The latest officially reported population of Ethiopia was 132,059,767 in 2024 vs 21,655,286 people in Malawi in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Ethiopia's population is 139,917,664 people compared to 22,949,294 in Malawi.
Population statistics:
- Ethiopia's population is 6.1 times bigger than Malawi's.
- Ethiopia is ranked the 10th most populous country in the world, while Malawi is the 61st.
- The countries together account for 1.97% of the world: 1.69% for Ethiopia vs 0.28% for Malawi.
- For the last 10 years, Ethiopia has had an average growth rate of +2.71% per year vs +2.7% in Malawi.
- Since 2006, the population of Ethiopia has increased from 80.7M people to 140M (73.4% growth), while Malawi has grown from 13.2M to 22.9M (73.9% growth).
Ethiopia vs Malawi: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Ethiopia
|
Malawi
|
|
| 2100 | 371,192,732 | 59,786,744 |
| 2099 | 369,452,188 | 59,528,389 |
| 2098 | 367,626,914 | 59,275,876 |
| 2097 | 365,680,268 | 59,028,312 |
| 2096 | 363,648,440 | 58,761,888 |
| 2095 | 361,707,589 | 58,508,246 |
| 2094 | 359,642,227 | 58,240,422 |
| 2093 | 357,570,752 | 57,966,788 |
| 2092 | 355,499,462 | 57,672,738 |
| 2091 | 353,327,595 | 57,377,090 |
| 2090 | 351,068,287 | 57,060,476 |
| 2089 | 348,859,203 | 56,739,410 |
| 2088 | 346,624,222 | 56,397,330 |
| 2087 | 344,268,493 | 56,053,671 |
| 2086 | 341,777,395 | 55,706,928 |
| 2085 | 339,272,558 | 55,348,708 |
| 2084 | 336,753,372 | 54,997,097 |
| 2083 | 334,186,307 | 54,605,058 |
| 2082 | 331,503,693 | 54,206,477 |
| 2081 | 328,816,892 | 53,795,317 |
| 2080 | 326,114,551 | 53,372,779 |
| 2079 | 323,382,593 | 52,948,243 |
| 2078 | 320,521,381 | 52,521,908 |
| 2077 | 317,590,857 | 52,063,931 |
| 2076 | 314,615,353 | 51,600,404 |
| 2075 | 311,583,813 | 51,141,728 |
| 2074 | 308,511,275 | 50,684,368 |
| 2073 | 305,477,711 | 50,229,762 |
| 2072 | 302,351,806 | 49,769,904 |
| 2071 | 299,211,554 | 49,287,139 |
| 2070 | 296,054,535 | 48,797,935 |
| 2069 | 292,847,034 | 48,301,644 |
| 2068 | 289,612,061 | 47,792,308 |
| 2067 | 286,279,975 | 47,277,473 |
| 2066 | 282,992,981 | 46,752,024 |
| 2065 | 279,662,528 | 46,228,139 |
| 2064 | 276,283,161 | 45,701,844 |
| 2063 | 272,866,834 | 45,179,322 |
| 2062 | 269,424,014 | 44,638,764 |
| 2061 | 265,885,347 | 44,076,711 |
| 2060 | 262,350,260 | 43,508,702 |
| 2059 | 258,772,570 | 42,916,694 |
| 2058 | 255,284,371 | 42,344,863 |
| 2057 | 251,733,988 | 41,762,060 |
| 2056 | 248,079,002 | 41,184,161 |
| 2055 | 244,501,471 | 40,584,950 |
| 2054 | 240,868,686 | 39,994,696 |
| 2053 | 237,228,269 | 39,377,622 |
| 2052 | 233,551,340 | 38,766,890 |
| 2051 | 229,804,463 | 38,153,322 |
| 2050 | 226,124,819 | 37,545,865 |
| 2049 | 222,420,063 | 36,936,275 |
| 2048 | 218,694,640 | 36,339,833 |
| 2047 | 214,950,242 | 35,725,127 |
| 2046 | 211,226,920 | 35,107,179 |
| 2045 | 207,525,986 | 34,491,916 |
| 2044 | 203,812,674 | 33,862,279 |
| 2043 | 200,097,321 | 33,247,804 |
| 2042 | 196,411,774 | 32,636,511 |
| 2041 | 192,749,114 | 32,019,447 |
| 2040 | 189,081,695 | 31,402,305 |
| 2039 | 185,422,958 | 30,782,479 |
| 2038 | 181,789,129 | 30,166,708 |
| 2037 | 178,179,942 | 29,527,821 |
| 2036 | 174,569,201 | 28,896,515 |
| 2035 | 170,957,061 | 28,267,970 |
| 2034 | 167,367,920 | 27,643,367 |
| 2033 | 163,813,895 | 27,018,105 |
| 2032 | 160,216,774 | 26,404,071 |
| 2031 | 156,638,324 | 25,795,897 |
| 2030 | 153,070,380 | 25,181,820 |
| 2029 | 149,507,684 | 24,566,478 |
| 2028 | 145,989,372 | 23,968,071 |
| 2027 | 142,463,827 | 23,374,588 |
| 2026 | 138,973,582 | 22,791,601 |
| 2025 | 135,513,842 | 22,220,885 |
| 2024 | 132,059,767 | 21,655,286 |
| 2023 | 128,691,692 | 21,104,482 |
| 2022 | 125,384,287 | 20,568,728 |
| 2021 | 122,138,588 | 20,047,258 |
| 2020 | 118,917,671 | 19,533,888 |
| 2019 | 115,737,383 | 19,025,752 |
| 2018 | 112,664,152 | 18,528,081 |
| 2017 | 109,666,481 | 18,039,715 |
| 2016 | 106,718,162 | 17,557,739 |
| 2015 | 103,867,135 | 17,085,587 |
| 2014 | 101,115,610 | 16,621,538 |
| 2013 | 98,438,751 | 16,161,816 |
| 2012 | 95,798,767 | 15,709,577 |
| 2011 | 93,149,970 | 15,265,022 |
| 2010 | 90,538,514 | 14,826,463 |
| 2009 | 88,007,636 | 14,395,788 |
| 2008 | 85,543,668 | 13,976,417 |
| 2007 | 83,103,217 | 13,576,343 |
| 2006 | 80,703,490 | 13,198,701 |
| 2005 | 78,367,470 | 12,840,031 |
| 2004 | 76,077,206 | 12,500,737 |
| 2003 | 73,832,663 | 12,181,574 |
| 2002 | 71,635,517 | 11,880,440 |
| 2001 | 69,487,762 | 11,593,058 |
| 2000 | 67,411,494 | 11,315,942 |
| 1999 | 65,374,561 | 11,047,804 |
| 1998 | 63,363,524 | 10,792,876 |
| 1997 | 61,404,539 | 10,562,035 |
| 1996 | 59,467,635 | 10,352,228 |
| 1995 | 57,537,335 | 10,150,117 |
| 1994 | 55,611,508 | 10,164,894 |
| 1993 | 53,708,891 | 10,284,024 |
| 1992 | 51,853,747 | 10,135,079 |
| 1991 | 49,717,198 | 9,844,227 |
| 1990 | 47,609,755 | 9,545,852 |
| 1989 | 45,879,690 | 9,176,220 |
| 1988 | 44,150,825 | 8,753,262 |
| 1987 | 42,460,039 | 8,293,174 |
| 1986 | 41,037,656 | 7,906,480 |
| 1985 | 39,842,136 | 7,620,508 |
| 1984 | 38,735,722 | 7,332,810 |
| 1983 | 37,740,817 | 7,051,709 |
| 1982 | 36,701,290 | 6,778,879 |
| 1981 | 35,304,012 | 6,516,454 |
| 1980 | 34,428,514 | 6,265,529 |
| 1979 | 34,238,652 | 6,028,749 |
| 1978 | 33,734,592 | 5,810,132 |
| 1977 | 33,167,272 | 5,614,983 |
| 1976 | 32,534,418 | 5,443,384 |
| 1975 | 31,723,252 | 5,287,367 |
| 1974 | 30,957,273 | 5,141,337 |
| 1973 | 30,166,785 | 5,003,938 |
| 1972 | 29,374,608 | 4,874,475 |
| 1971 | 28,600,106 | 4,751,434 |
| 1970 | 27,829,128 | 4,633,944 |
| 1969 | 27,072,571 | 4,521,184 |
| 1968 | 26,337,930 | 4,411,054 |
| 1967 | 25,620,276 | 4,303,012 |
| 1966 | 24,952,689 | 4,197,926 |
| 1965 | 24,310,612 | 4,096,157 |
| 1964 | 23,666,548 | 3,997,305 |
| 1963 | 23,051,637 | 3,900,506 |
| 1962 | 22,465,126 | 3,806,307 |
| 1961 | 21,906,102 | 3,715,534 |
| 1960 | 21,376,693 | 3,628,134 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/malawi | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Ethiopia increased by 26,014,672 people (a 32.2% growth), while Malawi gained 4,359,038 people (a 33% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Ethiopia gained 33,199,502 people (a 31.1% growth), while Malawi's population increased by 5,391,555 people (a 30.7% growth).
Ethiopia was ranked 16th most populous country in 2006 and is 10th in 2026. Malawi was ranked 69th in 2006 and ranked 61st now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Ethiopia's population will grow by 61.6% to 226,124,819 people with a rank change from 10th to 7th. The population of Malawi will increase by 63.6% to 37,545,865 people and rank change from 61st to 55th.
Ethiopia is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 371M people compared to the peak of 59.8M people in 2100 for Malawi.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Ethiopia
|
Malawi
|
|
| 2100 | 0.47% | 0.43% |
| 2099 | 0.5% | 0.43% |
| 2098 | 0.53% | 0.42% |
| 2097 | 0.56% | 0.45% |
| 2096 | 0.54% | 0.43% |
| 2095 | 0.57% | 0.46% |
| 2094 | 0.58% | 0.47% |
| 2093 | 0.58% | 0.51% |
| 2092 | 0.61% | 0.52% |
| 2091 | 0.64% | 0.55% |
| 2090 | 0.63% | 0.57% |
| 2089 | 0.64% | 0.61% |
| 2088 | 0.68% | 0.61% |
| 2087 | 0.73% | 0.62% |
| 2086 | 0.74% | 0.65% |
| 2085 | 0.75% | 0.64% |
| 2084 | 0.77% | 0.72% |
| 2083 | 0.81% | 0.74% |
| 2082 | 0.82% | 0.76% |
| 2081 | 0.83% | 0.79% |
| 2080 | 0.84% | 0.8% |
| 2079 | 0.89% | 0.81% |
| 2078 | 0.92% | 0.88% |
| 2077 | 0.95% | 0.9% |
| 2076 | 0.97% | 0.9% |
| 2075 | 1% | 0.9% |
| 2074 | 0.99% | 0.91% |
| 2073 | 1.03% | 0.92% |
| 2072 | 1.05% | 0.98% |
| 2071 | 1.07% | 1% |
| 2070 | 1.1% | 1.03% |
| 2069 | 1.12% | 1.07% |
| 2068 | 1.16% | 1.09% |
| 2067 | 1.16% | 1.12% |
| 2066 | 1.19% | 1.13% |
| 2065 | 1.22% | 1.15% |
| 2064 | 1.25% | 1.16% |
| 2063 | 1.28% | 1.21% |
| 2062 | 1.33% | 1.28% |
| 2061 | 1.35% | 1.31% |
| 2060 | 1.38% | 1.38% |
| 2059 | 1.37% | 1.35% |
| 2058 | 1.41% | 1.4% |
| 2057 | 1.47% | 1.4% |
| 2056 | 1.46% | 1.48% |
| 2055 | 1.51% | 1.48% |
| 2054 | 1.53% | 1.57% |
| 2053 | 1.57% | 1.58% |
| 2052 | 1.63% | 1.61% |
| 2051 | 1.63% | 1.62% |
| 2050 | 1.67% | 1.65% |
| 2049 | 1.7% | 1.64% |
| 2048 | 1.74% | 1.72% |
| 2047 | 1.76% | 1.76% |
| 2046 | 1.78% | 1.78% |
| 2045 | 1.82% | 1.86% |
| 2044 | 1.86% | 1.85% |
| 2043 | 1.88% | 1.87% |
| 2042 | 1.9% | 1.93% |
| 2041 | 1.94% | 1.97% |
| 2040 | 1.97% | 2.01% |
| 2039 | 2% | 2.04% |
| 2038 | 2.03% | 2.16% |
| 2037 | 2.07% | 2.18% |
| 2036 | 2.11% | 2.22% |
| 2035 | 2.14% | 2.26% |
| 2034 | 2.17% | 2.31% |
| 2033 | 2.25% | 2.33% |
| 2032 | 2.28% | 2.36% |
| 2031 | 2.33% | 2.44% |
| 2030 | 2.38% | 2.5% |
| 2029 | 2.41% | 2.5% |
| 2028 | 2.47% | 2.54% |
| 2027 | 2.51% | 2.56% |
| 2026 | 2.55% | 2.57% |
| 2025 | 2.62% | 2.61% |
| 2024 | 2.62% | 2.61% |
| 2023 | 2.64% | 2.6% |
| 2022 | 2.66% | 2.6% |
| 2021 | 2.71% | 2.63% |
| 2020 | 2.75% | 2.67% |
| 2019 | 2.73% | 2.69% |
| 2018 | 2.73% | 2.71% |
| 2017 | 2.76% | 2.75% |
| 2016 | 2.74% | 2.76% |
| 2015 | 2.72% | 2.79% |
| 2014 | 2.72% | 2.84% |
| 2013 | 2.76% | 2.88% |
| 2012 | 2.84% | 2.91% |
| 2011 | 2.88% | 2.96% |
| 2010 | 2.88% | 2.99% |
| 2009 | 2.88% | 3% |
| 2008 | 2.94% | 2.95% |
| 2007 | 2.97% | 2.86% |
| 2006 | 2.98% | 2.79% |
| 2005 | 3.01% | 2.71% |
| 2004 | 3.04% | 2.62% |
| 2003 | 3.07% | 2.53% |
| 2002 | 3.09% | 2.48% |
| 2001 | 3.08% | 2.45% |
| 2000 | 3.12% | 2.43% |
| 1999 | 3.17% | 2.36% |
| 1998 | 3.19% | 2.19% |
| 1997 | 3.26% | 2.03% |
| 1996 | 3.35% | 1.99% |
| 1995 | 3.46% | -0.15% |
| 1994 | 3.54% | -1.16% |
| 1993 | 3.58% | 1.47% |
| 1992 | 4.3% | 2.95% |
| 1991 | 4.43% | 3.13% |
| 1990 | 3.77% | 4.03% |
| 1989 | 3.92% | 4.83% |
| 1988 | 3.98% | 5.55% |
| 1987 | 3.47% | 4.89% |
| 1986 | 3% | 3.75% |
| 1985 | 2.86% | 3.92% |
| 1984 | 2.64% | 3.99% |
| 1983 | 2.83% | 4.02% |
| 1982 | 3.96% | 4.03% |
| 1981 | 2.54% | 4% |
| 1980 | 0.55% | 3.93% |
| 1979 | 1.49% | 3.76% |
| 1978 | 1.71% | 3.48% |
| 1977 | 1.95% | 3.15% |
| 1976 | 2.56% | 2.95% |
| 1975 | 2.47% | 2.84% |
| 1974 | 2.62% | 2.75% |
| 1973 | 2.7% | 2.66% |
| 1972 | 2.71% | 2.59% |
| 1971 | 2.77% | 2.54% |
| 1970 | 2.79% | 2.49% |
| 1969 | 2.79% | 2.5% |
| 1968 | 2.8% | 2.51% |
| 1967 | 2.68% | 2.5% |
| 1966 | 2.64% | 2.48% |
| 1965 | 2.72% | 2.47% |
| 1964 | 2.67% | 2.48% |
| 1963 | 2.61% | 2.47% |
| 1962 | 2.55% | 2.44% |
| 1961 | 2.48% | 2.41% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/malawi | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Ethiopia grew by 2.62%, while Malawi's population grew by 2.61%.
Live population counters
|
Ethiopia
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
139917664
|
22949294
|
| Population rank | 10/197 | 61/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.69% | 0.28% |
| One net population change |
9.36 seconds
|
57.3 seconds
|
| One birth every |
7.68 seconds
|
47.6 seconds
|
| One death every |
41.1 seconds
|
4.64 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +9,228 | +1,509 |
| Annual growth/decline | +3,368,075 | +550,804 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.62% | +2.61% |
| Population growth rate rank | 25/197 | 26/197 |
| One migration net change every |
21.9 minutes
|
1.56 hours
|
| Annual migration change | +24,054 | -5,628 |
| Net migration rank | 31/196 | 118/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,168,455 | 186,719 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 53/195 | 117/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.9% | 0.9% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 157/195 | 158/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ethiopia
|
Malawi
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 24,054 | - | -5,628 |
| 2024 | - | 30,069 | - | -1,507 |
| 2023 | 3,338,649 | -11,996 | 549,096 | -5,811 |
| 2022 | 3,300,114 | -11,996 | 533,450 | -5,231 |
| 2021 | 3,204,673 | -1,377 | 517,400 | -2,666 |
| 2020 | 3,199,718 | 38,866 | 514,659 | -2,655 |
| 2019 | 3,132,780 | -10,807 | 506,104 | -1,837 |
| 2018 | 3,015,231 | 9,302 | 494,348 | -3,267 |
| 2017 | 2,899,143 | 71,766 | 484,655 | 982 |
| 2016 | 2,809,889 | 115,823 | 474,779 | 3,505 |
| 2015 | 2,713,529 | 62,785 | 472,484 | -6,471 |
| 2014 | 2,623,647 | 103,122 | 472,418 | -10,317 |
| 2013 | 2,546,020 | 80,955 | 470,293 | -12,934 |
| 2012 | 2,533,398 | 119,517 | 460,684 | -13,561 |
| 2011 | 2,527,811 | 116,793 | 454,149 | -12,170 |
| 2010 | 2,498,048 | 80,213 | 444,468 | -9,327 |
| 2009 | 2,467,118 | 16,315 | 434,811 | -8,590 |
| 2008 | 2,465,283 | -20,780 | 421,781 | -9,264 |
| 2007 | 2,436,753 | -381 | 410,290 | -22,680 |
| 2006 | 2,393,585 | -30,512 | 397,123 | -29,450 |
| 2005 | 2,353,375 | -44,421 | 381,130 | -31,462 |
| 2004 | 2,296,999 | -25,430 | 361,133 | -32,221 |
| 2003 | 2,231,223 | -13,744 | 341,133 | -31,729 |
| 2002 | 2,189,683 | -12,925 | 322,863 | -30,013 |
| 2001 | 2,137,791 | -19,063 | 310,833 | -28,933 |
| 2000 | 2,083,622 | -49,891 | 300,439 | -28,098 |
| 1999 | 2,010,987 | 29,142 | 295,629 | -31,686 |
| 1998 | 1,984,989 | -3,011 | 285,407 | -39,491 |
| 1997 | 1,945,112 | -9,119 | 277,433 | -61,646 |
| 1996 | 1,896,364 | 41,456 | 270,048 | -66,212 |
| 1995 | 1,831,068 | 91,727 | 266,745 | -66,366 |
| 1994 | 1,788,133 | 140,715 | 275,439 | -505,365 |
| 1993 | 1,734,851 | 141,545 | 276,538 | -284,867 |
| 1992 | 1,673,839 | 160,106 | 269,066 | 37,142 |
| 1991 | 1,579,416 | 859,737 | 260,193 | 15,291 |
| 1990 | 1,479,663 | 296,014 | 250,159 | 71,111 |
| 1989 | 1,441,769 | 242,614 | 237,967 | 180,031 |
| 1988 | 1,393,356 | 379,966 | 226,911 | 201,011 |
| 1987 | 1,356,853 | 251,387 | 220,566 | 271,693 |
| 1986 | 1,050,277 | 186,227 | 218,519 | 62,615 |
| 1985 | 997,050 | 157,476 | 216,179 | 74,625 |
| 1984 | 920,670 | 137,632 | 212,146 | 72,435 |
| 1983 | 863,472 | 68,022 | 209,422 | 68,197 |
| 1982 | 1,080,853 | 66,702 | 205,386 | 62,661 |
| 1981 | 1,018,838 | 628,135 | 199,436 | 57,376 |
| 1980 | 1,007,516 | -903,529 | 192,746 | 52,294 |
| 1979 | 987,203 | -711,455 | 182,123 | 46,388 |
| 1978 | 943,388 | -210,991 | 172,503 | 36,225 |
| 1977 | 929,381 | -527,133 | 161,930 | 19,638 |
| 1976 | 899,577 | -36,125 | 153,422 | 8,206 |
| 1975 | 801,425 | -42,540 | 145,254 | 5,162 |
| 1974 | 777,306 | -4,232 | 137,819 | 3,833 |
| 1973 | 807,535 | 347 | 131,529 | 1,623 |
| 1972 | 779,808 | -3,375 | 125,728 | 48 |
| 1971 | 787,047 | -14,510 | 121,015 | -710 |
| 1970 | 760,821 | 8,589 | 116,822 | -2,147 |
| 1969 | 736,428 | 7,258 | 113,120 | -2,266 |
| 1968 | 715,602 | 9,992 | 110,329 | -924 |
| 1967 | 695,283 | 14,437 | 106,668 | 0 |
| 1966 | 616,281 | 9,160 | 103,512 | 0 |
| 1965 | 642,359 | 16,348 | 100,040 | 0 |
| 1964 | 618,667 | 10,749 | 97,658 | 0 |
| 1963 | 590,998 | 9,418 | 95,933 | 0 |
| 1962 | 563,650 | 8,960 | 92,463 | 0 |
| 1961 | 538,518 | 6,938 | 89,091 | 0 |
| 1960 | 511,694 | 1,696 | 85,718 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/malawi | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 98.8% of the population change in Ethiopia is from natural causes (a gain of 30,237,373 people) and 1.19% is from migration (a gain of 365,488 people). In Malawi 99.3% is from natural causes (a gain of 5,019,393 people) and 0.67% is from migration (a loss of 33,768 people).
As of 2024, 1,168,455 residents or 0.9% of the population were not native-born in Ethiopia, compared to 186,719 people or 0.9% in Malawi.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Ethiopia and Malawi
|
Ethiopia
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 68.1 years | 67.9 years |
| Average age | 23.8 years | 22.8 years |
| Median age | 19.9 years | 18.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.1:49.9 | 48.8:51.2 |
| Fertility rate | 3.99 births per woman | 3.65 births per woman |
| Population density | 319 ppl/mi² | 626 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/ethiopia/malawi | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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