The latest officially reported population of Gabon was 2,593,130 in 2025 vs 9,092,436 people in Switzerland in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Gabon's population is 2,676,097 people compared to 9,155,878 in Switzerland.
Population statistics:
- Switzerland's population is 3.42 times bigger than Gabon's.
- Gabon is ranked the 141st most populous country in the world, while Switzerland is the 99th.
- The countries together account for 0.14% of the world: 0.03% for Gabon vs 0.11% for Switzerland.
- For the last 10 years, Gabon has had an average growth rate of +2.49% per year vs +0.96% in Switzerland.
- Since 2006, the population of Gabon has increased from 1.51M people to 2.68M (77.4% growth), while Switzerland has grown from 7.48M to 9.16M (22.3% growth).
Gabon vs Switzerland: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Gabon
|
Switzerland
|
|
| 2100 | 6,954,294 | 9,273,514 |
| 2099 | 6,910,493 | 9,265,656 |
| 2098 | 6,866,307 | 9,259,266 |
| 2097 | 6,820,547 | 9,251,854 |
| 2096 | 6,773,966 | 9,248,107 |
| 2095 | 6,726,296 | 9,242,564 |
| 2094 | 6,678,568 | 9,238,163 |
| 2093 | 6,629,929 | 9,235,730 |
| 2092 | 6,580,775 | 9,233,129 |
| 2091 | 6,530,868 | 9,230,180 |
| 2090 | 6,480,029 | 9,228,148 |
| 2089 | 6,428,505 | 9,227,779 |
| 2088 | 6,375,420 | 9,229,133 |
| 2087 | 6,321,768 | 9,228,792 |
| 2086 | 6,267,763 | 9,230,530 |
| 2085 | 6,213,719 | 9,234,782 |
| 2084 | 6,158,629 | 9,239,056 |
| 2083 | 6,102,442 | 9,244,001 |
| 2082 | 6,045,631 | 9,249,813 |
| 2081 | 5,988,064 | 9,256,210 |
| 2080 | 5,930,182 | 9,262,647 |
| 2079 | 5,871,726 | 9,270,123 |
| 2078 | 5,812,947 | 9,276,881 |
| 2077 | 5,753,559 | 9,284,565 |
| 2076 | 5,694,479 | 9,289,534 |
| 2075 | 5,634,771 | 9,295,062 |
| 2074 | 5,575,361 | 9,305,809 |
| 2073 | 5,515,257 | 9,314,832 |
| 2072 | 5,455,007 | 9,322,610 |
| 2071 | 5,394,448 | 9,332,380 |
| 2070 | 5,334,065 | 9,343,357 |
| 2069 | 5,273,626 | 9,351,483 |
| 2068 | 5,213,228 | 9,359,919 |
| 2067 | 5,152,264 | 9,367,355 |
| 2066 | 5,091,437 | 9,379,120 |
| 2065 | 5,030,629 | 9,391,197 |
| 2064 | 4,969,636 | 9,402,175 |
| 2063 | 4,908,522 | 9,412,246 |
| 2062 | 4,847,599 | 9,423,109 |
| 2061 | 4,786,626 | 9,434,937 |
| 2060 | 4,725,275 | 9,443,858 |
| 2059 | 4,663,235 | 9,454,223 |
| 2058 | 4,601,048 | 9,462,577 |
| 2057 | 4,539,043 | 9,468,254 |
| 2056 | 4,476,231 | 9,475,514 |
| 2055 | 4,413,481 | 9,483,998 |
| 2054 | 4,349,956 | 9,491,408 |
| 2053 | 4,286,663 | 9,496,551 |
| 2052 | 4,223,303 | 9,496,579 |
| 2051 | 4,159,520 | 9,496,556 |
| 2050 | 4,095,784 | 9,494,698 |
| 2049 | 4,032,066 | 9,491,222 |
| 2048 | 3,968,081 | 9,484,200 |
| 2047 | 3,903,843 | 9,477,140 |
| 2046 | 3,839,466 | 9,471,007 |
| 2045 | 3,774,934 | 9,465,183 |
| 2044 | 3,710,854 | 9,458,151 |
| 2043 | 3,647,133 | 9,450,730 |
| 2042 | 3,583,886 | 9,440,733 |
| 2041 | 3,520,765 | 9,433,753 |
| 2040 | 3,458,116 | 9,422,510 |
| 2039 | 3,396,244 | 9,413,795 |
| 2038 | 3,335,082 | 9,404,803 |
| 2037 | 3,274,559 | 9,393,982 |
| 2036 | 3,214,394 | 9,382,127 |
| 2035 | 3,155,079 | 9,368,526 |
| 2034 | 3,096,672 | 9,351,603 |
| 2033 | 3,038,828 | 9,334,357 |
| 2032 | 2,981,674 | 9,315,617 |
| 2031 | 2,925,030 | 9,292,331 |
| 2030 | 2,868,829 | 9,267,380 |
| 2029 | 2,813,220 | 9,240,823 |
| 2028 | 2,757,931 | 9,209,567 |
| 2027 | 2,702,815 | 9,174,540 |
| 2026 | 2,647,878 | 9,136,169 |
| 2025 | 2,593,130 | 9,092,436 |
| 2024 | 2,538,952 | 9,005,582 |
| 2023 | 2,484,789 | 8,888,822 |
| 2022 | 2,430,747 | 8,777,088 |
| 2021 | 2,376,722 | 8,704,546 |
| 2020 | 2,322,539 | 8,638,167 |
| 2019 | 2,267,706 | 8,575,280 |
| 2018 | 2,212,318 | 8,514,329 |
| 2017 | 2,156,900 | 8,451,840 |
| 2016 | 2,100,306 | 8,373,338 |
| 2015 | 2,040,989 | 8,282,396 |
| 2014 | 1,978,399 | 8,188,649 |
| 2013 | 1,913,059 | 8,089,346 |
| 2012 | 1,846,889 | 7,996,861 |
| 2011 | 1,781,985 | 7,912,398 |
| 2010 | 1,719,879 | 7,824,909 |
| 2009 | 1,661,556 | 7,743,831 |
| 2008 | 1,607,175 | 7,647,675 |
| 2007 | 1,556,237 | 7,551,117 |
| 2006 | 1,508,337 | 7,483,934 |
| 2005 | 1,463,495 | 7,437,115 |
| 2004 | 1,421,609 | 7,389,625 |
| 2003 | 1,382,350 | 7,339,001 |
| 2002 | 1,345,135 | 7,284,753 |
| 2001 | 1,309,589 | 7,229,854 |
| 2000 | 1,275,572 | 7,184,250 |
| 1999 | 1,243,016 | 7,143,991 |
| 1998 | 1,211,736 | 7,110,001 |
| 1997 | 1,181,439 | 7,088,906 |
| 1996 | 1,152,015 | 7,071,850 |
| 1995 | 1,123,213 | 7,040,687 |
| 1994 | 1,094,720 | 6,993,795 |
| 1993 | 1,066,405 | 6,938,265 |
| 1992 | 1,038,380 | 6,875,364 |
| 1991 | 1,010,818 | 6,799,978 |
| 1990 | 983,734 | 6,715,519 |
| 1989 | 957,138 | 6,646,912 |
| 1988 | 931,020 | 6,593,386 |
| 1987 | 905,479 | 6,545,106 |
| 1986 | 880,705 | 6,504,124 |
| 1985 | 856,726 | 6,470,365 |
| 1984 | 833,501 | 6,441,865 |
| 1983 | 811,005 | 6,418,773 |
| 1982 | 789,286 | 6,391,309 |
| 1981 | 768,385 | 6,354,074 |
| 1980 | 748,389 | 6,319,408 |
| 1979 | 729,375 | 6,294,365 |
| 1978 | 711,245 | 6,281,738 |
| 1977 | 693,984 | 6,281,174 |
| 1976 | 677,628 | 6,302,504 |
| 1975 | 662,197 | 6,338,632 |
| 1974 | 647,691 | 6,341,405 |
| 1973 | 633,995 | 6,307,347 |
| 1972 | 620,960 | 6,260,956 |
| 1971 | 608,348 | 6,213,399 |
| 1970 | 595,846 | 6,180,877 |
| 1969 | 583,276 | 6,136,387 |
| 1968 | 572,257 | 6,067,714 |
| 1967 | 563,108 | 5,991,785 |
| 1966 | 554,463 | 5,918,002 |
| 1965 | 546,308 | 5,856,472 |
| 1964 | 538,657 | 5,789,228 |
| 1963 | 531,452 | 5,694,247 |
| 1962 | 524,649 | 5,573,815 |
| 1961 | 518,266 | 5,434,294 |
| 1960 | 512,316 | 5,327,827 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gabon/switzerland | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Gabon increased by 591,969 people (a 39.2% growth), while Switzerland gained 889,404 people (a 11.9% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Gabon gained 575,791 people (a 27.4% growth), while Switzerland's population increased by 782,540 people (a 9.35% growth).
Gabon was ranked 147th most populous country in 2006 and is 141st in 2026. Switzerland was ranked 96th in 2006 and ranked 99th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Gabon's population will grow by 53.1% to 4,095,784 people with a rank change from 141st to 133rd. The population of Switzerland will increase by 3.7% to 9,494,698 people and rank change from 99th to 102nd.
Gabon is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 6.95M people compared to the peak of 9.5M people in 2052 for Switzerland.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Gabon
|
Switzerland
|
|
| 2100 | 0.63% | 0.08% |
| 2099 | 0.64% | 0.07% |
| 2098 | 0.67% | 0.08% |
| 2097 | 0.69% | 0.04% |
| 2096 | 0.71% | 0.06% |
| 2095 | 0.71% | 0.05% |
| 2094 | 0.73% | 0.03% |
| 2093 | 0.75% | 0.03% |
| 2092 | 0.76% | 0.03% |
| 2091 | 0.78% | 0.02% |
| 2090 | 0.8% | 0.004% |
| 2089 | 0.83% | -0.01% |
| 2088 | 0.85% | 0.004% |
| 2087 | 0.86% | -0.02% |
| 2086 | 0.87% | -0.05% |
| 2085 | 0.89% | -0.05% |
| 2084 | 0.92% | -0.05% |
| 2083 | 0.94% | -0.06% |
| 2082 | 0.96% | -0.07% |
| 2081 | 0.98% | -0.07% |
| 2080 | 1% | -0.08% |
| 2079 | 1.01% | -0.07% |
| 2078 | 1.03% | -0.08% |
| 2077 | 1.04% | -0.05% |
| 2076 | 1.06% | -0.06% |
| 2075 | 1.07% | -0.12% |
| 2074 | 1.09% | -0.1% |
| 2073 | 1.1% | -0.08% |
| 2072 | 1.12% | -0.1% |
| 2071 | 1.13% | -0.12% |
| 2070 | 1.15% | -0.09% |
| 2069 | 1.16% | -0.09% |
| 2068 | 1.18% | -0.08% |
| 2067 | 1.19% | -0.13% |
| 2066 | 1.21% | -0.13% |
| 2065 | 1.23% | -0.12% |
| 2064 | 1.25% | -0.11% |
| 2063 | 1.26% | -0.12% |
| 2062 | 1.27% | -0.13% |
| 2061 | 1.3% | -0.09% |
| 2060 | 1.33% | -0.11% |
| 2059 | 1.35% | -0.09% |
| 2058 | 1.37% | -0.06% |
| 2057 | 1.4% | -0.08% |
| 2056 | 1.42% | -0.09% |
| 2055 | 1.46% | -0.08% |
| 2054 | 1.48% | -0.05% |
| 2053 | 1.5% | -0% |
| 2052 | 1.53% | 0% |
| 2051 | 1.56% | 0.02% |
| 2050 | 1.58% | 0.04% |
| 2049 | 1.61% | 0.07% |
| 2048 | 1.65% | 0.07% |
| 2047 | 1.68% | 0.06% |
| 2046 | 1.71% | 0.06% |
| 2045 | 1.73% | 0.07% |
| 2044 | 1.75% | 0.08% |
| 2043 | 1.76% | 0.11% |
| 2042 | 1.79% | 0.07% |
| 2041 | 1.81% | 0.12% |
| 2040 | 1.82% | 0.09% |
| 2039 | 1.83% | 0.1% |
| 2038 | 1.85% | 0.12% |
| 2037 | 1.87% | 0.13% |
| 2036 | 1.88% | 0.15% |
| 2035 | 1.89% | 0.18% |
| 2034 | 1.9% | 0.18% |
| 2033 | 1.92% | 0.2% |
| 2032 | 1.94% | 0.25% |
| 2031 | 1.96% | 0.27% |
| 2030 | 1.98% | 0.29% |
| 2029 | 2% | 0.34% |
| 2028 | 2.04% | 0.38% |
| 2027 | 2.07% | 0.42% |
| 2026 | 2.11% | 0.48% |
| 2025 | 2.13% | 0.96% |
| 2024 | 2.18% | 1.31% |
| 2023 | 2.22% | 1.27% |
| 2022 | 2.27% | 0.83% |
| 2021 | 2.33% | 0.77% |
| 2020 | 2.42% | 0.73% |
| 2019 | 2.5% | 0.72% |
| 2018 | 2.57% | 0.74% |
| 2017 | 2.69% | 0.94% |
| 2016 | 2.91% | 1.1% |
| 2015 | 3.16% | 1.14% |
| 2014 | 3.42% | 1.23% |
| 2013 | 3.58% | 1.16% |
| 2012 | 3.64% | 1.07% |
| 2011 | 3.61% | 1.12% |
| 2010 | 3.51% | 1.05% |
| 2009 | 3.38% | 1.26% |
| 2008 | 3.27% | 1.28% |
| 2007 | 3.18% | 0.9% |
| 2006 | 3.06% | 0.63% |
| 2005 | 2.95% | 0.64% |
| 2004 | 2.84% | 0.69% |
| 2003 | 2.77% | 0.74% |
| 2002 | 2.71% | 0.76% |
| 2001 | 2.67% | 0.63% |
| 2000 | 2.62% | 0.56% |
| 1999 | 2.58% | 0.48% |
| 1998 | 2.56% | 0.3% |
| 1997 | 2.55% | 0.24% |
| 1996 | 2.56% | 0.44% |
| 1995 | 2.6% | 0.67% |
| 1994 | 2.66% | 0.8% |
| 1993 | 2.7% | 0.91% |
| 1992 | 2.73% | 1.11% |
| 1991 | 2.75% | 1.26% |
| 1990 | 2.78% | 1.03% |
| 1989 | 2.81% | 0.81% |
| 1988 | 2.82% | 0.74% |
| 1987 | 2.81% | 0.63% |
| 1986 | 2.8% | 0.52% |
| 1985 | 2.79% | 0.44% |
| 1984 | 2.77% | 0.36% |
| 1983 | 2.75% | 0.43% |
| 1982 | 2.72% | 0.59% |
| 1981 | 2.67% | 0.55% |
| 1980 | 2.61% | 0.4% |
| 1979 | 2.55% | 0.2% |
| 1978 | 2.49% | 0.009% |
| 1977 | 2.41% | -0.34% |
| 1976 | 2.33% | -0.57% |
| 1975 | 2.24% | -0.04% |
| 1974 | 2.16% | 0.54% |
| 1973 | 2.1% | 0.74% |
| 1972 | 2.07% | 0.77% |
| 1971 | 2.1% | 0.53% |
| 1970 | 2.16% | 0.73% |
| 1969 | 1.93% | 1.13% |
| 1968 | 1.62% | 1.27% |
| 1967 | 1.56% | 1.25% |
| 1966 | 1.49% | 1.05% |
| 1965 | 1.42% | 1.16% |
| 1964 | 1.36% | 1.67% |
| 1963 | 1.3% | 2.16% |
| 1962 | 1.23% | 2.57% |
| 1961 | 1.16% | 2% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gabon/switzerland | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Gabon grew by 2.13%, while Switzerland's population grew by 0.96%.
Live population counters
|
Gabon
|
Switzerland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2676097
|
9155878
|
| Population rank | 141/197 | 99/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.03% | 0.11% |
| One net population change |
9.73 minutes
|
6.07 minutes
|
| One birth every |
7.63 minutes
|
6.71 minutes
|
| One death every |
33.3 minutes
|
7.3 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +148 | +238 |
| Annual growth/decline | +54,178 | +86,854 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.13% | +0.96% |
| Population growth rate rank | 42/197 | 101/197 |
| One migration net change every |
7.87 hours
|
14.1 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +1,116 | +37,253 |
| Net migration rank | 62/196 | 25/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 449,746 | 2,773,840 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 84/195 | 27/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 17.7% | 31.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 34/195 | 17/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gabon
|
Switzerland
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 1,116 | - | 37,253 |
| 2024 | 53,067 | 1,105 | 6,304 | 40,099 |
| 2023 | 53,167 | 987 | 8,000 | 45,098 |
| 2022 | 52,944 | 987 | 7,899 | 96,424 |
| 2021 | 52,611 | 1,503 | 18,279 | 50,665 |
| 2020 | 52,745 | 1,506 | 9,502 | 55,523 |
| 2019 | 53,185 | 2,233 | 18,008 | 44,517 |
| 2018 | 52,476 | 2,886 | 20,434 | 41,253 |
| 2017 | 51,455 | 4,013 | 20,284 | 45,658 |
| 2016 | 50,321 | 7,398 | 22,608 | 71,009 |
| 2015 | 48,876 | 12,041 | 19,050 | 71,876 |
| 2014 | 47,704 | 16,565 | 21,290 | 78,122 |
| 2013 | 46,829 | 19,587 | 17,797 | 83,823 |
| 2012 | 45,941 | 19,973 | 18,393 | 67,840 |
| 2011 | 44,922 | 18,967 | 18,990 | 67,194 |
| 2010 | 43,061 | 17,274 | 17,997 | 76,388 |
| 2009 | 41,037 | 15,277 | 15,487 | 69,324 |
| 2008 | 39,002 | 13,441 | 15,295 | 94,430 |
| 2007 | 37,394 | 12,045 | 13,592 | 72,475 |
| 2006 | 35,984 | 10,382 | 12,723 | 37,308 |
| 2005 | 34,766 | 8,555 | 11,899 | 33,203 |
| 2004 | 33,615 | 6,830 | 13,302 | 39,484 |
| 2003 | 32,633 | 5,434 | 8,807 | 42,567 |
| 2002 | 31,777 | 4,582 | 10,199 | 49,650 |
| 2001 | 30,941 | 3,801 | 10,845 | 35,420 |
| 2000 | 30,210 | 3,086 | 15,806 | 24,463 |
| 1999 | 29,330 | 2,480 | 16,431 | 25,599 |
| 1998 | 28,697 | 2,055 | 16,353 | 11,325 |
| 1997 | 28,053 | 1,786 | 17,722 | -1,939 |
| 1996 | 27,450 | 1,555 | 19,801 | -131 |
| 1995 | 27,290 | 1,314 | 19,010 | 25,343 |
| 1994 | 27,271 | 1,110 | 20,982 | 30,274 |
| 1993 | 27,235 | 1,009 | 21,509 | 40,267 |
| 1992 | 26,810 | 990 | 24,064 | 42,014 |
| 1991 | 26,334 | 990 | 23,800 | 69,738 |
| 1990 | 25,858 | 990 | 20,146 | 58,428 |
| 1989 | 25,359 | 990 | 19,941 | 34,432 |
| 1988 | 24,888 | 990 | 21,099 | 34,602 |
| 1987 | 24,212 | 990 | 15,708 | 27,081 |
| 1986 | 23,362 | 990 | 16,261 | 23,242 |
| 1985 | 22,617 | 990 | 14,882 | 14,402 |
| 1984 | 21,851 | 990 | 16,105 | 12,532 |
| 1983 | 21,162 | 990 | 12,837 | 5,663 |
| 1982 | 20,292 | 990 | 15,339 | 21,929 |
| 1981 | 19,528 | 990 | 13,979 | 24,229 |
| 1980 | 18,503 | 990 | 14,535 | 17,841 |
| 1979 | 17,553 | 990 | 14,477 | 4,262 |
| 1978 | 16,714 | 990 | 13,820 | -6,552 |
| 1977 | 15,842 | 972 | 16,959 | -22,516 |
| 1976 | 14,998 | 899 | 17,017 | -54,255 |
| 1975 | 14,162 | 792 | 22,820 | -58,187 |
| 1974 | 13,381 | 680 | 27,902 | 2,008 |
| 1973 | 12,731 | 608 | 30,906 | 8,158 |
| 1972 | 12,095 | 639 | 35,061 | 19,991 |
| 1971 | 11,357 | 1,130 | 38,523 | 2,636 |
| 1970 | 10,635 | 1,882 | 42,648 | -18,326 |
| 1969 | 9,969 | 2,650 | 44,182 | 20,754 |
| 1968 | 9,417 | 0 | 47,328 | 25,828 |
| 1967 | 8,883 | 0 | 52,128 | 27,697 |
| 1966 | 8,410 | 0 | 53,854 | 14,979 |
| 1965 | 7,902 | 0 | 56,222 | -1,351 |
| 1964 | 7,402 | 0 | 59,050 | 21,455 |
| 1963 | 7,001 | 0 | 52,956 | 58,415 |
| 1962 | 6,609 | 0 | 49,050 | 82,798 |
| 1961 | 6,161 | 0 | 48,365 | 101,278 |
| 1960 | 5,732 | 0 | 42,090 | 22,313 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gabon/switzerland | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 93.8% of the population change in Gabon is from natural causes (a gain of 520,847 people) and 6.24% is from migration (a gain of 34,659 people). In Switzerland 21.1% is from natural causes (a gain of 150,368 people) and 78.9% is from migration (a gain of 562,122 people).
As of 2024, 449,746 residents or 17.7% of the population were not native-born in Gabon, compared to 2,773,840 people or 31.1% in Switzerland.
Biggest cities by population
|
Gabon
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Libreville | 899K |
| Port-Gentil | 155K |
|
Switzerland
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Zurich | 452K |
| Geneva | 209K |
| Basel | 176K |
| Bern | 146K |
| Lausanne | 145K |
| Winterthur | 120K |
| Lucerne | 86.2K |
| St. Gallen | 78.9K |
| Lugano | 63.5K |
| Biel/Bienne | 55.9K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Gabon and Switzerland
|
Gabon
|
Switzerland
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 68.9 years | 84.4 years |
| Average age | 26.3 years | 43.4 years |
| Median age | 22.6 years | 43.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.7:49.3 | 49.7:50.3 |
| Fertility rate | 3.59 births per woman | 1.29 births per woman |
| Population density | 26.6 ppl/mi² | 599 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gabon/switzerland | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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