The latest officially reported population of Papua New Guinea was 10,576,502 in 2024 vs 2,857,822 people in Qatar in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Papua New Guinea's population is 11,002,753 people compared to 2,999,260 in Qatar.
Population statistics:
- Papua New Guinea's population is 3.67 times bigger than Qatar's.
- Papua New Guinea is ranked the 89th most populous country in the world, while Qatar is the 136th.
- The countries together account for 0.17% of the world: 0.13% for Papua New Guinea vs 0.04% for Qatar.
- For the last 10 years, Papua New Guinea has had an average growth rate of +2.23% per year vs +3.86% in Qatar.
- Since 2006, the population of Papua New Guinea has increased from 6.75M people to 11M (63.1% growth), while Qatar has grown from 973K to 3M (208.3% growth).
Papua New Guinea vs Qatar: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Papua New Guinea
|
Qatar
|
|
| 2100 | 18,802,138 | 6,864,512 |
| 2099 | 18,790,040 | 6,795,697 |
| 2098 | 18,776,265 | 6,726,889 |
| 2097 | 18,758,897 | 6,658,115 |
| 2096 | 18,737,707 | 6,589,399 |
| 2095 | 18,714,219 | 6,520,903 |
| 2094 | 18,687,257 | 6,452,670 |
| 2093 | 18,658,233 | 6,384,792 |
| 2092 | 18,625,772 | 6,317,235 |
| 2091 | 18,590,001 | 6,249,912 |
| 2090 | 18,549,501 | 6,182,993 |
| 2089 | 18,510,463 | 6,116,439 |
| 2088 | 18,468,827 | 6,050,282 |
| 2087 | 18,424,378 | 5,984,646 |
| 2086 | 18,376,043 | 5,919,506 |
| 2085 | 18,325,641 | 5,854,810 |
| 2084 | 18,274,394 | 5,790,733 |
| 2083 | 18,218,709 | 5,727,107 |
| 2082 | 18,163,177 | 5,663,726 |
| 2081 | 18,104,285 | 5,600,872 |
| 2080 | 18,039,008 | 5,538,952 |
| 2079 | 17,975,778 | 5,477,309 |
| 2078 | 17,908,670 | 5,416,092 |
| 2077 | 17,840,781 | 5,355,430 |
| 2076 | 17,771,791 | 5,295,298 |
| 2075 | 17,699,428 | 5,235,611 |
| 2074 | 17,625,044 | 5,176,349 |
| 2073 | 17,548,128 | 5,117,758 |
| 2072 | 17,466,649 | 5,059,696 |
| 2071 | 17,381,598 | 5,002,249 |
| 2070 | 17,295,105 | 4,945,273 |
| 2069 | 17,205,503 | 4,888,911 |
| 2068 | 17,112,154 | 4,833,090 |
| 2067 | 17,015,090 | 4,777,814 |
| 2066 | 16,915,436 | 4,723,056 |
| 2065 | 16,812,946 | 4,668,810 |
| 2064 | 16,708,669 | 4,614,957 |
| 2063 | 16,604,296 | 4,561,622 |
| 2062 | 16,497,292 | 4,509,442 |
| 2061 | 16,386,905 | 4,457,910 |
| 2060 | 16,270,535 | 4,406,963 |
| 2059 | 16,152,614 | 4,356,604 |
| 2058 | 16,032,684 | 4,306,842 |
| 2057 | 15,909,649 | 4,257,533 |
| 2056 | 15,784,519 | 4,208,980 |
| 2055 | 15,656,542 | 4,160,635 |
| 2054 | 15,523,143 | 4,113,078 |
| 2053 | 15,389,244 | 4,065,870 |
| 2052 | 15,250,715 | 4,019,393 |
| 2051 | 15,110,389 | 3,973,445 |
| 2050 | 14,968,530 | 3,927,949 |
| 2049 | 14,821,865 | 3,882,963 |
| 2048 | 14,673,459 | 3,838,380 |
| 2047 | 14,522,926 | 3,794,282 |
| 2046 | 14,370,120 | 3,750,671 |
| 2045 | 14,213,585 | 3,707,573 |
| 2044 | 14,056,036 | 3,665,008 |
| 2043 | 13,897,765 | 3,623,031 |
| 2042 | 13,738,690 | 3,581,673 |
| 2041 | 13,577,382 | 3,540,989 |
| 2040 | 13,413,396 | 3,500,991 |
| 2039 | 13,247,486 | 3,461,758 |
| 2038 | 13,079,352 | 3,423,310 |
| 2037 | 12,909,735 | 3,385,696 |
| 2036 | 12,738,223 | 3,348,948 |
| 2035 | 12,566,543 | 3,313,100 |
| 2034 | 12,392,476 | 3,278,067 |
| 2033 | 12,218,246 | 3,243,892 |
| 2032 | 12,042,345 | 3,210,644 |
| 2031 | 11,865,316 | 3,178,257 |
| 2030 | 11,685,599 | 3,146,733 |
| 2029 | 11,504,890 | 3,112,748 |
| 2028 | 11,322,573 | 3,075,676 |
| 2027 | 11,138,409 | 3,035,492 |
| 2026 | 10,952,454 | 2,985,826 |
| 2025 | 10,765,048 | 2,926,071 |
| 2024 | 10,576,502 | 2,857,822 |
| 2023 | 10,389,635 | 2,656,032 |
| 2022 | 10,203,169 | 2,657,333 |
| 2021 | 10,012,896 | 2,504,910 |
| 2020 | 9,815,746 | 2,794,148 |
| 2019 | 9,609,010 | 2,638,657 |
| 2018 | 9,394,513 | 2,580,734 |
| 2017 | 9,178,714 | 2,545,820 |
| 2016 | 8,961,718 | 2,477,113 |
| 2015 | 8,743,246 | 2,344,557 |
| 2014 | 8,523,441 | 2,151,745 |
| 2013 | 8,302,698 | 1,916,426 |
| 2012 | 8,081,390 | 1,722,438 |
| 2011 | 7,859,346 | 1,624,761 |
| 2010 | 7,633,523 | 1,616,832 |
| 2009 | 7,406,438 | 1,608,903 |
| 2008 | 7,183,002 | 1,426,938 |
| 2007 | 6,963,345 | 1,208,595 |
| 2006 | 6,747,720 | 972,831 |
| 2005 | 6,535,905 | 825,408 |
| 2004 | 6,328,041 | 773,332 |
| 2003 | 6,123,997 | 744,682 |
| 2002 | 5,924,003 | 711,205 |
| 2001 | 5,728,435 | 677,925 |
| 2000 | 5,537,064 | 644,989 |
| 1999 | 5,349,333 | 612,500 |
| 1998 | 5,166,390 | 580,540 |
| 1997 | 4,987,883 | 550,500 |
| 1996 | 4,813,361 | 529,019 |
| 1995 | 4,644,278 | 514,325 |
| 1994 | 4,480,208 | 499,459 |
| 1993 | 4,320,872 | 484,545 |
| 1992 | 4,166,699 | 469,657 |
| 1991 | 4,021,837 | 454,853 |
| 1990 | 3,896,481 | 440,175 |
| 1989 | 3,796,078 | 425,646 |
| 1988 | 3,711,880 | 411,264 |
| 1987 | 3,632,543 | 397,005 |
| 1986 | 3,554,793 | 382,422 |
| 1985 | 3,478,936 | 365,940 |
| 1984 | 3,405,198 | 347,878 |
| 1983 | 3,333,633 | 329,709 |
| 1982 | 3,264,291 | 311,537 |
| 1981 | 3,197,019 | 293,553 |
| 1980 | 3,131,512 | 275,913 |
| 1979 | 3,067,341 | 258,670 |
| 1978 | 3,003,714 | 241,808 |
| 1977 | 2,940,327 | 225,285 |
| 1976 | 2,877,327 | 209,052 |
| 1975 | 2,814,820 | 193,087 |
| 1974 | 2,752,671 | 177,362 |
| 1973 | 2,690,629 | 161,841 |
| 1972 | 2,628,432 | 146,506 |
| 1971 | 2,566,421 | 131,346 |
| 1970 | 2,505,628 | 116,350 |
| 1969 | 2,446,927 | 103,025 |
| 1968 | 2,390,803 | 91,749 |
| 1967 | 2,337,532 | 81,439 |
| 1966 | 2,285,774 | 72,192 |
| 1965 | 2,235,820 | 64,065 |
| 1964 | 2,188,325 | 56,867 |
| 1963 | 2,141,376 | 50,380 |
| 1962 | 2,093,919 | 44,630 |
| 1961 | 2,046,127 | 39,680 |
| 1960 | 1,995,110 | 36,010 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/papua-new-guinea/qatar | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Papua New Guinea increased by 2,213,998 people (a 32.8% growth), while Qatar gained 1,504,282 people (a 154.6% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Papua New Guinea gained 2,041,035 people (a 22.8% growth), while Qatar's population increased by 522,147 people (a 21.1% growth).
Papua New Guinea was ranked 100th most populous country in 2006 and is 89th in 2026. Qatar was ranked 156th in 2006 and ranked 136th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Papua New Guinea's population will grow by 36% to 14,968,530 people with a rank change from 89th to 85th. The population of Qatar will increase by 31% to 3,927,949 people and rank change from 136th to 134th.
Papua New Guinea is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 18.8M people compared to the peak of 6.86M people in 2100 for Qatar.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Qatar
|
|
| 2100 | 0.06% | 1.01% |
| 2099 | 0.07% | 1.02% |
| 2098 | 0.09% | 1.03% |
| 2097 | 0.11% | 1.04% |
| 2096 | 0.13% | 1.05% |
| 2095 | 0.14% | 1.06% |
| 2094 | 0.16% | 1.06% |
| 2093 | 0.17% | 1.07% |
| 2092 | 0.19% | 1.08% |
| 2091 | 0.22% | 1.08% |
| 2090 | 0.21% | 1.09% |
| 2089 | 0.23% | 1.09% |
| 2088 | 0.24% | 1.1% |
| 2087 | 0.26% | 1.1% |
| 2086 | 0.28% | 1.11% |
| 2085 | 0.28% | 1.11% |
| 2084 | 0.31% | 1.11% |
| 2083 | 0.31% | 1.12% |
| 2082 | 0.33% | 1.12% |
| 2081 | 0.36% | 1.12% |
| 2080 | 0.35% | 1.13% |
| 2079 | 0.37% | 1.13% |
| 2078 | 0.38% | 1.13% |
| 2077 | 0.39% | 1.14% |
| 2076 | 0.41% | 1.14% |
| 2075 | 0.42% | 1.14% |
| 2074 | 0.44% | 1.14% |
| 2073 | 0.47% | 1.15% |
| 2072 | 0.49% | 1.15% |
| 2071 | 0.5% | 1.15% |
| 2070 | 0.52% | 1.15% |
| 2069 | 0.55% | 1.15% |
| 2068 | 0.57% | 1.16% |
| 2067 | 0.59% | 1.16% |
| 2066 | 0.61% | 1.16% |
| 2065 | 0.62% | 1.17% |
| 2064 | 0.63% | 1.17% |
| 2063 | 0.65% | 1.16% |
| 2062 | 0.67% | 1.16% |
| 2061 | 0.72% | 1.16% |
| 2060 | 0.73% | 1.16% |
| 2059 | 0.75% | 1.16% |
| 2058 | 0.77% | 1.16% |
| 2057 | 0.79% | 1.15% |
| 2056 | 0.82% | 1.16% |
| 2055 | 0.86% | 1.16% |
| 2054 | 0.87% | 1.16% |
| 2053 | 0.91% | 1.16% |
| 2052 | 0.93% | 1.16% |
| 2051 | 0.95% | 1.16% |
| 2050 | 0.99% | 1.16% |
| 2049 | 1.01% | 1.16% |
| 2048 | 1.04% | 1.16% |
| 2047 | 1.06% | 1.16% |
| 2046 | 1.1% | 1.16% |
| 2045 | 1.12% | 1.16% |
| 2044 | 1.14% | 1.16% |
| 2043 | 1.16% | 1.15% |
| 2042 | 1.19% | 1.15% |
| 2041 | 1.22% | 1.14% |
| 2040 | 1.25% | 1.13% |
| 2039 | 1.29% | 1.12% |
| 2038 | 1.31% | 1.11% |
| 2037 | 1.35% | 1.1% |
| 2036 | 1.37% | 1.08% |
| 2035 | 1.4% | 1.07% |
| 2034 | 1.43% | 1.05% |
| 2033 | 1.46% | 1.04% |
| 2032 | 1.49% | 1.02% |
| 2031 | 1.54% | 1% |
| 2030 | 1.57% | 1.09% |
| 2029 | 1.61% | 1.21% |
| 2028 | 1.65% | 1.32% |
| 2027 | 1.7% | 1.66% |
| 2026 | 1.74% | 2.04% |
| 2025 | 1.78% | 2.39% |
| 2024 | 1.8% | 7.6% |
| 2023 | 1.83% | -0.05% |
| 2022 | 1.9% | 6.08% |
| 2021 | 2.01% | -10.4% |
| 2020 | 2.15% | 5.89% |
| 2019 | 2.28% | 2.24% |
| 2018 | 2.35% | 1.37% |
| 2017 | 2.42% | 2.77% |
| 2016 | 2.5% | 5.65% |
| 2015 | 2.58% | 8.96% |
| 2014 | 2.66% | 12.3% |
| 2013 | 2.74% | 11.3% |
| 2012 | 2.83% | 6.01% |
| 2011 | 2.96% | 0.49% |
| 2010 | 3.07% | 0.49% |
| 2009 | 3.11% | 12.8% |
| 2008 | 3.15% | 18.1% |
| 2007 | 3.2% | 24.2% |
| 2006 | 3.24% | 17.9% |
| 2005 | 3.28% | 6.73% |
| 2004 | 3.33% | 3.85% |
| 2003 | 3.38% | 4.71% |
| 2002 | 3.41% | 4.91% |
| 2001 | 3.46% | 5.11% |
| 2000 | 3.51% | 5.3% |
| 1999 | 3.54% | 5.51% |
| 1998 | 3.58% | 5.46% |
| 1997 | 3.63% | 4.06% |
| 1996 | 3.64% | 2.86% |
| 1995 | 3.66% | 2.98% |
| 1994 | 3.69% | 3.08% |
| 1993 | 3.7% | 3.17% |
| 1992 | 3.6% | 3.25% |
| 1991 | 3.22% | 3.33% |
| 1990 | 2.64% | 3.41% |
| 1989 | 2.27% | 3.5% |
| 1988 | 2.18% | 3.59% |
| 1987 | 2.19% | 3.81% |
| 1986 | 2.18% | 4.5% |
| 1985 | 2.17% | 5.19% |
| 1984 | 2.15% | 5.51% |
| 1983 | 2.12% | 5.83% |
| 1982 | 2.1% | 6.13% |
| 1981 | 2.09% | 6.39% |
| 1980 | 2.09% | 6.67% |
| 1979 | 2.12% | 6.97% |
| 1978 | 2.16% | 7.33% |
| 1977 | 2.19% | 7.77% |
| 1976 | 2.22% | 8.27% |
| 1975 | 2.26% | 8.87% |
| 1974 | 2.31% | 9.59% |
| 1973 | 2.37% | 10.5% |
| 1972 | 2.42% | 11.5% |
| 1971 | 2.43% | 12.9% |
| 1970 | 2.4% | 12.9% |
| 1969 | 2.35% | 12.3% |
| 1968 | 2.28% | 12.7% |
| 1967 | 2.26% | 12.8% |
| 1966 | 2.23% | 12.7% |
| 1965 | 2.17% | 12.7% |
| 1964 | 2.19% | 12.9% |
| 1963 | 2.27% | 12.9% |
| 1962 | 2.34% | 12.5% |
| 1961 | 2.56% | 10.2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/papua-new-guinea/qatar | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Papua New Guinea grew by 1.8%, while Qatar's population grew by 7.6%.
Live population counters
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Qatar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
11002753
|
2999260
|
| Population rank | 89/197 | 136/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.13% | 0.04% |
| One net population change |
2.81 minutes
|
2.6 minutes
|
| One birth every |
2.06 minutes
|
20 minutes
|
| One death every |
7.76 minutes
|
3.55 hours
|
| Daily growth/decline | +512 | +553 |
| Annual growth/decline | +186,867 | +201,790 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +1.8% | +7.6% |
| Population growth rate rank | 59/197 | 1/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.29 days
|
14.5 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -284 | +36,288 |
| Net migration rank | 87/196 | 26/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 31,171 | 2,337,000 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 163/195 | 31/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.3% | 76.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 183/195 | 1/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Qatar
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -284 | - | 36,288 |
| 2024 | - | -707 | - | 46,105 |
| 2023 | 187,637 | -787 | 23,845 | 39,995 |
| 2022 | 186,861 | -787 | 24,360 | 80,004 |
| 2021 | 183,766 | 10,703 | 21,297 | 24,501 |
| 2020 | 189,130 | 10,703 | 25,128 | -50,433 |
| 2019 | 190,662 | 22,978 | 24,112 | 10,557 |
| 2018 | 190,662 | 24,684 | 23,340 | 12,465 |
| 2017 | 189,715 | 26,513 | 23,244 | 46,719 |
| 2016 | 189,281 | 28,473 | 22,416 | 119,725 |
| 2015 | 188,600 | 30,580 | 22,568 | 177,467 |
| 2014 | 187,592 | 32,840 | 21,699 | 194,712 |
| 2013 | 185,790 | 35,280 | 19,669 | 133,520 |
| 2012 | 183,658 | 37,893 | 17,681 | 77,091 |
| 2011 | 181,842 | 40,690 | 16,543 | 77,228 |
| 2010 | 178,998 | 50,106 | 16,225 | 90,620 |
| 2009 | 175,421 | 49,647 | 15,595 | 123,217 |
| 2008 | 172,823 | 48,985 | 14,062 | 165,572 |
| 2007 | 169,306 | 48,203 | 11,351 | 245,703 |
| 2006 | 166,540 | 47,191 | 10,225 | 204,236 |
| 2005 | 163,888 | 46,014 | 11,392 | 68,993 |
| 2004 | 161,023 | 44,811 | 11,242 | 12,531 |
| 2003 | 158,611 | 43,639 | 11,291 | 22,234 |
| 2002 | 155,091 | 42,657 | 11,062 | 22,356 |
| 2001 | 151,431 | 41,962 | 10,683 | 22,456 |
| 2000 | 147,496 | 41,855 | 9,974 | 22,769 |
| 1999 | 143,592 | 42,519 | 9,431 | 22,815 |
| 1998 | 136,677 | 43,091 | 9,055 | 22,618 |
| 1997 | 134,458 | 42,787 | 8,846 | 19,547 |
| 1996 | 129,802 | 41,994 | 9,049 | 5,517 |
| 1995 | 125,410 | 40,962 | 9,186 | 5,634 |
| 1994 | 122,113 | 39,669 | 9,257 | 5,660 |
| 1993 | 118,668 | 38,220 | 9,250 | 5,670 |
| 1992 | 114,818 | 36,622 | 9,189 | 5,670 |
| 1991 | 111,453 | 26,830 | 9,182 | 5,562 |
| 1990 | 110,033 | 2,398 | 9,388 | 5,216 |
| 1989 | 108,199 | -19,824 | 9,407 | 5,045 |
| 1988 | 106,256 | -26,232 | 9,198 | 5,118 |
| 1987 | 104,367 | -25,720 | 8,806 | 5,405 |
| 1986 | 102,346 | -25,495 | 8,439 | 6,512 |
| 1985 | 100,333 | -25,470 | 8,212 | 9,797 |
| 1984 | 98,103 | -25,487 | 7,997 | 10,113 |
| 1983 | 95,982 | -25,465 | 7,765 | 10,462 |
| 1982 | 93,522 | -25,355 | 7,489 | 10,634 |
| 1981 | 91,767 | -25,383 | 7,202 | 10,644 |
| 1980 | 90,266 | -25,638 | 6,894 | 10,540 |
| 1979 | 89,330 | -25,618 | 6,579 | 10,466 |
| 1978 | 88,747 | -25,208 | 6,246 | 10,434 |
| 1977 | 87,954 | -24,722 | 5,925 | 10,445 |
| 1976 | 86,965 | -24,198 | 5,598 | 10,494 |
| 1975 | 85,809 | -23,562 | 5,289 | 10,549 |
| 1974 | 84,829 | -22,771 | 5,015 | 10,603 |
| 1973 | 83,821 | -21,803 | 4,780 | 10,641 |
| 1972 | 82,672 | -20,303 | 4,581 | 10,663 |
| 1971 | 80,599 | -18,945 | 4,433 | 10,644 |
| 1970 | 78,712 | -18,773 | 4,346 | 10,579 |
| 1969 | 76,454 | -18,994 | 3,941 | 7,790 |
| 1968 | 73,983 | -19,188 | 3,547 | 7,266 |
| 1967 | 71,519 | -19,767 | 3,167 | 6,637 |
| 1966 | 69,206 | -17,454 | 2,811 | 5,880 |
| 1965 | 66,693 | -18,532 | 2,472 | 5,083 |
| 1964 | 64,558 | -17,730 | 2,150 | 4,686 |
| 1963 | 62,260 | -15,189 | 1,854 | 4,283 |
| 1962 | 59,974 | -12,141 | 1,589 | 3,773 |
| 1961 | 58,151 | -10,409 | 1,357 | 3,186 |
| 1960 | 56,326 | -2,034 | 1,220 | 1,586 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/papua-new-guinea/qatar | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 91% of the population change in Papua New Guinea is from natural causes (a gain of 1,883,906 people) and 8.98% is from migration (a gain of 185,900 people). In Qatar 26.1% is from natural causes (a gain of 232,009 people) and 73.9% is from migration (a gain of 655,712 people).
As of 2024, 31,171 residents or 0.3% of the population were not native-born in Papua New Guinea, compared to 2,337,000 people or 76.7% in Qatar.
Biggest cities by population
|
Papua New Guinea
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Port Moresby | 317K |
| Lae | 101K |
|
Qatar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Doha | 1.19M |
| Al Khor | 31.5K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Papua New Guinea and Qatar
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Qatar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 66.5 years | 82.8 years |
| Average age | 26.7 years | 33.3 years |
| Median age | 23.6 years | 34.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 51.4:48.6 | 71.3:28.7 |
| Fertility rate | 3.1 births per woman | 1.73 births per woman |
| Population density | 62.6 ppl/mi² | 673 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/papua-new-guinea/qatar | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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