.79% | 1.44% |
| 1984 | 2.79% | 1.34% |
| 1983 | 2.79% | 1.28% |
| 1982 | 2.77% | 1.31% |
| 1981 | 2.76% | 1.63% |
| 1980 | 2.76% | 1.75% |
| 1979 | 2.74% | 1.58% |
| 1978 | 2.7% | 1.69% |
| 1977 | 2.67% | 1.76% |
| 1976 | 2.63% | 1.58% |
| 1975 | 2.6% | 1.24% |
| 1974 | 2.58% | 1.37% |
| 1973 | 2.58% | 1.73% |
| 1972 | 2.63% | 1.78% |
| 1971 | 2.7% | 1.79% |
| 1970 | 2.78% | 1.79% |
| 1969 | 2.85% | 1.78% |
| 1968 | 2.97% | 1.76% |
| 1967 | 3.14% | 1.74% |
| 1966 | 3.27% | 1.71% |
| 1965 | 3.41% | 1.68% |
| 1964 | 3.53% | 1.65% |
| 1963 | 3.65% | 1.61% |
| 1962 | 3.74% | 1.57% |
| 1961 | 3.8% | 1.53% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/costa-rica/east-timor | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Costa Rica grew by 0.45%, while East Timor's population grew by 1.28%.
Live population counters
|
Costa Rica
|
East Timor
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
5186356
|
1446322
|
| Population rank | 126/197 | 152/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.06% | 0.02% |
| One net population change |
22.9 minutes
|
29.5 minutes
|
| One birth every |
10.3 minutes
|
17.2 minutes
|
| One death every |
18.4 minutes
|
52 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +63 | +49 |
| Annual growth/decline | +23,040 | +17,879 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.45% | +1.28% |
| Population growth rate rank | 134/197 | 80/197 |
| One migration net change every |
8.78 hours
|
3.44 hours
|
| Annual migration change | +1,000 | -2,550 |
| Net migration rank | 63/196 | 102/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 628,404 | 8,303 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 75/195 | 179/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 12.2% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 55/195 | 169/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Costa Rica
|
East Timor
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 1,000 | - | -2,550 |
| 2024 | 22,699 | 967 | 20,378 | -2,552 |
| 2023 | 24,109 | 995 | 20,495 | -5,620 |
| 2022 | 21,409 | 1,006 | 20,625 | -5,519 |
| 2021 | 20,119 | 1,018 | 20,101 | 3,111 |
| 2020 | 29,164 | 1,029 | 21,166 | 3,793 |
| 2019 | 37,682 | 1,653 | 21,307 | 3,942 |
| 2018 | 42,469 | 1,673 | 21,650 | 3,062 |
| 2017 | 43,471 | 1,671 | 22,145 | 1,666 |
| 2016 | 45,565 | 1,649 | 22,778 | 208 |
| 2015 | 49,077 | 1,617 | 23,391 | -20 |
| 2014 | 49,559 | 1,589 | 24,040 | -958 |
| 2013 | 49,227 | 1,579 | 24,538 | -1,206 |
| 2012 | 52,036 | 1,587 | 24,890 | -609 |
| 2011 | 52,884 | 1,695 | 25,237 | -159 |
| 2010 | 50,803 | 2,357 | 25,515 | 470 |
| 2009 | 55,757 | 3,432 | 25,696 | 117 |
| 2008 | 56,491 | 3,794 | 25,888 | 1,009 |
| 2007 | 55,244 | 4,080 | 26,074 | 2,103 |
| 2006 | 54,177 | 4,321 | 26,221 | 2,184 |
| 2005 | 57,139 | 4,567 | 26,412 | 1,759 |
| 2004 | 55,769 | 4,856 | 26,751 | -16,447 |
| 2003 | 56,743 | 5,216 | 26,900 | -12,810 |
| 2002 | 58,388 | 5,812 | 25,410 | 35,935 |
| 2001 | 62,199 | 7,119 | 23,314 | 49,159 |
| 2000 | 64,268 | 8,826 | 21,579 | 40,272 |
| 1999 | 64,922 | 13,253 | 21,871 | -262,940 |
| 1998 | 64,788 | 15,556 | 23,590 | 1,806 |
| 1997 | 64,954 | 16,954 | 23,501 | 1,804 |
| 1996 | 66,094 | 17,393 | 22,703 | 1,796 |
| 1995 | 67,585 | 16,609 | 21,962 | 1,806 |
| 1994 | 68,336 | 15,587 | 21,746 | 1,794 |
| 1993 | 69,016 | 14,431 | 20,770 | 1,795 |
| 1992 | 69,830 | 13,069 | 19,880 | 1,794 |
| 1991 | 70,506 | 10,757 | 18,605 | 1,803 |
| 1990 | 71,727 | 7,949 | 18,343 | -2,881 |
| 1989 | 72,327 | 3,758 | 17,758 | -2,246 |
| 1988 | 72,944 | 2,414 | 12,118 | 587 |
| 1987 | 73,188 | 2,267 | 11,945 | -106 |
| 1986 | 73,211 | 2,302 | 11,062 | -316 |
| 1985 | 72,776 | 2,357 | 10,788 | -495 |
| 1984 | 71,062 | 2,402 | 10,922 | -1,436 |
| 1983 | 68,972 | 2,449 | 9,686 | -1,032 |
| 1982 | 66,826 | 2,453 | 9,579 | -1,125 |
| 1981 | 64,632 | 2,431 | 9,336 | -482 |
| 1980 | 62,561 | 2,387 | 6,940 | 5,457 |
| 1979 | 60,984 | 2,349 | 987 | 8,924 |
| 1978 | 58,327 | 2,296 | -1,000 | 10,967 |
| 1977 | 56,122 | 2,228 | 296 | 10,657 |
| 1976 | 54,019 | 2,129 | 783 | 9,662 |
| 1975 | 51,979 | 1,992 | -1,062 | 9,542 |
| 1974 | 50,349 | 1,839 | 8,405 | -2,222 |
| 1973 | 48,943 | 1,468 | 10,033 | -278 |
| 1972 | 48,417 | 1,366 | 10,030 | 0 |
| 1971 | 48,341 | 1,296 | 9,964 | 0 |
| 1970 | 48,398 | 1,137 | 9,824 | 0 |
| 1969 | 48,790 | 1,017 | 9,611 | 0 |
| 1968 | 48,361 | 939 | 9,356 | 0 |
| 1967 | 50,193 | 926 | 9,089 | 0 |
| 1966 | 50,755 | 930 | 8,810 | 0 |
| 1965 | 51,196 | 932 | 8,526 | 0 |
| 1964 | 51,435 | 934 | 8,235 | 0 |
| 1963 | 51,403 | 938 | 7,938 | 0 |
| 1962 | 51,046 | 934 | 7,639 | 0 |
| 1961 | 50,149 | 924 | 7,330 | 0 |
| 1960 | 48,857 | 910 | 7,012 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/costa-rica/east-timor | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 96.2% of the population change in Costa Rica is from natural causes (a gain of 335,764 people) and 3.8% is from migration (a gain of 13,278 people). In East Timor 99% is from natural causes (a gain of 214,036 people) and 0.96% is from migration (a gain of 2,071 people).
As of 2024, 628,404 residents or 12.2% of the population were not native-born in Costa Rica, compared to 8,303 people or 0.6% in East Timor.
Biggest cities by population
|
Costa Rica
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| San Jose | 335K |
| Limon | 71.5K |
| Liberia | 65.9K |
| Alajuela | 44.4K |
| Puntarenas | 41.5K |
| Cartago | 22.8K |
| Heredia | 16.7K |
| Tamarindo | 7.13K |
| Santa Teresa | 3K |
|
East Timor
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Dili | 222K |
| Maliana | 15.8K |
| Baucau | 15K |
| Ainaro | 5.45K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Costa Rica and East Timor
|
Costa Rica
|
East Timor
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 81.4 years | 68.3 years |
| Average age | 37.5 years | 26.8 years |
| Median age | 36.2 years | 22.8 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.4:50.6 | 50.4:49.6 |
| Fertility rate | 1.32 births per woman | 2.63 births per woman |
| Population density | 262.5 ppl/mi² | 250.2 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/costa-rica/east-timor | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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