The latest officially reported population of Croatia was 3,866,200 in 2024 vs 9,515,236 people in Togo in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Croatia's population is 3,812,193 people compared to 9,990,340 in Togo.
Population statistics:
- Togo's population is 2.62 times bigger than Croatia's.
- Croatia is ranked the 129th most populous country in the world, while Togo is the 97th.
- The countries together account for 0.17% of the world: 0.05% for Croatia vs 0.12% for Togo.
- For the last 10 years, Croatia has had an average growth rate of -0.82% per year vs +2.46% in Togo.
- Since 2006, the population of Croatia has decreased from 4.31M people to 3.81M (11.6% decline), while Togo has grown from 6.01M to 9.99M (66.2% growth).
Croatia vs Togo: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Croatia
|
Togo
|
|
| 2100 | 2,137,465 | 26,511,761 |
| 2099 | 2,155,186 | 26,350,920 |
| 2098 | 2,173,108 | 26,190,149 |
| 2097 | 2,190,995 | 26,025,602 |
| 2096 | 2,209,326 | 25,858,261 |
| 2095 | 2,227,698 | 25,692,261 |
| 2094 | 2,246,224 | 25,512,468 |
| 2093 | 2,264,550 | 25,345,557 |
| 2092 | 2,283,068 | 25,173,177 |
| 2091 | 2,301,556 | 24,992,069 |
| 2090 | 2,319,851 | 24,812,174 |
| 2089 | 2,338,604 | 24,627,057 |
| 2088 | 2,357,581 | 24,436,800 |
| 2087 | 2,376,274 | 24,254,420 |
| 2086 | 2,395,139 | 24,051,223 |
| 2085 | 2,414,304 | 23,849,170 |
| 2084 | 2,433,813 | 23,646,091 |
| 2083 | 2,453,361 | 23,436,282 |
| 2082 | 2,473,204 | 23,222,780 |
| 2081 | 2,493,128 | 23,001,936 |
| 2080 | 2,513,378 | 22,777,601 |
| 2079 | 2,534,101 | 22,551,490 |
| 2078 | 2,554,982 | 22,338,486 |
| 2077 | 2,576,370 | 22,122,045 |
| 2076 | 2,597,887 | 21,896,528 |
| 2075 | 2,619,688 | 21,662,169 |
| 2074 | 2,641,342 | 21,429,982 |
| 2073 | 2,663,253 | 21,196,168 |
| 2072 | 2,685,714 | 20,965,824 |
| 2071 | 2,708,053 | 20,733,961 |
| 2070 | 2,730,187 | 20,502,013 |
| 2069 | 2,753,302 | 20,263,631 |
| 2068 | 2,776,996 | 20,019,087 |
| 2067 | 2,800,742 | 19,779,666 |
| 2066 | 2,824,811 | 19,535,920 |
| 2065 | 2,848,913 | 19,295,265 |
| 2064 | 2,872,881 | 19,054,476 |
| 2063 | 2,897,651 | 18,807,556 |
| 2062 | 2,922,653 | 18,564,996 |
| 2061 | 2,947,832 | 18,323,196 |
| 2060 | 2,973,162 | 18,081,153 |
| 2059 | 2,998,389 | 17,844,344 |
| 2058 | 3,023,822 | 17,604,946 |
| 2057 | 3,049,085 | 17,362,170 |
| 2056 | 3,074,796 | 17,118,049 |
| 2055 | 3,100,195 | 16,866,006 |
| 2054 | 3,125,459 | 16,621,633 |
| 2053 | 3,151,016 | 16,377,405 |
| 2052 | 3,176,316 | 16,130,545 |
| 2051 | 3,201,973 | 15,878,148 |
| 2050 | 3,227,869 | 15,631,978 |
| 2049 | 3,253,597 | 15,378,071 |
| 2048 | 3,279,316 | 15,127,754 |
| 2047 | 3,305,051 | 14,879,919 |
| 2046 | 3,330,260 | 14,629,528 |
| 2045 | 3,355,638 | 14,379,029 |
| 2044 | 3,381,196 | 14,128,387 |
| 2043 | 3,406,105 | 13,876,705 |
| 2042 | 3,430,854 | 13,630,555 |
| 2041 | 3,455,487 | 13,384,957 |
| 2040 | 3,479,631 | 13,144,485 |
| 2039 | 3,503,577 | 12,899,560 |
| 2038 | 3,527,583 | 12,658,957 |
| 2037 | 3,551,581 | 12,420,807 |
| 2036 | 3,574,520 | 12,186,169 |
| 2035 | 3,596,996 | 11,950,071 |
| 2034 | 3,620,363 | 11,717,387 |
| 2033 | 3,643,692 | 11,485,359 |
| 2032 | 3,667,478 | 11,253,936 |
| 2031 | 3,691,842 | 11,023,922 |
| 2030 | 3,715,373 | 10,797,929 |
| 2029 | 3,739,203 | 10,578,030 |
| 2028 | 3,762,505 | 10,361,280 |
| 2027 | 3,787,023 | 10,146,366 |
| 2026 | 3,812,193 | 9,932,489 |
| 2025 | 3,838,346 | 9,723,170 |
| 2024 | 3,866,200 | 9,515,236 |
| 2023 | 3,859,686 | 9,304,337 |
| 2022 | 3,855,641 | 9,089,738 |
| 2021 | 3,878,981 | 8,878,379 |
| 2020 | 3,914,206 | 8,669,720 |
| 2019 | 3,949,390 | 8,463,068 |
| 2018 | 3,988,775 | 8,258,778 |
| 2017 | 4,041,407 | 8,057,140 |
| 2016 | 4,106,867 | 7,858,289 |
| 2015 | 4,151,725 | 7,663,195 |
| 2014 | 4,201,598 | 7,472,450 |
| 2013 | 4,233,922 | 7,285,442 |
| 2012 | 4,260,368 | 7,100,736 |
| 2011 | 4,280,622 | 6,916,474 |
| 2010 | 4,295,427 | 6,732,590 |
| 2009 | 4,305,181 | 6,551,865 |
| 2008 | 4,309,705 | 6,368,812 |
| 2007 | 4,310,217 | 6,188,344 |
| 2006 | 4,311,159 | 6,010,668 |
| 2005 | 4,310,145 | 5,844,631 |
| 2004 | 4,304,600 | 5,696,508 |
| 2003 | 4,303,399 | 5,552,167 |
| 2002 | 4,302,174 | 5,413,274 |
| 2001 | 4,299,642 | 5,277,382 |
| 2000 | 4,468,302 | 5,140,037 |
| 1999 | 4,512,597 | 5,000,269 |
| 1998 | 4,532,135 | 4,860,913 |
| 1997 | 4,534,920 | 4,725,030 |
| 1996 | 4,557,097 | 4,577,860 |
| 1995 | 4,620,030 | 4,410,832 |
| 1994 | 4,652,024 | 4,222,940 |
| 1993 | 4,600,463 | 4,207,453 |
| 1992 | 4,575,818 | 4,233,617 |
| 1991 | 4,689,022 | 4,115,560 |
| 1990 | 4,777,368 | 3,998,761 |
| 1989 | 4,767,260 | 3,883,411 |
| 1988 | 4,755,207 | 3,769,742 |
| 1987 | 4,739,745 | 3,657,508 |
| 1986 | 4,721,446 | 3,547,952 |
| 1985 | 4,701,417 | 3,441,091 |
| 1984 | 4,680,285 | 3,332,837 |
| 1983 | 4,658,254 | 3,222,899 |
| 1982 | 4,634,234 | 3,115,042 |
| 1981 | 4,611,509 | 3,013,043 |
| 1980 | 4,599,782 | 2,920,894 |
| 1979 | 4,594,778 | 2,839,854 |
| 1978 | 4,581,085 | 2,768,148 |
| 1977 | 4,559,571 | 2,701,894 |
| 1976 | 4,535,934 | 2,637,796 |
| 1975 | 4,512,082 | 2,574,622 |
| 1974 | 4,490,660 | 2,511,760 |
| 1973 | 4,470,161 | 2,448,749 |
| 1972 | 4,450,564 | 2,384,994 |
| 1971 | 4,431,275 | 2,317,976 |
| 1970 | 4,412,252 | 2,244,773 |
| 1969 | 4,391,490 | 2,164,814 |
| 1968 | 4,365,628 | 2,080,226 |
| 1967 | 4,338,683 | 1,995,890 |
| 1966 | 4,310,701 | 1,918,513 |
| 1965 | 4,280,923 | 1,853,771 |
| 1964 | 4,252,876 | 1,803,440 |
| 1963 | 4,225,675 | 1,765,072 |
| 1962 | 4,196,712 | 1,732,959 |
| 1961 | 4,167,292 | 1,702,717 |
| 1960 | 4,140,181 | 1,673,110 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/croatia/togo | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Croatia decreased by 204,292 people (a 4.74% decline), while Togo gained 1,847,621 people (a 30.7% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Croatia lost 294,674 people (a 7.18% decline), while Togo's population increased by 2,132,051 people (a 27.1% growth).
Croatia was ranked 120th most populous country in 2006 and is 129th in 2026. Togo was ranked 102nd in 2006 and ranked 97th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Croatia's population will shrink by 15.3% to 3,227,869 people with a rank change from 129th to 139th. The population of Togo will increase by 56.5% to 15,631,978 people and rank change from 97th to 83rd.
Togo is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 26.5M people, while Croatia's population already peaked in 1990 at 4.78M people and is projected to decrease to 2.14M people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Croatia
|
Togo
|
|
| 2100 | -0.82% | 0.61% |
| 2099 | -0.82% | 0.61% |
| 2098 | -0.82% | 0.63% |
| 2097 | -0.83% | 0.65% |
| 2096 | -0.82% | 0.65% |
| 2095 | -0.82% | 0.7% |
| 2094 | -0.81% | 0.66% |
| 2093 | -0.81% | 0.68% |
| 2092 | -0.8% | 0.72% |
| 2091 | -0.79% | 0.73% |
| 2090 | -0.8% | 0.75% |
| 2089 | -0.8% | 0.78% |
| 2088 | -0.79% | 0.75% |
| 2087 | -0.79% | 0.84% |
| 2086 | -0.79% | 0.85% |
| 2085 | -0.8% | 0.86% |
| 2084 | -0.8% | 0.9% |
| 2083 | -0.8% | 0.92% |
| 2082 | -0.8% | 0.96% |
| 2081 | -0.81% | 0.98% |
| 2080 | -0.82% | 1% |
| 2079 | -0.82% | 0.95% |
| 2078 | -0.83% | 0.98% |
| 2077 | -0.83% | 1.03% |
| 2076 | -0.83% | 1.08% |
| 2075 | -0.82% | 1.08% |
| 2074 | -0.82% | 1.1% |
| 2073 | -0.84% | 1.1% |
| 2072 | -0.82% | 1.12% |
| 2071 | -0.81% | 1.13% |
| 2070 | -0.84% | 1.18% |
| 2069 | -0.85% | 1.22% |
| 2068 | -0.85% | 1.21% |
| 2067 | -0.85% | 1.25% |
| 2066 | -0.85% | 1.25% |
| 2065 | -0.83% | 1.26% |
| 2064 | -0.85% | 1.31% |
| 2063 | -0.86% | 1.31% |
| 2062 | -0.85% | 1.32% |
| 2061 | -0.85% | 1.34% |
| 2060 | -0.84% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | -0.84% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | -0.83% | 1.4% |
| 2057 | -0.84% | 1.43% |
| 2056 | -0.82% | 1.49% |
| 2055 | -0.81% | 1.47% |
| 2054 | -0.81% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | -0.8% | 1.53% |
| 2052 | -0.8% | 1.59% |
| 2051 | -0.8% | 1.57% |
| 2050 | -0.79% | 1.65% |
| 2049 | -0.78% | 1.65% |
| 2048 | -0.78% | 1.67% |
| 2047 | -0.76% | 1.71% |
| 2046 | -0.76% | 1.74% |
| 2045 | -0.76% | 1.77% |
| 2044 | -0.73% | 1.81% |
| 2043 | -0.72% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | -0.71% | 1.83% |
| 2041 | -0.69% | 1.83% |
| 2040 | -0.68% | 1.9% |
| 2039 | -0.68% | 1.9% |
| 2038 | -0.68% | 1.92% |
| 2037 | -0.64% | 1.93% |
| 2036 | -0.62% | 1.98% |
| 2035 | -0.65% | 1.99% |
| 2034 | -0.64% | 2.02% |
| 2033 | -0.65% | 2.06% |
| 2032 | -0.66% | 2.09% |
| 2031 | -0.63% | 2.09% |
| 2030 | -0.64% | 2.08% |
| 2029 | -0.62% | 2.09% |
| 2028 | -0.65% | 2.12% |
| 2027 | -0.66% | 2.15% |
| 2026 | -0.68% | 2.15% |
| 2025 | -0.72% | 2.19% |
| 2024 | 0.17% | 2.27% |
| 2023 | 0.1% | 2.36% |
| 2022 | -0.6% | 2.38% |
| 2021 | -0.9% | 2.41% |
| 2020 | -0.89% | 2.44% |
| 2019 | -0.99% | 2.47% |
| 2018 | -1.3% | 2.5% |
| 2017 | -1.59% | 2.53% |
| 2016 | -1.08% | 2.55% |
| 2015 | -1.19% | 2.55% |
| 2014 | -0.76% | 2.57% |
| 2013 | -0.62% | 2.6% |
| 2012 | -0.47% | 2.66% |
| 2011 | -0.34% | 2.73% |
| 2010 | -0.23% | 2.76% |
| 2009 | -0.1% | 2.87% |
| 2008 | -0.01% | 2.92% |
| 2007 | -0.02% | 2.96% |
| 2006 | 0.02% | 2.84% |
| 2005 | 0.13% | 2.6% |
| 2004 | 0.03% | 2.6% |
| 2003 | 0.03% | 2.57% |
| 2002 | 0.06% | 2.57% |
| 2001 | -3.77% | 2.67% |
| 2000 | -0.98% | 2.8% |
| 1999 | -0.43% | 2.87% |
| 1998 | -0.06% | 2.88% |
| 1997 | -0.49% | 3.21% |
| 1996 | -1.36% | 3.79% |
| 1995 | -0.69% | 4.45% |
| 1994 | 1.12% | 0.37% |
| 1993 | 0.54% | -0.62% |
| 1992 | -2.41% | 2.87% |
| 1991 | -1.85% | 2.92% |
| 1990 | 0.21% | 2.97% |
| 1989 | 0.25% | 3.02% |
| 1988 | 0.33% | 3.07% |
| 1987 | 0.39% | 3.09% |
| 1986 | 0.43% | 3.11% |
| 1985 | 0.45% | 3.25% |
| 1984 | 0.47% | 3.41% |
| 1983 | 0.52% | 3.46% |
| 1982 | 0.49% | 3.39% |
| 1981 | 0.25% | 3.15% |
| 1980 | 0.11% | 2.85% |
| 1979 | 0.3% | 2.59% |
| 1978 | 0.47% | 2.45% |
| 1977 | 0.52% | 2.43% |
| 1976 | 0.53% | 2.45% |
| 1975 | 0.48% | 2.5% |
| 1974 | 0.46% | 2.57% |
| 1973 | 0.44% | 2.67% |
| 1972 | 0.44% | 2.89% |
| 1971 | 0.43% | 3.26% |
| 1970 | 0.47% | 3.69% |
| 1969 | 0.59% | 4.07% |
| 1968 | 0.62% | 4.23% |
| 1967 | 0.65% | 4.03% |
| 1966 | 0.7% | 3.49% |
| 1965 | 0.66% | 2.79% |
| 1964 | 0.64% | 2.17% |
| 1963 | 0.69% | 1.85% |
| 1962 | 0.71% | 1.78% |
| 1961 | 0.65% | 1.77% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/croatia/togo | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Croatia grew by 0.17%, while Togo's population grew by 2.27%.
Live population counters
|
Croatia
|
Togo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
3812193
|
9990340
|
| Population rank | 129/197 | 97/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.05% | 0.12% |
| One net population change |
1.34 hours
|
2.49 minutes
|
| One birth every |
16.4 minutes
|
1.81 minutes
|
| One death every |
10.2 minutes
|
7.33 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +18 | +578 |
| Annual growth/decline | +6,514 | +210,899 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.17% | +2.27% |
| Population growth rate rank | 157/197 | 40/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.52 hours
|
35.1 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -3,481 | -15,010 |
| Net migration rank | 112/196 | 144/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 527,831 | 281,994 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 78/195 | 99/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 13.6% | 3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 50/195 | 117/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Croatia
|
Togo
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -3,481 | - | -15,010 |
| 2024 | - | -5,186 | - | -14,014 |
| 2023 | -19,298 | 10,202 | 218,093 | -1,997 |
| 2022 | -23,134 | 11,681 | 215,090 | -1,997 |
| 2021 | -26,377 | -4,517 | 210,613 | -986 |
| 2020 | -20,354 | -8,552 | 208,663 | -986 |
| 2019 | -15,008 | -13,239 | 207,608 | -1,985 |
| 2018 | -15,557 | -25,016 | 204,942 | -1,985 |
| 2017 | -16,570 | -44,557 | 202,307 | -1,985 |
| 2016 | -13,553 | -32,144 | 199,364 | -1,979 |
| 2015 | -16,607 | -27,501 | 194,768 | -1,976 |
| 2014 | -11,345 | -13,127 | 190,667 | -1,976 |
| 2013 | -10,162 | -6,245 | 187,309 | -1,976 |
| 2012 | -9,799 | -4,794 | 186,061 | -1,983 |
| 2011 | -9,846 | -17,463 | 186,406 | -1,968 |
| 2010 | -8,591 | -3,995 | 185,294 | -1,964 |
| 2009 | -7,319 | 1,358 | 180,111 | -1,985 |
| 2008 | -8,188 | 6,495 | 173,677 | 14,303 |
| 2007 | -10,335 | 8,893 | 168,144 | 4,813 |
| 2006 | -8,669 | 10,852 | 160,671 | 21,724 |
| 2005 | -9,022 | 10,629 | 154,117 | -4,437 |
| 2004 | -9,040 | 15,445 | 147,574 | -1,005 |
| 2003 | -12,480 | 12,556 | 144,900 | -2,793 |
| 2002 | -10,325 | 10,306 | 141,643 | -5,973 |
| 2001 | -8,599 | 19,298 | 137,808 | -1,703 |
| 2000 | -6,255 | -47,629 | 133,873 | 4,715 |
| 1999 | -6,769 | -47,418 | 129,832 | 11,125 |
| 1998 | -4,985 | -47,931 | 125,392 | 12,362 |
| 1997 | 3,175 | -52,897 | 122,109 | 11,898 |
| 1996 | 3,190 | -53,688 | 119,418 | 40,915 |
| 1995 | 0 | -51,882 | 116,314 | 57,406 |
| 1994 | -930 | -50,444 | 113,074 | 88,992 |
| 1993 | -2,301 | -49,615 | 119,938 | -291,022 |
| 1992 | -4,576 | -47,865 | 118,876 | -122 |
| 1991 | -2,813 | -31,968 | 117,409 | -51 |
| 1990 | 3,344 | 9,538 | 116,200 | 44 |
| 1989 | 3,337 | 8,471 | 114,432 | 0 |
| 1988 | 5,707 | 7,242 | 112,915 | -17 |
| 1987 | 6,161 | 6,956 | 110,739 | 848 |
| 1986 | 8,499 | 6,261 | 107,957 | -436 |
| 1985 | 10,343 | 5,550 | 104,949 | 1,242 |
| 1984 | 10,764 | 5,757 | 102,425 | 7,897 |
| 1983 | 10,714 | 6,323 | 99,817 | 9,740 |
| 1982 | 15,756 | 7,475 | 97,003 | 9,163 |
| 1981 | 15,680 | 4,872 | 94,318 | 3,519 |
| 1980 | 17,939 | -5,486 | 91,445 | -4,993 |
| 1979 | 21,136 | -5,740 | 89,148 | -13,519 |
| 1978 | 20,157 | -7,329 | 86,950 | -19,163 |
| 1977 | 22,798 | -7,339 | 84,572 | -19,856 |
| 1976 | 22,226 | -7,400 | 82,321 | -18,832 |
| 1975 | 21,658 | -7,366 | 79,831 | -16,973 |
| 1974 | 22,453 | -8,076 | 77,347 | -14,483 |
| 1973 | 21,904 | -8,335 | 74,713 | -11,555 |
| 1972 | 17,802 | -7,277 | 72,008 | -7,661 |
| 1971 | 19,941 | -5,608 | 69,206 | 482 |
| 1970 | 16,767 | -2,359 | 65,851 | 10,865 |
| 1969 | 16,688 | -2,796 | 62,589 | 20,613 |
| 1968 | 21,828 | -2,799 | 59,110 | 26,860 |
| 1967 | 26,032 | -3,518 | 56,128 | 26,576 |
| 1966 | 33,192 | -6,341 | 53,640 | 18,418 |
| 1965 | 31,251 | -5,253 | 51,323 | 6,104 |
| 1964 | 25,942 | -2,090 | 49,449 | -6,214 |
| 1963 | 31,270 | -1,289 | 47,869 | -14,361 |
| 1962 | 30,216 | -2,176 | 46,201 | -15,486 |
| 1961 | 36,255 | -6,567 | 44,623 | -14,858 |
| 1960 | 34,778 | -21,768 | 43,307 | -13,868 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/croatia/togo | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 54.8% of the population change in Croatia is from natural causes (a loss of 177,803 people) and 45.2% is from migration (a loss of 146,770 people). In Togo 99.1% is from natural causes (a gain of 2,052,115 people) and 0.86% is from migration (a loss of 17,852 people).
As of 2024, 527,831 residents or 13.6% of the population were not native-born in Croatia, compared to 281,994 people or 3% in Togo.
Biggest cities by population
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Croatia and Togo
|
Croatia
|
Togo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 79.1 years | 63.3 years |
| Average age | 44.6 years | 24.3 years |
| Median age | 46 years | 19.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.2:51.8 | 50.3:49.7 |
| Fertility rate | 1.46 births per woman | 4.19 births per woman |
| Population density | 176.4 ppl/mi² | 473 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/croatia/togo | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.