The latest officially reported population of Latvia was 1,847,785 in 2025 vs 51,384,894 people in Uganda in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Latvia's population is 1,826,986 people compared to 53,495,325 in Uganda.
Population statistics:
- Uganda's population is 29.3 times bigger than Latvia's.
- Latvia is ranked the 149th most populous country in the world, while Uganda is the 30th.
- The countries together account for 0.67% of the world: 0.02% for Latvia vs 0.64% for Uganda.
- For the last 10 years, Latvia has had an average growth rate of -0.69% per year vs +3.19% in Uganda.
- Since 2006, the population of Latvia has decreased from 2.22M people to 1.83M (17.6% decline), while Uganda has grown from 28.8M to 53.5M (85.8% growth).
Latvia vs Uganda: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Latvia
|
Uganda
|
|
| 2100 | 922,007 | 122,461,518 |
| 2099 | 931,466 | 122,400,118 |
| 2098 | 940,927 | 122,328,333 |
| 2097 | 950,258 | 122,230,315 |
| 2096 | 959,655 | 122,110,905 |
| 2095 | 968,997 | 121,940,556 |
| 2094 | 978,324 | 121,763,948 |
| 2093 | 987,606 | 121,549,120 |
| 2092 | 996,982 | 121,301,128 |
| 2091 | 1,006,431 | 121,034,858 |
| 2090 | 1,015,921 | 120,731,912 |
| 2089 | 1,025,435 | 120,392,371 |
| 2088 | 1,035,083 | 120,029,300 |
| 2087 | 1,044,938 | 119,633,372 |
| 2086 | 1,054,879 | 119,221,630 |
| 2085 | 1,064,880 | 118,780,837 |
| 2084 | 1,075,183 | 118,304,392 |
| 2083 | 1,085,772 | 117,787,304 |
| 2082 | 1,096,487 | 117,240,484 |
| 2081 | 1,107,392 | 116,673,088 |
| 2080 | 1,118,511 | 116,061,969 |
| 2079 | 1,129,885 | 115,440,209 |
| 2078 | 1,141,268 | 114,771,629 |
| 2077 | 1,152,706 | 114,085,142 |
| 2076 | 1,164,352 | 113,356,858 |
| 2075 | 1,176,176 | 112,604,741 |
| 2074 | 1,188,082 | 111,830,528 |
| 2073 | 1,199,974 | 111,038,122 |
| 2072 | 1,211,961 | 110,208,535 |
| 2071 | 1,224,298 | 109,360,734 |
| 2070 | 1,236,755 | 108,473,738 |
| 2069 | 1,249,300 | 107,576,028 |
| 2068 | 1,262,278 | 106,646,220 |
| 2067 | 1,275,443 | 105,691,752 |
| 2066 | 1,288,533 | 104,708,323 |
| 2065 | 1,302,103 | 103,707,399 |
| 2064 | 1,315,729 | 102,671,371 |
| 2063 | 1,329,295 | 101,616,654 |
| 2062 | 1,342,898 | 100,532,299 |
| 2061 | 1,356,597 | 99,421,530 |
| 2060 | 1,370,646 | 98,305,883 |
| 2059 | 1,384,579 | 97,158,930 |
| 2058 | 1,398,610 | 95,986,215 |
| 2057 | 1,412,764 | 94,793,892 |
| 2056 | 1,426,866 | 93,585,691 |
| 2055 | 1,440,673 | 92,357,892 |
| 2054 | 1,454,475 | 91,106,039 |
| 2053 | 1,468,103 | 89,831,291 |
| 2052 | 1,481,591 | 88,542,276 |
| 2051 | 1,494,244 | 87,244,950 |
| 2050 | 1,506,958 | 85,932,109 |
| 2049 | 1,519,679 | 84,607,399 |
| 2048 | 1,532,326 | 83,260,483 |
| 2047 | 1,544,855 | 81,904,082 |
| 2046 | 1,557,274 | 80,545,542 |
| 2045 | 1,570,010 | 79,185,378 |
| 2044 | 1,582,416 | 77,812,065 |
| 2043 | 1,594,893 | 76,431,508 |
| 2042 | 1,607,225 | 75,053,218 |
| 2041 | 1,620,006 | 73,680,031 |
| 2040 | 1,632,650 | 72,312,112 |
| 2039 | 1,645,713 | 70,942,351 |
| 2038 | 1,658,653 | 69,559,994 |
| 2037 | 1,671,596 | 68,166,092 |
| 2036 | 1,684,899 | 66,785,108 |
| 2035 | 1,698,177 | 65,392,706 |
| 2034 | 1,711,808 | 64,004,533 |
| 2033 | 1,725,938 | 62,616,072 |
| 2032 | 1,740,330 | 61,217,174 |
| 2031 | 1,754,642 | 59,807,490 |
| 2030 | 1,769,574 | 58,398,308 |
| 2029 | 1,784,112 | 56,989,526 |
| 2028 | 1,798,494 | 55,580,177 |
| 2027 | 1,812,843 | 54,175,341 |
| 2026 | 1,826,986 | 52,777,106 |
| 2025 | 1,847,785 | 51,384,894 |
| 2024 | 1,866,124 | 50,015,092 |
| 2023 | 1,883,710 | 48,656,601 |
| 2022 | 1,879,383 | 47,312,719 |
| 2021 | 1,884,490 | 45,910,930 |
| 2020 | 1,900,449 | 44,457,152 |
| 2019 | 1,913,822 | 42,999,637 |
| 2018 | 1,927,174 | 41,565,831 |
| 2017 | 1,942,248 | 40,177,388 |
| 2016 | 1,959,537 | 38,799,152 |
| 2015 | 1,977,527 | 37,531,446 |
| 2014 | 1,993,782 | 36,395,539 |
| 2013 | 2,012,647 | 35,337,042 |
| 2012 | 2,034,319 | 34,337,438 |
| 2011 | 2,059,709 | 33,354,543 |
| 2010 | 2,097,555 | 32,390,802 |
| 2009 | 2,141,669 | 31,451,151 |
| 2008 | 2,177,322 | 30,539,553 |
| 2007 | 2,200,325 | 29,653,430 |
| 2006 | 2,218,357 | 28,794,003 |
| 2005 | 2,238,799 | 27,963,289 |
| 2004 | 2,263,122 | 27,154,515 |
| 2003 | 2,287,955 | 26,352,124 |
| 2002 | 2,310,173 | 25,532,870 |
| 2001 | 2,337,170 | 24,745,676 |
| 2000 | 2,367,550 | 24,000,150 |
| 1999 | 2,390,482 | 23,257,281 |
| 1998 | 2,410,019 | 22,515,806 |
| 1997 | 2,432,851 | 21,856,046 |
| 1996 | 2,457,222 | 21,231,550 |
| 1995 | 2,485,056 | 20,665,667 |
| 1994 | 2,520,742 | 20,108,801 |
| 1993 | 2,563,290 | 19,445,161 |
| 1992 | 2,614,338 | 18,785,032 |
| 1991 | 2,650,581 | 18,155,901 |
| 1990 | 2,663,151 | 17,569,897 |
| 1989 | 2,666,955 | 17,010,698 |
| 1988 | 2,653,434 | 16,470,483 |
| 1987 | 2,626,583 | 15,954,170 |
| 1986 | 2,599,892 | 15,467,579 |
| 1985 | 2,578,873 | 15,023,681 |
| 1984 | 2,562,047 | 14,607,677 |
| 1983 | 2,546,011 | 14,221,881 |
| 1982 | 2,531,080 | 13,873,631 |
| 1981 | 2,519,421 | 13,556,452 |
| 1980 | 2,511,701 | 13,275,741 |
| 1979 | 2,505,953 | 13,002,163 |
| 1978 | 2,497,921 | 12,692,113 |
| 1977 | 2,485,073 | 12,359,669 |
| 1976 | 2,470,989 | 12,037,294 |
| 1975 | 2,456,130 | 11,725,240 |
| 1974 | 2,437,186 | 11,424,846 |
| 1973 | 2,415,819 | 11,144,236 |
| 1972 | 2,395,674 | 10,885,796 |
| 1971 | 2,376,389 | 10,618,206 |
| 1970 | 2,359,164 | 10,321,603 |
| 1969 | 2,343,173 | 10,014,858 |
| 1968 | 2,323,619 | 9,708,632 |
| 1967 | 2,301,220 | 9,408,924 |
| 1966 | 2,283,217 | 9,122,864 |
| 1965 | 2,265,919 | 8,849,203 |
| 1964 | 2,240,623 | 8,586,363 |
| 1963 | 2,210,919 | 8,333,663 |
| 1962 | 2,181,586 | 8,092,231 |
| 1961 | 2,152,681 | 7,862,217 |
| 1960 | 2,120,979 | 7,640,973 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/latvia/uganda | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Latvia decreased by 258,820 people (a 11.7% decline), while Uganda gained 10,005,149 people (a 34.7% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Latvia lost 132,551 people (a 6.76% decline), while Uganda's population increased by 14,696,173 people (a 37.9% growth).
Latvia was ranked 140th most populous country in 2006 and is 149th in 2026. Uganda was ranked 38th in 2006 and ranked 30th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Latvia's population will shrink by 17.5% to 1,506,958 people with a rank change from 149th to 155th. The population of Uganda will increase by 60.6% to 85,932,109 people and rank change from 30th to 20th.
Uganda is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 122M people, while Latvia's population already peaked in 1989 at 2.67M people and is projected to decrease to 922K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Latvia
|
Uganda
|
|
| 2100 | -1.02% | 0.05% |
| 2099 | -1.01% | 0.06% |
| 2098 | -0.98% | 0.08% |
| 2097 | -0.98% | 0.1% |
| 2096 | -0.96% | 0.14% |
| 2095 | -0.95% | 0.15% |
| 2094 | -0.94% | 0.18% |
| 2093 | -0.94% | 0.2% |
| 2092 | -0.94% | 0.22% |
| 2091 | -0.93% | 0.25% |
| 2090 | -0.93% | 0.28% |
| 2089 | -0.93% | 0.3% |
| 2088 | -0.94% | 0.33% |
| 2087 | -0.94% | 0.35% |
| 2086 | -0.94% | 0.37% |
| 2085 | -0.96% | 0.4% |
| 2084 | -0.98% | 0.44% |
| 2083 | -0.98% | 0.47% |
| 2082 | -0.98% | 0.49% |
| 2081 | -0.99% | 0.53% |
| 2080 | -1.01% | 0.54% |
| 2079 | -1% | 0.58% |
| 2078 | -0.99% | 0.6% |
| 2077 | -1% | 0.64% |
| 2076 | -1.01% | 0.67% |
| 2075 | -1% | 0.69% |
| 2074 | -0.99% | 0.71% |
| 2073 | -0.99% | 0.75% |
| 2072 | -1.01% | 0.78% |
| 2071 | -1.01% | 0.82% |
| 2070 | -1% | 0.83% |
| 2069 | -1.03% | 0.87% |
| 2068 | -1.03% | 0.9% |
| 2067 | -1.02% | 0.94% |
| 2066 | -1.04% | 0.97% |
| 2065 | -1.04% | 1.01% |
| 2064 | -1.02% | 1.04% |
| 2063 | -1.01% | 1.08% |
| 2062 | -1.01% | 1.12% |
| 2061 | -1.03% | 1.13% |
| 2060 | -1.01% | 1.18% |
| 2059 | -1% | 1.22% |
| 2058 | -1% | 1.26% |
| 2057 | -0.99% | 1.29% |
| 2056 | -0.96% | 1.33% |
| 2055 | -0.95% | 1.37% |
| 2054 | -0.93% | 1.42% |
| 2053 | -0.91% | 1.46% |
| 2052 | -0.85% | 1.49% |
| 2051 | -0.84% | 1.53% |
| 2050 | -0.84% | 1.57% |
| 2049 | -0.83% | 1.62% |
| 2048 | -0.81% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | -0.8% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | -0.81% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | -0.78% | 1.76% |
| 2044 | -0.78% | 1.81% |
| 2043 | -0.77% | 1.84% |
| 2042 | -0.79% | 1.86% |
| 2041 | -0.77% | 1.89% |
| 2040 | -0.79% | 1.93% |
| 2039 | -0.78% | 1.99% |
| 2038 | -0.77% | 2.04% |
| 2037 | -0.79% | 2.07% |
| 2036 | -0.78% | 2.13% |
| 2035 | -0.8% | 2.17% |
| 2034 | -0.82% | 2.22% |
| 2033 | -0.83% | 2.29% |
| 2032 | -0.82% | 2.36% |
| 2031 | -0.84% | 2.41% |
| 2030 | -0.81% | 2.47% |
| 2029 | -0.8% | 2.54% |
| 2028 | -0.79% | 2.59% |
| 2027 | -0.77% | 2.65% |
| 2026 | -1.13% | 2.71% |
| 2025 | -0.98% | 2.74% |
| 2024 | -0.93% | 2.79% |
| 2023 | 0.23% | 2.84% |
| 2022 | -0.27% | 3.05% |
| 2021 | -0.84% | 3.27% |
| 2020 | -0.7% | 3.39% |
| 2019 | -0.69% | 3.45% |
| 2018 | -0.78% | 3.46% |
| 2017 | -0.88% | 3.55% |
| 2016 | -0.91% | 3.38% |
| 2015 | -0.82% | 3.12% |
| 2014 | -0.94% | 3% |
| 2013 | -1.07% | 2.91% |
| 2012 | -1.23% | 2.95% |
| 2011 | -1.8% | 2.98% |
| 2010 | -2.06% | 2.99% |
| 2009 | -1.64% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | -1.05% | 2.99% |
| 2007 | -0.81% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | -0.91% | 2.97% |
| 2005 | -1.07% | 2.98% |
| 2004 | -1.09% | 3.04% |
| 2003 | -0.96% | 3.21% |
| 2002 | -1.16% | 3.18% |
| 2001 | -1.28% | 3.11% |
| 2000 | -0.96% | 3.19% |
| 1999 | -0.81% | 3.29% |
| 1998 | -0.94% | 3.02% |
| 1997 | -0.99% | 2.94% |
| 1996 | -1.12% | 2.74% |
| 1995 | -1.42% | 2.77% |
| 1994 | -1.66% | 3.41% |
| 1993 | -1.95% | 3.51% |
| 1992 | -1.37% | 3.47% |
| 1991 | -0.47% | 3.34% |
| 1990 | -0.14% | 3.29% |
| 1989 | 0.51% | 3.28% |
| 1988 | 1.02% | 3.24% |
| 1987 | 1.03% | 3.15% |
| 1986 | 0.82% | 2.95% |
| 1985 | 0.66% | 2.85% |
| 1984 | 0.63% | 2.71% |
| 1983 | 0.59% | 2.51% |
| 1982 | 0.46% | 2.34% |
| 1981 | 0.31% | 2.11% |
| 1980 | 0.23% | 2.1% |
| 1979 | 0.32% | 2.44% |
| 1978 | 0.52% | 2.69% |
| 1977 | 0.57% | 2.68% |
| 1976 | 0.6% | 2.66% |
| 1975 | 0.78% | 2.63% |
| 1974 | 0.88% | 2.52% |
| 1973 | 0.84% | 2.37% |
| 1972 | 0.81% | 2.52% |
| 1971 | 0.73% | 2.87% |
| 1970 | 0.68% | 3.06% |
| 1969 | 0.84% | 3.15% |
| 1968 | 0.97% | 3.19% |
| 1967 | 0.79% | 3.14% |
| 1966 | 0.76% | 3.09% |
| 1965 | 1.13% | 3.06% |
| 1964 | 1.34% | 3.03% |
| 1963 | 1.34% | 2.98% |
| 1962 | 1.34% | 2.93% |
| 1961 | 1.49% | 2.9% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/latvia/uganda | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Latvia declined by 0.98%, while Uganda's population grew by 2.74%.
Live population counters
|
Latvia
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1826986
|
53495325
|
| Population rank | 149/197 | 30/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 0.64% |
| One net population change |
28.7 minutes
|
23.1 seconds
|
| One birth every |
40.8 minutes
|
18.3 seconds
|
| One death every |
19.7 minutes
|
2.2 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | -50 | +3,753 |
| Annual growth/decline | -18,339 | +1,369,802 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.98% | +2.74% |
| Population growth rate rank | 193/197 | 21/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.2 hours
|
4.43 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -7,330 | -119,059 |
| Net migration rank | 125/196 | 183/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 220,471 | 2,057,759 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 108/195 | 37/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 11.8% | 4.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 57/195 | 106/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Latvia
|
Uganda
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -7,330 | - | -119,059 |
| 2024 | -13,809 | -2,225 | 1,483,898 | -117,924 |
| 2023 | -13,563 | 7,966 | 1,477,166 | -126,181 |
| 2022 | -14,847 | 22,027 | 1,455,576 | -118,843 |
| 2021 | -17,337 | -280 | 1,423,377 | 43,464 |
| 2020 | -11,402 | -3,147 | 1,397,288 | 43,464 |
| 2019 | -8,995 | -3,416 | 1,367,044 | 107,210 |
| 2018 | -9,636 | -4,972 | 1,332,600 | 60,724 |
| 2017 | -7,963 | -7,867 | 1,290,658 | 92,879 |
| 2016 | -6,663 | -12,327 | 1,249,565 | 123,379 |
| 2015 | -6,526 | -10,826 | 1,224,839 | -62,366 |
| 2014 | -6,779 | -8,799 | 1,201,599 | -92,273 |
| 2013 | -8,252 | -14,386 | 1,184,250 | -176,579 |
| 2012 | -9,154 | -11,914 | 1,167,473 | -175,936 |
| 2011 | -9,886 | -20,202 | 1,147,263 | -173,005 |
| 2010 | -10,278 | -36,128 | 1,121,564 | -168,322 |
| 2009 | -7,924 | -34,807 | 1,090,600 | -164,553 |
| 2008 | -6,531 | -22,445 | 1,055,935 | -158,790 |
| 2007 | -9,021 | -8,027 | 1,029,893 | -154,773 |
| 2006 | -10,204 | -9,211 | 999,958 | -156,232 |
| 2005 | -10,746 | -11,134 | 969,096 | -151,386 |
| 2004 | -11,542 | -15,136 | 938,623 | -138,770 |
| 2003 | -11,439 | -11,422 | 901,374 | -96,429 |
| 2002 | -12,475 | -9,160 | 868,756 | -35,149 |
| 2001 | -13,322 | -18,634 | 836,751 | -95,956 |
| 2000 | -11,838 | -15,679 | 803,069 | -52,824 |
| 1999 | -13,387 | -3,229 | 775,166 | -39,695 |
| 1998 | -15,906 | -5,504 | 741,175 | 6,277 |
| 1997 | -14,841 | -9,183 | 727,523 | -155,461 |
| 1996 | -14,498 | -9,888 | 699,707 | -22,795 |
| 1995 | -17,396 | -13,288 | 697,218 | -242,378 |
| 1994 | -17,645 | -21,446 | 675,092 | -16,198 |
| 1993 | -12,560 | -32,914 | 650,032 | 18,349 |
| 1992 | -3,660 | -52,180 | 627,139 | 24,723 |
| 1991 | 0 | -12,020 | 602,740 | 3,643 |
| 1990 | 2,929 | -13,196 | 587,291 | -21,688 |
| 1989 | 6,401 | -4,960 | 565,367 | -12,576 |
| 1988 | 9,022 | 15,784 | 547,759 | -20,113 |
| 1987 | 9,981 | 19,249 | 527,397 | -22,415 |
| 1986 | 10,660 | 13,972 | 487,693 | -19,485 |
| 1985 | 5,673 | 12,037 | 462,534 | -42,942 |
| 1984 | 7,430 | 8,847 | 421,241 | -8,818 |
| 1983 | 8,147 | 8,115 | 404,940 | -45,776 |
| 1982 | 6,327 | 8,116 | 390,820 | -53,497 |
| 1981 | 3,779 | 6,536 | 380,028 | -83,010 |
| 1980 | 3,265 | 3,099 | 370,287 | -105,900 |
| 1979 | 2,506 | 3,661 | 381,626 | -98,863 |
| 1978 | 2,997 | 7,399 | 371,930 | -34,606 |
| 1977 | 3,480 | 11,992 | 365,216 | -37,671 |
| 1976 | 4,200 | 8,870 | 359,458 | -42,259 |
| 1975 | 4,913 | 12,166 | 354,278 | -47,359 |
| 1974 | 6,824 | 14,420 | 345,773 | -51,910 |
| 1973 | 6,040 | 15,997 | 340,780 | -73,439 |
| 1972 | 7,666 | 11,077 | 335,935 | -86,409 |
| 1971 | 8,793 | 10,846 | 328,294 | -42,642 |
| 1970 | 7,785 | 12,494 | 333,202 | -25,646 |
| 1969 | 6,561 | 13,718 | 320,486 | -14,548 |
| 1968 | 7,668 | 13,465 | 309,725 | -3,214 |
| 1967 | 7,825 | 14,177 | 296,692 | -3,773 |
| 1966 | 8,677 | 13,465 | 282,225 | -3,021 |
| 1965 | 8,384 | 13,218 | 271,830 | -3,716 |
| 1964 | 12,100 | 13,010 | 260,733 | -3,169 |
| 1963 | 11,055 | 12,308 | 250,885 | -3,058 |
| 1962 | 11,562 | 12,344 | 241,513 | -6,470 |
| 1961 | 14,207 | 12,364 | 232,894 | -7,893 |
| 1960 | 14,211 | 11,420 | 225,080 | -7,586 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/latvia/uganda | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 88% of the population change in Latvia is from natural causes (a loss of 110,741 people) and 12% is from migration (a loss of 15,067 people). In Uganda 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 13,702,011 people) and 0.33% is from migration (a gain of 45,806 people).
As of 2024, 220,471 residents or 11.8% of the population were not native-born in Latvia, compared to 2,057,759 people or 4.1% in Uganda.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Latvia and Uganda
|
Latvia
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 76.6 years | 68.9 years |
| Average age | 43.8 years | 21.7 years |
| Median age | 44.6 years | 18 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 46.4:53.6 | 49.6:50.4 |
| Fertility rate | 1.24 births per woman | 4.17 births per woman |
| Population density | 76 ppl/mi² | 682 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/latvia/uganda | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.