The latest officially reported population of Turkey was 85,878,556 in 2025 vs 51,384,894 people in Uganda in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Turkey's population is 86,225,430 people compared to 53,495,325 in Uganda.
Population statistics:
- Turkey's population is 1.61 times bigger than Uganda's.
- Turkey is ranked the 18th most populous country in the world, while Uganda is the 30th.
- The countries together account for 1.68% of the world: 1.04% for Turkey vs 0.64% for Uganda.
- For the last 10 years, Turkey has had an average growth rate of +0.98% per year vs +3.19% in Uganda.
- Since 2006, the population of Turkey has increased from 70M people to 86.2M (23.1% growth), while Uganda has grown from 28.8M to 53.5M (85.8% growth).
Turkey vs Uganda: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Turkey
|
Uganda
|
|
| 2100 | 64,394,191 | 122,461,518 |
| 2099 | 65,045,868 | 122,400,118 |
| 2098 | 65,690,351 | 122,328,333 |
| 2097 | 66,342,622 | 122,230,315 |
| 2096 | 66,990,674 | 122,110,905 |
| 2095 | 67,642,188 | 121,940,556 |
| 2094 | 68,296,562 | 121,763,948 |
| 2093 | 68,963,773 | 121,549,120 |
| 2092 | 69,625,957 | 121,301,128 |
| 2091 | 70,290,255 | 121,034,858 |
| 2090 | 70,960,483 | 120,731,912 |
| 2089 | 71,623,547 | 120,392,371 |
| 2088 | 72,281,102 | 120,029,300 |
| 2087 | 72,928,397 | 119,633,372 |
| 2086 | 73,576,610 | 119,221,630 |
| 2085 | 74,223,570 | 118,780,837 |
| 2084 | 74,853,312 | 118,304,392 |
| 2083 | 75,483,067 | 117,787,304 |
| 2082 | 76,111,533 | 117,240,484 |
| 2081 | 76,726,689 | 116,673,088 |
| 2080 | 77,339,541 | 116,061,969 |
| 2079 | 77,938,889 | 115,440,209 |
| 2078 | 78,532,577 | 114,771,629 |
| 2077 | 79,120,573 | 114,085,142 |
| 2076 | 79,705,459 | 113,356,858 |
| 2075 | 80,277,544 | 112,604,741 |
| 2074 | 80,848,141 | 111,830,528 |
| 2073 | 81,396,237 | 111,038,122 |
| 2072 | 81,938,080 | 110,208,535 |
| 2071 | 82,465,112 | 109,360,734 |
| 2070 | 82,981,973 | 108,473,738 |
| 2069 | 83,480,362 | 107,576,028 |
| 2068 | 83,963,140 | 106,646,220 |
| 2067 | 84,428,242 | 105,691,752 |
| 2066 | 84,886,666 | 104,708,323 |
| 2065 | 85,336,225 | 103,707,399 |
| 2064 | 85,771,285 | 102,671,371 |
| 2063 | 86,187,013 | 101,616,654 |
| 2062 | 86,587,114 | 100,532,299 |
| 2061 | 86,962,577 | 99,421,530 |
| 2060 | 87,319,314 | 98,305,883 |
| 2059 | 87,663,392 | 97,158,930 |
| 2058 | 87,973,789 | 95,986,215 |
| 2057 | 88,264,809 | 94,793,892 |
| 2056 | 88,534,755 | 93,585,691 |
| 2055 | 88,764,080 | 92,357,892 |
| 2054 | 88,972,362 | 91,106,039 |
| 2053 | 89,151,673 | 89,831,291 |
| 2052 | 89,310,785 | 88,542,276 |
| 2051 | 89,437,110 | 87,244,950 |
| 2050 | 89,541,520 | 85,932,109 |
| 2049 | 89,614,107 | 84,607,399 |
| 2048 | 89,651,068 | 83,260,483 |
| 2047 | 89,659,415 | 81,904,082 |
| 2046 | 89,634,354 | 80,545,542 |
| 2045 | 89,608,012 | 79,185,378 |
| 2044 | 89,557,421 | 77,812,065 |
| 2043 | 89,493,042 | 76,431,508 |
| 2042 | 89,404,193 | 75,053,218 |
| 2041 | 89,303,546 | 73,680,031 |
| 2040 | 89,187,952 | 72,312,112 |
| 2039 | 89,051,669 | 70,942,351 |
| 2038 | 88,901,719 | 69,559,994 |
| 2037 | 88,727,471 | 68,166,092 |
| 2036 | 88,537,927 | 66,785,108 |
| 2035 | 88,343,153 | 65,392,706 |
| 2034 | 88,139,515 | 64,004,533 |
| 2033 | 87,918,397 | 62,616,072 |
| 2032 | 87,687,495 | 61,217,174 |
| 2031 | 87,437,150 | 59,807,490 |
| 2030 | 87,166,904 | 58,398,308 |
| 2029 | 86,903,490 | 56,989,526 |
| 2028 | 86,627,469 | 55,580,177 |
| 2027 | 86,350,539 | 54,175,341 |
| 2026 | 86,093,293 | 52,777,106 |
| 2025 | 85,878,556 | 51,384,894 |
| 2024 | 85,518,661 | 50,015,092 |
| 2023 | 85,325,965 | 48,656,601 |
| 2022 | 84,979,913 | 47,312,719 |
| 2021 | 84,147,318 | 45,910,930 |
| 2020 | 83,384,680 | 44,457,152 |
| 2019 | 82,579,440 | 42,999,637 |
| 2018 | 81,407,204 | 41,565,831 |
| 2017 | 80,312,698 | 40,177,388 |
| 2016 | 79,277,962 | 38,799,152 |
| 2015 | 78,218,479 | 37,531,446 |
| 2014 | 77,181,884 | 36,395,539 |
| 2013 | 76,147,624 | 35,337,042 |
| 2012 | 75,175,827 | 34,337,438 |
| 2011 | 74,223,629 | 33,354,543 |
| 2010 | 73,142,150 | 32,390,802 |
| 2009 | 72,039,206 | 31,451,151 |
| 2008 | 71,051,678 | 30,539,553 |
| 2007 | 70,158,112 | 29,653,430 |
| 2006 | 70,045,349 | 28,794,003 |
| 2005 | 69,329,557 | 27,963,289 |
| 2004 | 68,592,617 | 27,154,515 |
| 2003 | 67,831,730 | 26,352,124 |
| 2002 | 67,048,795 | 25,532,870 |
| 2001 | 66,245,128 | 24,745,676 |
| 2000 | 65,425,961 | 24,000,150 |
| 1999 | 64,591,923 | 23,257,281 |
| 1998 | 63,734,383 | 22,515,806 |
| 1997 | 62,852,966 | 21,856,046 |
| 1996 | 61,951,134 | 21,231,550 |
| 1995 | 61,024,503 | 20,665,667 |
| 1994 | 60,033,836 | 20,108,801 |
| 1993 | 58,999,167 | 19,445,161 |
| 1992 | 57,990,118 | 18,785,032 |
| 1991 | 57,009,887 | 18,155,901 |
| 1990 | 56,015,628 | 17,569,897 |
| 1989 | 54,976,723 | 17,010,698 |
| 1988 | 53,909,626 | 16,470,483 |
| 1987 | 52,843,670 | 15,954,170 |
| 1986 | 51,777,772 | 15,467,579 |
| 1985 | 50,687,115 | 15,023,681 |
| 1984 | 49,574,069 | 14,607,677 |
| 1983 | 48,447,410 | 14,221,881 |
| 1982 | 47,322,096 | 13,873,631 |
| 1981 | 46,321,190 | 13,556,452 |
| 1980 | 45,408,815 | 13,275,741 |
| 1979 | 44,510,429 | 13,002,163 |
| 1978 | 43,645,306 | 12,692,113 |
| 1977 | 42,773,298 | 12,359,669 |
| 1976 | 41,899,984 | 12,037,294 |
| 1975 | 41,053,126 | 11,725,240 |
| 1974 | 40,210,234 | 11,424,846 |
| 1973 | 39,329,533 | 11,144,236 |
| 1972 | 38,430,221 | 10,885,796 |
| 1971 | 37,518,611 | 10,618,206 |
| 1970 | 36,638,465 | 10,321,603 |
| 1969 | 35,787,774 | 10,014,858 |
| 1968 | 34,921,684 | 9,708,632 |
| 1967 | 34,050,421 | 9,408,924 |
| 1966 | 33,177,672 | 9,122,864 |
| 1965 | 32,345,220 | 8,849,203 |
| 1964 | 31,543,072 | 8,586,363 |
| 1963 | 30,726,841 | 8,333,663 |
| 1962 | 29,916,147 | 8,092,231 |
| 1961 | 29,119,238 | 7,862,217 |
| 1960 | 28,329,898 | 7,640,973 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/turkey/uganda | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Turkey increased by 9,232,613 people (a 13.2% growth), while Uganda gained 10,005,149 people (a 34.7% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Turkey gained 6,947,468 people (a 8.76% growth), while Uganda's population increased by 14,696,173 people (a 37.9% growth).
Turkey was ranked 18th most populous country in 2006 and is still 18th in 2026. Uganda was ranked 38th in 2006 and ranked 30th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Turkey's population will grow by 3.85% to 89,541,520 people with a rank change from 18th to 19th. The population of Uganda will increase by 60.6% to 85,932,109 people and rank change from 30th to 20th.
Turkey is projected to reach its peak in 2047 at 89.7M people compared to the peak of 122M people in 2100 for Uganda.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Turkey
|
Uganda
|
|
| 2100 | -1% | 0.05% |
| 2099 | -0.98% | 0.06% |
| 2098 | -0.98% | 0.08% |
| 2097 | -0.97% | 0.1% |
| 2096 | -0.96% | 0.14% |
| 2095 | -0.96% | 0.15% |
| 2094 | -0.97% | 0.18% |
| 2093 | -0.95% | 0.2% |
| 2092 | -0.95% | 0.22% |
| 2091 | -0.94% | 0.25% |
| 2090 | -0.93% | 0.28% |
| 2089 | -0.91% | 0.3% |
| 2088 | -0.89% | 0.33% |
| 2087 | -0.88% | 0.35% |
| 2086 | -0.87% | 0.37% |
| 2085 | -0.84% | 0.4% |
| 2084 | -0.83% | 0.44% |
| 2083 | -0.83% | 0.47% |
| 2082 | -0.8% | 0.49% |
| 2081 | -0.79% | 0.53% |
| 2080 | -0.77% | 0.54% |
| 2079 | -0.76% | 0.58% |
| 2078 | -0.74% | 0.6% |
| 2077 | -0.73% | 0.64% |
| 2076 | -0.71% | 0.67% |
| 2075 | -0.71% | 0.69% |
| 2074 | -0.67% | 0.71% |
| 2073 | -0.66% | 0.75% |
| 2072 | -0.64% | 0.78% |
| 2071 | -0.62% | 0.82% |
| 2070 | -0.6% | 0.83% |
| 2069 | -0.57% | 0.87% |
| 2068 | -0.55% | 0.9% |
| 2067 | -0.54% | 0.94% |
| 2066 | -0.53% | 0.97% |
| 2065 | -0.51% | 1.01% |
| 2064 | -0.48% | 1.04% |
| 2063 | -0.46% | 1.08% |
| 2062 | -0.43% | 1.12% |
| 2061 | -0.41% | 1.13% |
| 2060 | -0.39% | 1.18% |
| 2059 | -0.35% | 1.22% |
| 2058 | -0.33% | 1.26% |
| 2057 | -0.3% | 1.29% |
| 2056 | -0.26% | 1.33% |
| 2055 | -0.23% | 1.37% |
| 2054 | -0.2% | 1.42% |
| 2053 | -0.18% | 1.46% |
| 2052 | -0.14% | 1.49% |
| 2051 | -0.12% | 1.53% |
| 2050 | -0.08% | 1.57% |
| 2049 | -0.04% | 1.62% |
| 2048 | -0.009% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | 0.03% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | 0.03% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | 0.06% | 1.76% |
| 2044 | 0.07% | 1.81% |
| 2043 | 0.1% | 1.84% |
| 2042 | 0.11% | 1.86% |
| 2041 | 0.13% | 1.89% |
| 2040 | 0.15% | 1.93% |
| 2039 | 0.17% | 1.99% |
| 2038 | 0.2% | 2.04% |
| 2037 | 0.21% | 2.07% |
| 2036 | 0.22% | 2.13% |
| 2035 | 0.23% | 2.17% |
| 2034 | 0.25% | 2.22% |
| 2033 | 0.26% | 2.29% |
| 2032 | 0.29% | 2.36% |
| 2031 | 0.31% | 2.41% |
| 2030 | 0.3% | 2.47% |
| 2029 | 0.32% | 2.54% |
| 2028 | 0.32% | 2.59% |
| 2027 | 0.3% | 2.65% |
| 2026 | 0.25% | 2.71% |
| 2025 | 0.42% | 2.74% |
| 2024 | 0.23% | 2.79% |
| 2023 | 0.41% | 2.84% |
| 2022 | 0.99% | 3.05% |
| 2021 | 0.91% | 3.27% |
| 2020 | 0.98% | 3.39% |
| 2019 | 1.44% | 3.45% |
| 2018 | 1.36% | 3.46% |
| 2017 | 1.31% | 3.55% |
| 2016 | 1.35% | 3.38% |
| 2015 | 1.34% | 3.12% |
| 2014 | 1.36% | 3% |
| 2013 | 1.29% | 2.91% |
| 2012 | 1.28% | 2.95% |
| 2011 | 1.48% | 2.98% |
| 2010 | 1.53% | 2.99% |
| 2009 | 1.39% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | 1.27% | 2.99% |
| 2007 | 0.16% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | 1.03% | 2.97% |
| 2005 | 1.07% | 2.98% |
| 2004 | 1.12% | 3.04% |
| 2003 | 1.17% | 3.21% |
| 2002 | 1.21% | 3.18% |
| 2001 | 1.25% | 3.11% |
| 2000 | 1.29% | 3.19% |
| 1999 | 1.35% | 3.29% |
| 1998 | 1.4% | 3.02% |
| 1997 | 1.46% | 2.94% |
| 1996 | 1.52% | 2.74% |
| 1995 | 1.65% | 2.77% |
| 1994 | 1.75% | 3.41% |
| 1993 | 1.74% | 3.51% |
| 1992 | 1.72% | 3.47% |
| 1991 | 1.77% | 3.34% |
| 1990 | 1.89% | 3.29% |
| 1989 | 1.98% | 3.28% |
| 1988 | 2.02% | 3.24% |
| 1987 | 2.06% | 3.15% |
| 1986 | 2.15% | 2.95% |
| 1985 | 2.25% | 2.85% |
| 1984 | 2.33% | 2.71% |
| 1983 | 2.38% | 2.51% |
| 1982 | 2.16% | 2.34% |
| 1981 | 2.01% | 2.11% |
| 1980 | 2.02% | 2.1% |
| 1979 | 1.98% | 2.44% |
| 1978 | 2.04% | 2.69% |
| 1977 | 2.08% | 2.68% |
| 1976 | 2.06% | 2.66% |
| 1975 | 2.1% | 2.63% |
| 1974 | 2.24% | 2.52% |
| 1973 | 2.34% | 2.37% |
| 1972 | 2.43% | 2.52% |
| 1971 | 2.4% | 2.87% |
| 1970 | 2.38% | 3.06% |
| 1969 | 2.48% | 3.15% |
| 1968 | 2.56% | 3.19% |
| 1967 | 2.63% | 3.14% |
| 1966 | 2.57% | 3.09% |
| 1965 | 2.54% | 3.06% |
| 1964 | 2.66% | 3.03% |
| 1963 | 2.71% | 2.98% |
| 1962 | 2.74% | 2.93% |
| 1961 | 2.79% | 2.9% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/turkey/uganda | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Turkey grew by 0.42%, while Uganda's population grew by 2.74%.
Live population counters
|
Turkey
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
86225430
|
53495325
|
| Population rank | 18/197 | 30/197 |
| Percent of world population | 1.04% | 0.64% |
| One net population change |
1.46 minutes
|
23.1 seconds
|
| One birth every |
33.5 seconds
|
18.3 seconds
|
| One death every |
1.08 minutes
|
2.2 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +986 | +3,753 |
| Annual growth/decline | +359,895 | +1,369,802 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.42% | +2.74% |
| Population growth rate rank | 138/197 | 21/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.04 minutes
|
4.43 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -258,205 | -119,059 |
| Net migration rank | 188/196 | 183/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 7,083,501 | 2,057,759 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 11/195 | 37/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 8.1% | 4.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 75/195 | 106/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Turkey
|
Uganda
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -258,205 | - | -119,059 |
| 2024 | 453,249 | -275,952 | 1,483,898 | -117,924 |
| 2023 | 426,630 | -318,070 | 1,477,166 | -126,181 |
| 2022 | 535,373 | -301,544 | 1,455,576 | -118,843 |
| 2021 | 521,713 | 20,283 | 1,423,377 | 43,464 |
| 2020 | 608,708 | 37,934 | 1,397,288 | 43,464 |
| 2019 | 751,472 | -15,690 | 1,367,044 | 107,210 |
| 2018 | 830,353 | 187,570 | 1,332,600 | 60,724 |
| 2017 | 875,408 | 659,846 | 1,290,658 | 92,879 |
| 2016 | 895,841 | 352,063 | 1,249,565 | 123,379 |
| 2015 | 930,799 | 1,063,140 | 1,224,839 | -62,366 |
| 2014 | 957,055 | 1,033,384 | 1,201,599 | -92,273 |
| 2013 | 921,386 | 438,618 | 1,184,250 | -176,579 |
| 2012 | 917,145 | 258,623 | 1,167,473 | -175,936 |
| 2011 | 875,839 | 68,849 | 1,147,263 | -173,005 |
| 2010 | 892,334 | 55,532 | 1,121,564 | -168,322 |
| 2009 | 900,491 | 24,276 | 1,090,600 | -164,553 |
| 2008 | 868,749 | 47,915 | 1,055,935 | -158,790 |
| 2007 | 876,626 | -186,402 | 1,029,893 | -154,773 |
| 2006 | 897,351 | -190,194 | 999,958 | -156,232 |
| 2005 | 898,650 | -174,177 | 969,096 | -151,386 |
| 2004 | 896,025 | -146,574 | 938,623 | -138,770 |
| 2003 | 893,683 | -121,383 | 901,374 | -96,429 |
| 2002 | 922,927 | -129,444 | 868,756 | -35,149 |
| 2001 | 980,560 | -166,759 | 836,751 | -95,956 |
| 2000 | 1,020,515 | -195,996 | 803,069 | -52,824 |
| 1999 | 1,063,312 | -219,778 | 775,166 | -39,695 |
| 1998 | 1,103,242 | -231,744 | 741,175 | 6,277 |
| 1997 | 1,099,738 | -208,465 | 727,523 | -155,461 |
| 1996 | 1,091,827 | -179,423 | 699,707 | -22,795 |
| 1995 | 1,090,630 | -149,737 | 697,218 | -242,378 |
| 1994 | 1,078,208 | -37,762 | 675,092 | -16,198 |
| 1993 | 1,064,168 | -35,245 | 650,032 | 18,349 |
| 1992 | 1,039,125 | -49,923 | 627,139 | 24,723 |
| 1991 | 1,041,229 | -69,982 | 602,740 | 3,643 |
| 1990 | 1,044,467 | -27,193 | 587,291 | -21,688 |
| 1989 | 1,094,036 | -33,519 | 565,367 | -12,576 |
| 1988 | 1,101,266 | -27,659 | 547,759 | -20,113 |
| 1987 | 1,099,042 | -40,772 | 527,397 | -22,415 |
| 1986 | 1,102,660 | -29,134 | 487,693 | -19,485 |
| 1985 | 1,098,846 | 8,960 | 462,534 | -42,942 |
| 1984 | 1,096,529 | 21,787 | 421,241 | -8,818 |
| 1983 | 1,095,106 | 39,871 | 404,940 | -45,776 |
| 1982 | 1,091,863 | 23,728 | 390,820 | -53,497 |
| 1981 | 1,100,082 | -213,889 | 380,028 | -83,010 |
| 1980 | 1,090,538 | -151,969 | 370,287 | -105,900 |
| 1979 | 1,076,707 | -218,509 | 381,626 | -98,863 |
| 1978 | 1,054,863 | -182,818 | 371,930 | -34,606 |
| 1977 | 1,023,779 | -151,825 | 365,216 | -37,671 |
| 1976 | 1,009,999 | -135,377 | 359,458 | -42,259 |
| 1975 | 1,012,904 | -193,829 | 354,278 | -47,359 |
| 1974 | 1,020,053 | -153,311 | 345,773 | -51,910 |
| 1973 | 1,025,675 | -130,985 | 340,780 | -73,439 |
| 1972 | 1,023,781 | -119,850 | 335,935 | -86,409 |
| 1971 | 1,014,165 | -94,891 | 328,294 | -42,642 |
| 1970 | 991,950 | -150,924 | 333,202 | -25,646 |
| 1969 | 970,958 | -110,578 | 320,486 | -14,548 |
| 1968 | 950,778 | -78,973 | 309,725 | -3,214 |
| 1967 | 936,727 | -65,993 | 296,692 | -3,773 |
| 1966 | 925,790 | -50,999 | 282,225 | -3,021 |
| 1965 | 904,016 | -113,911 | 271,830 | -3,716 |
| 1964 | 884,152 | -69,978 | 260,733 | -3,169 |
| 1963 | 862,626 | -44,317 | 250,885 | -3,058 |
| 1962 | 837,473 | -34,353 | 241,513 | -6,470 |
| 1961 | 816,911 | -26,187 | 232,894 | -7,893 |
| 1960 | 773,009 | 14,948 | 225,080 | -7,586 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/turkey/uganda | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 82.9% of the population change in Turkey is from natural causes (a gain of 6,829,546 people) and 17.1% is from migration (a gain of 1,409,580 people). In Uganda 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 13,702,011 people) and 0.33% is from migration (a gain of 45,806 people).
As of 2024, 7,083,501 residents or 8.1% of the population were not native-born in Turkey, compared to 2,057,759 people or 4.1% in Uganda.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between Turkey and Uganda
|
Turkey
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 78.4 years | 68.9 years |
| Average age | 35.7 years | 21.7 years |
| Median age | 34.5 years | 18 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.9:50.1 | 49.6:50.4 |
| Fertility rate | 1.48 births per woman | 4.17 births per woman |
| Population density | 289.7 ppl/mi² | 682 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/turkey/uganda | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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