The latest officially reported population of East Timor was 1,418,517 in 2025 vs 9,092,436 people in Switzerland in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current East Timor's population is 1,446,322 people compared to 9,155,878 in Switzerland.
Population statistics:
- Switzerland's population is 6.33 times bigger than East Timor's.
- East Timor is ranked the 152nd most populous country in the world, while Switzerland is the 99th.
- The countries together account for 0.13% of the world: 0.02% for East Timor vs 0.11% for Switzerland.
- For the last 10 years, East Timor has had an average growth rate of +1.67% per year vs +0.96% in Switzerland.
- Since 2006, the population of East Timor has increased from 977K people to 1.45M (48.1% growth), while Switzerland has grown from 7.48M to 9.16M (22.3% growth).
East Timor vs Switzerland: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
East Timor
|
Switzerland
|
|
| 2100 | 1,987,832 | 9,273,514 |
| 2099 | 1,992,781 | 9,265,656 |
| 2098 | 1,999,464 | 9,259,266 |
| 2097 | 2,006,033 | 9,251,854 |
| 2096 | 2,013,975 | 9,248,107 |
| 2095 | 2,022,154 | 9,242,564 |
| 2094 | 2,029,021 | 9,238,163 |
| 2093 | 2,034,247 | 9,235,730 |
| 2092 | 2,039,828 | 9,233,129 |
| 2091 | 2,046,736 | 9,230,180 |
| 2090 | 2,053,036 | 9,228,148 |
| 2089 | 2,060,872 | 9,227,779 |
| 2088 | 2,066,894 | 9,229,133 |
| 2087 | 2,074,575 | 9,228,792 |
| 2086 | 2,077,501 | 9,230,530 |
| 2085 | 2,082,992 | 9,234,782 |
| 2084 | 2,088,750 | 9,239,056 |
| 2083 | 2,094,025 | 9,244,001 |
| 2082 | 2,096,584 | 9,249,813 |
| 2081 | 2,100,389 | 9,256,210 |
| 2080 | 2,103,318 | 9,262,647 |
| 2079 | 2,102,450 | 9,270,123 |
| 2078 | 2,105,023 | 9,276,881 |
| 2077 | 2,105,962 | 9,284,565 |
| 2076 | 2,105,353 | 9,289,534 |
| 2075 | 2,105,681 | 9,295,062 |
| 2074 | 2,104,008 | 9,305,809 |
| 2073 | 2,103,594 | 9,314,832 |
| 2072 | 2,099,913 | 9,322,610 |
| 2071 | 2,092,097 | 9,332,380 |
| 2070 | 2,089,631 | 9,343,357 |
| 2069 | 2,083,998 | 9,351,483 |
| 2068 | 2,077,421 | 9,359,919 |
| 2067 | 2,070,800 | 9,367,355 |
| 2066 | 2,062,424 | 9,379,120 |
| 2065 | 2,055,429 | 9,391,197 |
| 2064 | 2,047,710 | 9,402,175 |
| 2063 | 2,039,046 | 9,412,246 |
| 2062 | 2,031,925 | 9,423,109 |
| 2061 | 2,026,233 | 9,434,937 |
| 2060 | 2,018,606 | 9,443,858 |
| 2059 | 2,008,230 | 9,454,223 |
| 2058 | 1,996,788 | 9,462,577 |
| 2057 | 1,984,779 | 9,468,254 |
| 2056 | 1,970,553 | 9,475,514 |
| 2055 | 1,957,864 | 9,483,998 |
| 2054 | 1,949,402 | 9,491,408 |
| 2053 | 1,933,335 | 9,496,551 |
| 2052 | 1,920,154 | 9,496,579 |
| 2051 | 1,909,672 | 9,496,556 |
| 2050 | 1,892,861 | 9,494,698 |
| 2049 | 1,878,666 | 9,491,222 |
| 2048 | 1,861,588 | 9,484,200 |
| 2047 | 1,844,948 | 9,477,140 |
| 2046 | 1,829,365 | 9,471,007 |
| 2045 | 1,812,921 | 9,465,183 |
| 2044 | 1,797,407 | 9,458,151 |
| 2043 | 1,777,316 | 9,450,730 |
| 2042 | 1,756,704 | 9,440,733 |
| 2041 | 1,738,329 | 9,433,753 |
| 2040 | 1,720,028 | 9,422,510 |
| 2039 | 1,699,358 | 9,413,795 |
| 2038 | 1,679,907 | 9,404,803 |
| 2037 | 1,659,862 | 9,393,982 |
| 2036 | 1,640,436 | 9,382,127 |
| 2035 | 1,617,753 | 9,368,526 |
| 2034 | 1,597,457 | 9,351,603 |
| 2033 | 1,578,852 | 9,334,357 |
| 2032 | 1,560,402 | 9,315,617 |
| 2031 | 1,540,509 | 9,292,331 |
| 2030 | 1,518,434 | 9,267,380 |
| 2029 | 1,496,842 | 9,240,823 |
| 2028 | 1,475,633 | 9,209,567 |
| 2027 | 1,455,562 | 9,174,540 |
| 2026 | 1,436,564 | 9,136,169 |
| 2025 | 1,418,517 | 9,092,436 |
| 2024 | 1,400,638 | 9,005,582 |
| 2023 | 1,384,286 | 8,888,822 |
| 2022 | 1,369,295 | 8,777,088 |
| 2021 | 1,350,139 | 8,704,546 |
| 2020 | 1,326,053 | 8,638,167 |
| 2019 | 1,300,945 | 8,575,280 |
| 2018 | 1,275,959 | 8,514,329 |
| 2017 | 1,251,703 | 8,451,840 |
| 2016 | 1,228,312 | 8,373,338 |
| 2015 | 1,205,131 | 8,282,396 |
| 2014 | 1,181,903 | 8,188,649 |
| 2013 | 1,158,695 | 8,089,346 |
| 2012 | 1,134,885 | 7,996,861 |
| 2011 | 1,110,207 | 7,912,398 |
| 2010 | 1,084,679 | 7,824,909 |
| 2009 | 1,058,782 | 7,743,831 |
| 2008 | 1,032,429 | 7,647,675 |
| 2007 | 1,004,889 | 7,551,117 |
| 2006 | 976,597 | 7,483,934 |
| 2005 | 948,311 | 7,437,115 |
| 2004 | 929,074 | 7,389,625 |
| 2003 | 916,878 | 7,339,001 |
| 2002 | 879,159 | 7,284,753 |
| 2001 | 812,249 | 7,229,854 |
| 2000 | 745,088 | 7,184,250 |
| 1999 | 834,697 | 7,143,991 |
| 1998 | 942,530 | 7,110,001 |
| 1997 | 917,184 | 7,088,906 |
| 1996 | 892,282 | 7,071,850 |
| 1995 | 868,146 | 7,040,687 |
| 1994 | 844,493 | 6,993,795 |
| 1993 | 821,437 | 6,938,265 |
| 1992 | 799,318 | 6,875,364 |
| 1991 | 778,278 | 6,799,978 |
| 1990 | 760,345 | 6,715,519 |
| 1989 | 744,856 | 6,646,912 |
| 1988 | 730,745 | 6,593,386 |
| 1987 | 718,476 | 6,545,106 |
| 1986 | 707,185 | 6,504,124 |
| 1985 | 696,665 | 6,470,365 |
| 1984 | 686,777 | 6,441,865 |
| 1983 | 677,707 | 6,418,773 |
| 1982 | 669,149 | 6,391,309 |
| 1981 | 660,493 | 6,354,074 |
| 1980 | 649,871 | 6,319,408 |
| 1979 | 638,719 | 6,294,365 |
| 1978 | 628,775 | 6,281,738 |
| 1977 | 618,315 | 6,281,174 |
| 1976 | 607,620 | 6,302,504 |
| 1975 | 598,158 | 6,338,632 |
| 1974 | 590,827 | 6,341,405 |
| 1973 | 582,855 | 6,307,347 |
| 1972 | 572,962 | 6,260,956 |
| 1971 | 562,966 | 6,213,399 |
| 1970 | 553,069 | 6,180,877 |
| 1969 | 543,356 | 6,136,387 |
| 1968 | 533,875 | 6,067,714 |
| 1967 | 524,648 | 5,991,785 |
| 1966 | 515,696 | 5,918,002 |
| 1965 | 507,034 | 5,856,472 |
| 1964 | 498,659 | 5,789,228 |
| 1963 | 490,564 | 5,694,247 |
| 1962 | 482,774 | 5,573,815 |
| 1961 | 475,291 | 5,434,294 |
| 1960 | 468,118 | 5,327,827 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/switzerland | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of East Timor increased by 251,715 people (a 25.8% growth), while Switzerland gained 889,404 people (a 11.9% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, East Timor gained 218,010 people (a 17.7% growth), while Switzerland's population increased by 782,540 people (a 9.35% growth).
East Timor was ranked 155th most populous country in 2006 and is 152nd in 2026. Switzerland was ranked 96th in 2006 and ranked 99th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) East Timor's population will grow by 30.9% to 1,892,861 people with a rank change from 152nd to 149th. The population of Switzerland will increase by 3.7% to 9,494,698 people and rank change from 99th to 102nd.
East Timor is projected to reach its peak in 2077 at 2.11M people compared to the peak of 9.5M people in 2052 for Switzerland.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
East Timor
|
Switzerland
|
|
| 2100 | -0.25% | 0.08% |
| 2099 | -0.33% | 0.07% |
| 2098 | -0.33% | 0.08% |
| 2097 | -0.39% | 0.04% |
| 2096 | -0.4% | 0.06% |
| 2095 | -0.34% | 0.05% |
| 2094 | -0.26% | 0.03% |
| 2093 | -0.27% | 0.03% |
| 2092 | -0.34% | 0.03% |
| 2091 | -0.31% | 0.02% |
| 2090 | -0.38% | 0.004% |
| 2089 | -0.29% | -0.01% |
| 2088 | -0.37% | 0.004% |
| 2087 | -0.14% | -0.02% |
| 2086 | -0.26% | -0.05% |
| 2085 | -0.28% | -0.05% |
| 2084 | -0.25% | -0.05% |
| 2083 | -0.12% | -0.06% |
| 2082 | -0.18% | -0.07% |
| 2081 | -0.14% | -0.07% |
| 2080 | 0.04% | -0.08% |
| 2079 | -0.12% | -0.07% |
| 2078 | -0.04% | -0.08% |
| 2077 | 0.03% | -0.05% |
| 2076 | -0.02% | -0.06% |
| 2075 | 0.08% | -0.12% |
| 2074 | 0.02% | -0.1% |
| 2073 | 0.18% | -0.08% |
| 2072 | 0.37% | -0.1% |
| 2071 | 0.12% | -0.12% |
| 2070 | 0.27% | -0.09% |
| 2069 | 0.32% | -0.09% |
| 2068 | 0.32% | -0.08% |
| 2067 | 0.41% | -0.13% |
| 2066 | 0.34% | -0.13% |
| 2065 | 0.38% | -0.12% |
| 2064 | 0.42% | -0.11% |
| 2063 | 0.35% | -0.12% |
| 2062 | 0.28% | -0.13% |
| 2061 | 0.38% | -0.09% |
| 2060 | 0.52% | -0.11% |
| 2059 | 0.57% | -0.09% |
| 2058 | 0.61% | -0.06% |
| 2057 | 0.72% | -0.08% |
| 2056 | 0.65% | -0.09% |
| 2055 | 0.43% | -0.08% |
| 2054 | 0.83% | -0.05% |
| 2053 | 0.69% | -0% |
| 2052 | 0.55% | 0% |
| 2051 | 0.89% | 0.02% |
| 2050 | 0.76% | 0.04% |
| 2049 | 0.92% | 0.07% |
| 2048 | 0.9% | 0.07% |
| 2047 | 0.85% | 0.06% |
| 2046 | 0.91% | 0.06% |
| 2045 | 0.86% | 0.07% |
| 2044 | 1.13% | 0.08% |
| 2043 | 1.17% | 0.11% |
| 2042 | 1.06% | 0.07% |
| 2041 | 1.06% | 0.12% |
| 2040 | 1.22% | 0.09% |
| 2039 | 1.16% | 0.1% |
| 2038 | 1.21% | 0.12% |
| 2037 | 1.18% | 0.13% |
| 2036 | 1.4% | 0.15% |
| 2035 | 1.27% | 0.18% |
| 2034 | 1.18% | 0.18% |
| 2033 | 1.18% | 0.2% |
| 2032 | 1.29% | 0.25% |
| 2031 | 1.45% | 0.27% |
| 2030 | 1.44% | 0.29% |
| 2029 | 1.44% | 0.34% |
| 2028 | 1.38% | 0.38% |
| 2027 | 1.32% | 0.42% |
| 2026 | 1.27% | 0.48% |
| 2025 | 1.28% | 0.96% |
| 2024 | 1.18% | 1.31% |
| 2023 | 1.09% | 1.27% |
| 2022 | 1.42% | 0.83% |
| 2021 | 1.82% | 0.77% |
| 2020 | 1.93% | 0.73% |
| 2019 | 1.96% | 0.72% |
| 2018 | 1.94% | 0.74% |
| 2017 | 1.9% | 0.94% |
| 2016 | 1.92% | 1.1% |
| 2015 | 1.97% | 1.14% |
| 2014 | 2% | 1.23% |
| 2013 | 2.1% | 1.16% |
| 2012 | 2.22% | 1.07% |
| 2011 | 2.35% | 1.12% |
| 2010 | 2.45% | 1.05% |
| 2009 | 2.55% | 1.26% |
| 2008 | 2.74% | 1.28% |
| 2007 | 2.9% | 0.9% |
| 2006 | 2.98% | 0.63% |
| 2005 | 2.07% | 0.64% |
| 2004 | 1.33% | 0.69% |
| 2003 | 4.29% | 0.74% |
| 2002 | 8.24% | 0.76% |
| 2001 | 9.01% | 0.63% |
| 2000 | -10.7% | 0.56% |
| 1999 | -11.4% | 0.48% |
| 1998 | 2.76% | 0.3% |
| 1997 | 2.79% | 0.24% |
| 1996 | 2.78% | 0.44% |
| 1995 | 2.8% | 0.67% |
| 1994 | 2.81% | 0.8% |
| 1993 | 2.77% | 0.91% |
| 1992 | 2.7% | 1.11% |
| 1991 | 2.36% | 1.26% |
| 1990 | 2.08% | 1.03% |
| 1989 | 1.93% | 0.81% |
| 1988 | 1.71% | 0.74% |
| 1987 | 1.6% | 0.63% |
| 1986 | 1.51% | 0.52% |
| 1985 | 1.44% | 0.44% |
| 1984 | 1.34% | 0.36% |
| 1983 | 1.28% | 0.43% |
| 1982 | 1.31% | 0.59% |
| 1981 | 1.63% | 0.55% |
| 1980 | 1.75% | 0.4% |
| 1979 | 1.58% | 0.2% |
| 1978 | 1.69% | 0.009% |
| 1977 | 1.76% | -0.34% |
| 1976 | 1.58% | -0.57% |
| 1975 | 1.24% | -0.04% |
| 1974 | 1.37% | 0.54% |
| 1973 | 1.73% | 0.74% |
| 1972 | 1.78% | 0.77% |
| 1971 | 1.79% | 0.53% |
| 1970 | 1.79% | 0.73% |
| 1969 | 1.78% | 1.13% |
| 1968 | 1.76% | 1.27% |
| 1967 | 1.74% | 1.25% |
| 1966 | 1.71% | 1.05% |
| 1965 | 1.68% | 1.16% |
| 1964 | 1.65% | 1.67% |
| 1963 | 1.61% | 2.16% |
| 1962 | 1.57% | 2.57% |
| 1961 | 1.53% | 2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/switzerland | CC BY
In 2025, the population of East Timor grew by 1.28%, while Switzerland's population grew by 0.96%.
Live population counters
|
East Timor
|
Switzerland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1446322
|
9155878
|
| Population rank | 152/197 | 99/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 0.11% |
| One net population change |
29.5 minutes
|
6.07 minutes
|
| One birth every |
17.2 minutes
|
6.71 minutes
|
| One death every |
52 minutes
|
7.3 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +49 | +238 |
| Annual growth/decline | +17,879 | +86,854 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.28% | +0.96% |
| Population growth rate rank | 80/197 | 101/197 |
| One migration net change every |
3.44 hours
|
14.1 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -2,550 | +37,253 |
| Net migration rank | 102/196 | 25/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 8,303 | 2,773,840 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 179/195 | 27/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.6% | 31.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 169/195 | 17/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
East Timor
|
Switzerland
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,550 | - | 37,253 |
| 2024 | 20,378 | -2,552 | 6,304 | 40,099 |
| 2023 | 20,495 | -5,620 | 8,000 | 45,098 |
| 2022 | 20,625 | -5,519 | 7,899 | 96,424 |
| 2021 | 20,101 | 3,111 | 18,279 | 50,665 |
| 2020 | 21,166 | 3,793 | 9,502 | 55,523 |
| 2019 | 21,307 | 3,942 | 18,008 | 44,517 |
| 2018 | 21,650 | 3,062 | 20,434 | 41,253 |
| 2017 | 22,145 | 1,666 | 20,284 | 45,658 |
| 2016 | 22,778 | 208 | 22,608 | 71,009 |
| 2015 | 23,391 | -20 | 19,050 | 71,876 |
| 2014 | 24,040 | -958 | 21,290 | 78,122 |
| 2013 | 24,538 | -1,206 | 17,797 | 83,823 |
| 2012 | 24,890 | -609 | 18,393 | 67,840 |
| 2011 | 25,237 | -159 | 18,990 | 67,194 |
| 2010 | 25,515 | 470 | 17,997 | 76,388 |
| 2009 | 25,696 | 117 | 15,487 | 69,324 |
| 2008 | 25,888 | 1,009 | 15,295 | 94,430 |
| 2007 | 26,074 | 2,103 | 13,592 | 72,475 |
| 2006 | 26,221 | 2,184 | 12,723 | 37,308 |
| 2005 | 26,412 | 1,759 | 11,899 | 33,203 |
| 2004 | 26,751 | -16,447 | 13,302 | 39,484 |
| 2003 | 26,900 | -12,810 | 8,807 | 42,567 |
| 2002 | 25,410 | 35,935 | 10,199 | 49,650 |
| 2001 | 23,314 | 49,159 | 10,845 | 35,420 |
| 2000 | 21,579 | 40,272 | 15,806 | 24,463 |
| 1999 | 21,871 | -262,940 | 16,431 | 25,599 |
| 1998 | 23,590 | 1,806 | 16,353 | 11,325 |
| 1997 | 23,501 | 1,804 | 17,722 | -1,939 |
| 1996 | 22,703 | 1,796 | 19,801 | -131 |
| 1995 | 21,962 | 1,806 | 19,010 | 25,343 |
| 1994 | 21,746 | 1,794 | 20,982 | 30,274 |
| 1993 | 20,770 | 1,795 | 21,509 | 40,267 |
| 1992 | 19,880 | 1,794 | 24,064 | 42,014 |
| 1991 | 18,605 | 1,803 | 23,800 | 69,738 |
| 1990 | 18,343 | -2,881 | 20,146 | 58,428 |
| 1989 | 17,758 | -2,246 | 19,941 | 34,432 |
| 1988 | 12,118 | 587 | 21,099 | 34,602 |
| 1987 | 11,945 | -106 | 15,708 | 27,081 |
| 1986 | 11,062 | -316 | 16,261 | 23,242 |
| 1985 | 10,788 | -495 | 14,882 | 14,402 |
| 1984 | 10,922 | -1,436 | 16,105 | 12,532 |
| 1983 | 9,686 | -1,032 | 12,837 | 5,663 |
| 1982 | 9,579 | -1,125 | 15,339 | 21,929 |
| 1981 | 9,336 | -482 | 13,979 | 24,229 |
| 1980 | 6,940 | 5,457 | 14,535 | 17,841 |
| 1979 | 987 | 8,924 | 14,477 | 4,262 |
| 1978 | -1,000 | 10,967 | 13,820 | -6,552 |
| 1977 | 296 | 10,657 | 16,959 | -22,516 |
| 1976 | 783 | 9,662 | 17,017 | -54,255 |
| 1975 | -1,062 | 9,542 | 22,820 | -58,187 |
| 1974 | 8,405 | -2,222 | 27,902 | 2,008 |
| 1973 | 10,033 | -278 | 30,906 | 8,158 |
| 1972 | 10,030 | 0 | 35,061 | 19,991 |
| 1971 | 9,964 | 0 | 38,523 | 2,636 |
| 1970 | 9,824 | 0 | 42,648 | -18,326 |
| 1969 | 9,611 | 0 | 44,182 | 20,754 |
| 1968 | 9,356 | 0 | 47,328 | 25,828 |
| 1967 | 9,089 | 0 | 52,128 | 27,697 |
| 1966 | 8,810 | 0 | 53,854 | 14,979 |
| 1965 | 8,526 | 0 | 56,222 | -1,351 |
| 1964 | 8,235 | 0 | 59,050 | 21,455 |
| 1963 | 7,938 | 0 | 52,956 | 58,415 |
| 1962 | 7,639 | 0 | 49,050 | 82,798 |
| 1961 | 7,330 | 0 | 48,365 | 101,278 |
| 1960 | 7,012 | 0 | 42,090 | 22,313 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/switzerland | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99% of the population change in East Timor is from natural causes (a gain of 214,036 people) and 0.96% is from migration (a gain of 2,071 people). In Switzerland 21.1% is from natural causes (a gain of 150,368 people) and 78.9% is from migration (a gain of 562,122 people).
As of 2024, 8,303 residents or 0.6% of the population were not native-born in East Timor, compared to 2,773,840 people or 31.1% in Switzerland.
Biggest cities by population
|
East Timor
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Dili | 222K |
| Maliana | 15.8K |
| Baucau | 15K |
| Ainaro | 5.45K |
|
Switzerland
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Zurich | 452K |
| Geneva | 209K |
| Basel | 176K |
| Bern | 146K |
| Lausanne | 145K |
| Winterthur | 120K |
| Lucerne | 86.2K |
| St. Gallen | 78.9K |
| Lugano | 63.5K |
| Biel/Bienne | 55.9K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between East Timor and Switzerland
|
East Timor
|
Switzerland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 68.3 years | 84.4 years |
| Average age | 26.8 years | 43.4 years |
| Median age | 22.8 years | 43.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.4:49.6 | 49.7:50.3 |
| Fertility rate | 2.63 births per woman | 1.29 births per woman |
| Population density | 250.2 ppl/mi² | 599 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/east-timor/switzerland | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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