The latest officially reported population of Cape Verde was 527,326 in 2025 vs 116,786,962 people in the Philippines in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Cape Verde's population is 530,853 people compared to 118,213,646 in the Philippines.
Population statistics:
- The Philippines' population is 222.7 times bigger than Cape Verde's.
- Cape Verde is ranked the 169th most populous country in the world, while the Philippines is the 15th.
- The countries together account for 1.43% of the world: 0.006% for Cape Verde vs 1.42% for the Philippines.
- For the last 10 years, Cape Verde has had an average growth rate of +0.26% per year vs +1.08% in the Philippines.
- Since 2006, the population of Cape Verde has increased from 491K people to 531K (8.18% growth), while the Philippines has grown from 89.5M to 118M (32.1% growth).
Cape Verde vs Philippines: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Cape Verde
|
Philippines
|
|
| 2100 | 419,997 | 115,059,775 |
| 2099 | 424,272 | 115,816,309 |
| 2098 | 428,479 | 116,573,828 |
| 2097 | 432,755 | 117,333,883 |
| 2096 | 437,010 | 118,100,419 |
| 2095 | 441,329 | 118,866,742 |
| 2094 | 445,663 | 119,626,818 |
| 2093 | 450,029 | 120,388,122 |
| 2092 | 454,324 | 121,147,462 |
| 2091 | 458,616 | 121,904,917 |
| 2090 | 462,925 | 122,652,199 |
| 2089 | 467,304 | 123,391,846 |
| 2088 | 471,550 | 124,122,345 |
| 2087 | 475,770 | 124,843,149 |
| 2086 | 479,948 | 125,552,213 |
| 2085 | 484,130 | 126,246,777 |
| 2084 | 488,284 | 126,918,902 |
| 2083 | 492,265 | 127,566,644 |
| 2082 | 496,287 | 128,196,192 |
| 2081 | 500,248 | 128,799,883 |
| 2080 | 504,114 | 129,384,776 |
| 2079 | 507,910 | 129,937,788 |
| 2078 | 511,491 | 130,470,163 |
| 2077 | 514,982 | 130,981,766 |
| 2076 | 518,448 | 131,455,691 |
| 2075 | 521,841 | 131,899,779 |
| 2074 | 525,092 | 132,321,868 |
| 2073 | 528,231 | 132,712,554 |
| 2072 | 531,275 | 133,078,198 |
| 2071 | 534,138 | 133,413,261 |
| 2070 | 537,082 | 133,726,740 |
| 2069 | 539,993 | 134,013,962 |
| 2068 | 542,768 | 134,276,965 |
| 2067 | 545,560 | 134,521,893 |
| 2066 | 548,154 | 134,738,123 |
| 2065 | 550,545 | 134,943,069 |
| 2064 | 552,744 | 135,121,691 |
| 2063 | 554,888 | 135,278,856 |
| 2062 | 556,973 | 135,418,302 |
| 2061 | 558,855 | 135,533,003 |
| 2060 | 560,518 | 135,624,320 |
| 2059 | 562,114 | 135,691,307 |
| 2058 | 563,436 | 135,723,393 |
| 2057 | 564,587 | 135,729,299 |
| 2056 | 565,521 | 135,713,449 |
| 2055 | 566,347 | 135,658,483 |
| 2054 | 567,010 | 135,564,032 |
| 2053 | 567,363 | 135,433,969 |
| 2052 | 567,478 | 135,267,110 |
| 2051 | 567,476 | 135,047,521 |
| 2050 | 567,344 | 134,786,831 |
| 2049 | 567,002 | 134,476,341 |
| 2048 | 566,562 | 134,125,026 |
| 2047 | 566,027 | 133,725,025 |
| 2046 | 565,225 | 133,275,028 |
| 2045 | 564,268 | 132,781,283 |
| 2044 | 563,194 | 132,246,145 |
| 2043 | 562,030 | 131,672,273 |
| 2042 | 560,769 | 131,060,574 |
| 2041 | 559,386 | 130,412,807 |
| 2040 | 557,874 | 129,728,924 |
| 2039 | 556,224 | 129,013,931 |
| 2038 | 554,435 | 128,259,977 |
| 2037 | 552,627 | 127,475,872 |
| 2036 | 550,801 | 126,664,807 |
| 2035 | 548,853 | 125,834,749 |
| 2034 | 546,915 | 124,984,319 |
| 2033 | 545,056 | 124,117,657 |
| 2032 | 542,980 | 123,239,893 |
| 2031 | 540,984 | 122,353,079 |
| 2030 | 538,671 | 121,447,264 |
| 2029 | 536,441 | 120,532,209 |
| 2028 | 534,196 | 119,603,538 |
| 2027 | 531,944 | 118,669,567 |
| 2026 | 529,702 | 117,732,112 |
| 2025 | 527,326 | 116,786,962 |
| 2024 | 524,877 | 115,843,670 |
| 2023 | 522,331 | 114,891,199 |
| 2022 | 519,741 | 113,964,338 |
| 2021 | 516,649 | 113,100,950 |
| 2020 | 514,679 | 112,081,264 |
| 2019 | 514,104 | 110,804,683 |
| 2018 | 513,415 | 109,465,287 |
| 2017 | 512,893 | 108,119,693 |
| 2016 | 512,554 | 106,735,719 |
| 2015 | 512,394 | 105,312,992 |
| 2014 | 512,326 | 103,767,130 |
| 2013 | 512,225 | 102,076,336 |
| 2012 | 511,955 | 100,175,512 |
| 2011 | 511,447 | 98,248,614 |
| 2010 | 509,784 | 96,337,125 |
| 2009 | 506,141 | 94,384,250 |
| 2008 | 501,355 | 92,699,095 |
| 2007 | 496,190 | 91,075,184 |
| 2006 | 490,728 | 89,508,986 |
| 2005 | 485,115 | 88,015,962 |
| 2004 | 479,370 | 86,394,504 |
| 2003 | 473,383 | 84,731,835 |
| 2002 | 467,046 | 83,068,889 |
| 2001 | 460,293 | 81,401,488 |
| 2000 | 453,317 | 79,625,397 |
| 1999 | 446,519 | 77,753,257 |
| 1998 | 439,784 | 75,791,024 |
| 1997 | 432,798 | 73,908,810 |
| 1996 | 425,581 | 72,190,242 |
| 1995 | 418,104 | 70,546,246 |
| 1994 | 410,228 | 69,019,291 |
| 1993 | 401,965 | 67,530,621 |
| 1992 | 393,415 | 65,926,125 |
| 1991 | 384,586 | 64,382,249 |
| 1990 | 375,428 | 62,854,666 |
| 1989 | 367,803 | 61,265,260 |
| 1988 | 362,329 | 59,739,052 |
| 1987 | 357,302 | 58,157,496 |
| 1986 | 352,312 | 56,645,077 |
| 1985 | 347,365 | 55,213,006 |
| 1984 | 342,505 | 53,726,181 |
| 1983 | 337,654 | 52,194,620 |
| 1982 | 332,724 | 50,695,707 |
| 1981 | 327,846 | 49,311,727 |
| 1980 | 323,301 | 48,043,740 |
| 1979 | 319,480 | 46,807,103 |
| 1978 | 316,147 | 45,575,281 |
| 1977 | 312,834 | 44,367,962 |
| 1976 | 309,455 | 43,201,488 |
| 1975 | 305,847 | 42,120,826 |
| 1974 | 302,570 | 41,174,341 |
| 1973 | 299,881 | 40,294,130 |
| 1972 | 297,386 | 39,408,560 |
| 1971 | 294,046 | 38,518,659 |
| 1970 | 287,885 | 37,622,204 |
| 1969 | 279,248 | 36,660,799 |
| 1968 | 270,164 | 35,638,342 |
| 1967 | 261,404 | 34,621,320 |
| 1966 | 252,976 | 33,617,170 |
| 1965 | 244,856 | 32,625,316 |
| 1964 | 237,006 | 31,643,032 |
| 1963 | 229,373 | 30,674,731 |
| 1962 | 221,919 | 29,723,536 |
| 1961 | 215,087 | 28,792,621 |
| 1960 | 210,024 | 27,891,897 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/philippines | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Cape Verde increased by 21,826 people (a 4.45% growth), while the Philippines gained 17,226,733 people (a 19.2% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Cape Verde gained 18,299 people (a 3.57% growth), while the Philippines' population increased by 11,477,927 people (a 10.8% growth).
Cape Verde was ranked 166th most populous country in 2006 and is 169th in 2026. The Philippines was ranked 12th in 2006 and ranked 15th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Cape Verde's population will grow by 6.87% to 567,344 people with a rank change from 169th to 168th. The population of the Philippines will increase by 14% to 134,786,831 people and rank change from 15th to 14th.
Cape Verde is projected to reach its peak in 2052 at 567K people compared to the peak of 136M people in 2057 for the Philippines.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Cape Verde
|
Philippines
|
|
| 2100 | -1.01% | -0.65% |
| 2099 | -0.98% | -0.65% |
| 2098 | -0.99% | -0.65% |
| 2097 | -0.97% | -0.65% |
| 2096 | -0.98% | -0.64% |
| 2095 | -0.97% | -0.64% |
| 2094 | -0.97% | -0.63% |
| 2093 | -0.95% | -0.63% |
| 2092 | -0.94% | -0.62% |
| 2091 | -0.93% | -0.61% |
| 2090 | -0.94% | -0.6% |
| 2089 | -0.9% | -0.59% |
| 2088 | -0.89% | -0.58% |
| 2087 | -0.87% | -0.56% |
| 2086 | -0.86% | -0.55% |
| 2085 | -0.85% | -0.53% |
| 2084 | -0.81% | -0.51% |
| 2083 | -0.81% | -0.49% |
| 2082 | -0.79% | -0.47% |
| 2081 | -0.77% | -0.45% |
| 2080 | -0.75% | -0.43% |
| 2079 | -0.7% | -0.41% |
| 2078 | -0.68% | -0.39% |
| 2077 | -0.67% | -0.36% |
| 2076 | -0.65% | -0.34% |
| 2075 | -0.62% | -0.32% |
| 2074 | -0.59% | -0.29% |
| 2073 | -0.57% | -0.27% |
| 2072 | -0.54% | -0.25% |
| 2071 | -0.55% | -0.23% |
| 2070 | -0.54% | -0.21% |
| 2069 | -0.51% | -0.2% |
| 2068 | -0.51% | -0.18% |
| 2067 | -0.47% | -0.16% |
| 2066 | -0.43% | -0.15% |
| 2065 | -0.4% | -0.13% |
| 2064 | -0.39% | -0.12% |
| 2063 | -0.37% | -0.1% |
| 2062 | -0.34% | -0.08% |
| 2061 | -0.3% | -0.07% |
| 2060 | -0.28% | -0.05% |
| 2059 | -0.23% | -0.02% |
| 2058 | -0.2% | -0.004% |
| 2057 | -0.17% | 0.01% |
| 2056 | -0.15% | 0.04% |
| 2055 | -0.12% | 0.07% |
| 2054 | -0.06% | 0.1% |
| 2053 | -0.02% | 0.12% |
| 2052 | 0% | 0.16% |
| 2051 | 0.02% | 0.19% |
| 2050 | 0.06% | 0.23% |
| 2049 | 0.08% | 0.26% |
| 2048 | 0.09% | 0.3% |
| 2047 | 0.14% | 0.34% |
| 2046 | 0.17% | 0.37% |
| 2045 | 0.19% | 0.4% |
| 2044 | 0.21% | 0.44% |
| 2043 | 0.22% | 0.47% |
| 2042 | 0.25% | 0.5% |
| 2041 | 0.27% | 0.53% |
| 2040 | 0.3% | 0.55% |
| 2039 | 0.32% | 0.59% |
| 2038 | 0.33% | 0.62% |
| 2037 | 0.33% | 0.64% |
| 2036 | 0.35% | 0.66% |
| 2035 | 0.35% | 0.68% |
| 2034 | 0.34% | 0.7% |
| 2033 | 0.38% | 0.71% |
| 2032 | 0.37% | 0.72% |
| 2031 | 0.43% | 0.75% |
| 2030 | 0.42% | 0.76% |
| 2029 | 0.42% | 0.78% |
| 2028 | 0.42% | 0.79% |
| 2027 | 0.42% | 0.8% |
| 2026 | 0.45% | 0.81% |
| 2025 | 0.47% | 0.81% |
| 2024 | 0.49% | 0.83% |
| 2023 | 0.5% | 0.81% |
| 2022 | 0.6% | 0.76% |
| 2021 | 0.38% | 0.91% |
| 2020 | 0.11% | 1.15% |
| 2019 | 0.13% | 1.22% |
| 2018 | 0.1% | 1.24% |
| 2017 | 0.07% | 1.3% |
| 2016 | 0.03% | 1.35% |
| 2015 | 0.01% | 1.49% |
| 2014 | 0.02% | 1.66% |
| 2013 | 0.05% | 1.9% |
| 2012 | 0.1% | 1.96% |
| 2011 | 0.33% | 1.98% |
| 2010 | 0.72% | 2.07% |
| 2009 | 0.95% | 1.82% |
| 2008 | 1.04% | 1.78% |
| 2007 | 1.11% | 1.75% |
| 2006 | 1.16% | 1.7% |
| 2005 | 1.2% | 1.88% |
| 2004 | 1.26% | 1.96% |
| 2003 | 1.36% | 2% |
| 2002 | 1.47% | 2.05% |
| 2001 | 1.54% | 2.23% |
| 2000 | 1.52% | 2.41% |
| 1999 | 1.53% | 2.59% |
| 1998 | 1.61% | 2.55% |
| 1997 | 1.7% | 2.38% |
| 1996 | 1.79% | 2.33% |
| 1995 | 1.92% | 2.21% |
| 1994 | 2.06% | 2.2% |
| 1993 | 2.17% | 2.43% |
| 1992 | 2.3% | 2.4% |
| 1991 | 2.44% | 2.43% |
| 1990 | 2.07% | 2.59% |
| 1989 | 1.51% | 2.55% |
| 1988 | 1.41% | 2.72% |
| 1987 | 1.42% | 2.67% |
| 1986 | 1.42% | 2.59% |
| 1985 | 1.42% | 2.77% |
| 1984 | 1.44% | 2.93% |
| 1983 | 1.48% | 2.96% |
| 1982 | 1.49% | 2.81% |
| 1981 | 1.41% | 2.64% |
| 1980 | 1.2% | 2.64% |
| 1979 | 1.05% | 2.7% |
| 1978 | 1.06% | 2.72% |
| 1977 | 1.09% | 2.7% |
| 1976 | 1.18% | 2.57% |
| 1975 | 1.08% | 2.3% |
| 1974 | 0.9% | 2.18% |
| 1973 | 0.84% | 2.25% |
| 1972 | 1.14% | 2.31% |
| 1971 | 2.14% | 2.38% |
| 1970 | 3.09% | 2.62% |
| 1969 | 3.36% | 2.87% |
| 1968 | 3.35% | 2.94% |
| 1967 | 3.33% | 2.99% |
| 1966 | 3.32% | 3.04% |
| 1965 | 3.31% | 3.1% |
| 1964 | 3.33% | 3.16% |
| 1963 | 3.36% | 3.2% |
| 1962 | 3.18% | 3.23% |
| 1961 | 2.41% | 3.23% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/philippines | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Cape Verde grew by 0.47%, while the Philippines' population grew by 0.81%.
Live population counters
|
Cape Verde
|
Philippines
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
530853
|
118213646
|
| Population rank | 169/197 | 15/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.006% | 1.42% |
| One net population change |
3.59 hours
|
33.5 seconds
|
| One birth every |
1.37 hours
|
17.1 seconds
|
| One death every |
3.28 hours
|
42.9 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | +7 | +2,584 |
| Annual growth/decline | +2,449 | +943,292 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.47% | +0.81% |
| Population growth rate rank | 132/197 | 110/197 |
| One migration net change every |
6.84 hours
|
3.53 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -1,284 | -149,315 |
| Net migration rank | 94/196 | 185/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 16,515 | 87,212 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 171/195 | 135/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 3.1% | 0.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 116/195 | 195/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cape Verde
|
Philippines
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -1,284 | - | -149,315 |
| 2024 | 3,741 | -1,209 | 1,105,612 | -160,373 |
| 2023 | 3,798 | -1,226 | 1,123,981 | -164,284 |
| 2022 | 3,864 | -1,253 | 1,115,825 | -221,754 |
| 2021 | 3,575 | 0 | 917,928 | -85,185 |
| 2020 | 3,734 | -3,362 | 1,253,741 | -47,014 |
| 2019 | 4,773 | -4,001 | 1,352,703 | -6,208 |
| 2018 | 5,282 | -4,679 | 1,495,843 | -163,602 |
| 2017 | 5,993 | -5,550 | 1,622,444 | -263,593 |
| 2016 | 6,238 | -6,004 | 1,718,232 | -309,251 |
| 2015 | 6,314 | -6,226 | 1,827,180 | -390,702 |
| 2014 | 6,622 | -6,578 | 1,851,828 | -196,524 |
| 2013 | 6,780 | -6,622 | 1,944,758 | -218,439 |
| 2012 | 7,157 | -6,779 | 1,979,568 | 95,702 |
| 2011 | 7,874 | -7,226 | 2,018,419 | -240,005 |
| 2010 | 7,746 | -5,069 | 2,030,979 | 13,556 |
| 2009 | 7,216 | -2,618 | 2,025,580 | -164,411 |
| 2008 | 7,313 | -2,340 | 2,007,584 | -498,480 |
| 2007 | 7,559 | -2,200 | 1,964,673 | -225,977 |
| 2006 | 7,980 | -2,408 | 1,960,246 | -566,647 |
| 2005 | 8,428 | -2,768 | 1,918,484 | -326,063 |
| 2004 | 8,825 | -2,993 | 1,924,265 | -273,743 |
| 2003 | 9,037 | -2,898 | 1,922,904 | -248,066 |
| 2002 | 9,278 | -2,751 | 1,919,556 | -268,520 |
| 2001 | 9,510 | -2,528 | 1,931,169 | -247,496 |
| 2000 | 9,752 | -2,772 | 1,902,330 | -33,868 |
| 1999 | 9,989 | -3,371 | 1,894,147 | -18,323 |
| 1998 | 10,187 | -3,332 | 1,870,371 | 178,274 |
| 1997 | 10,323 | -3,211 | 1,861,098 | -145,334 |
| 1996 | 10,613 | -3,297 | 1,849,587 | -128,251 |
| 1995 | 10,764 | -3,125 | 1,846,900 | -280,327 |
| 1994 | 11,410 | -3,299 | 1,813,827 | -326,539 |
| 1993 | 11,805 | -3,393 | 1,788,414 | -298,337 |
| 1992 | 11,915 | -3,231 | 1,769,259 | -50,338 |
| 1991 | 11,899 | -2,924 | 1,782,165 | -413,300 |
| 1990 | 11,738 | -2,398 | 1,749,622 | -63,296 |
| 1989 | 11,608 | -5,704 | 1,728,354 | -235,884 |
| 1988 | 11,523 | -6,474 | 1,707,402 | -147,523 |
| 1987 | 11,426 | -6,418 | 1,671,330 | -68,149 |
| 1986 | 11,295 | -6,314 | 1,631,491 | -209,835 |
| 1985 | 11,105 | -6,192 | 1,614,042 | -171,539 |
| 1984 | 10,835 | -6,035 | 1,579,872 | -48,739 |
| 1983 | 10,736 | -5,834 | 1,542,194 | -10,229 |
| 1982 | 10,597 | -5,629 | 1,485,790 | -19,912 |
| 1981 | 10,470 | -5,684 | 1,436,599 | -134,484 |
| 1980 | 10,276 | -5,980 | 1,413,735 | -179,832 |
| 1979 | 10,223 | -6,875 | 1,394,056 | -154,684 |
| 1978 | 10,152 | -6,833 | 1,364,661 | -140,372 |
| 1977 | 10,036 | -6,730 | 1,314,002 | -123,608 |
| 1976 | 9,833 | -6,389 | 1,258,286 | -115,730 |
| 1975 | 9,601 | -5,829 | 1,239,069 | -220,296 |
| 1974 | 9,295 | -6,512 | 1,218,884 | -344,674 |
| 1973 | 9,003 | -6,410 | 1,206,285 | -320,091 |
| 1972 | 8,716 | -6,316 | 1,206,414 | -321,491 |
| 1971 | 8,359 | -4,085 | 1,210,256 | -315,363 |
| 1970 | 7,878 | 172 | 1,198,944 | -300,923 |
| 1969 | 7,625 | 1,608 | 1,186,306 | -161,517 |
| 1968 | 7,408 | 1,521 | 1,172,146 | -152,017 |
| 1967 | 7,214 | 1,376 | 1,166,704 | -152,812 |
| 1966 | 7,039 | 1,230 | 1,156,498 | -162,127 |
| 1965 | 6,877 | 1,093 | 1,146,094 | -156,782 |
| 1964 | 6,725 | 1,006 | 1,131,586 | -156,342 |
| 1963 | 6,589 | 945 | 1,116,591 | -155,267 |
| 1962 | 6,468 | 904 | 1,091,953 | -150,903 |
| 1961 | 6,247 | 49 | 1,064,377 | -143,597 |
| 1960 | 6,098 | -2,267 | 1,036,017 | -155,354 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/philippines | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 58.5% of the population change in Cape Verde is from natural causes (a gain of 47,312 people) and 41.5% is from migration (a loss of 33,510 people). In the Philippines 88.2% is from natural causes (a gain of 13,533,489 people) and 11.8% is from migration (a loss of 1,811,966 people).
As of 2024, 16,515 residents or 3.1% of the population were not native-born in Cape Verde, compared to 87,212 people or 0.1% in the Philippines.
Biggest cities by population
|
Cape Verde
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Praia | 159K |
| Mindelo | 70.5K |
| Assomada | 12K |
|
Philippines
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Quezon | 3.08M |
| Manila | 1.9M |
| Davao | 1.85M |
| Caloocan | 1.71M |
| Taguig | 1.31M |
| Zamboanga | 1.02M |
| Palawan | 969K |
| Cebu | 965K |
| Antipolo | 914K |
| Pasig | 853K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Cape Verde and the Philippines
|
Cape Verde
|
Philippines
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 76.6 years | 70.2 years |
| Average age | 31.9 years | 30 years |
| Median age | 30 years | 27.2 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.9:49.1 | 49.9:50.1 |
| Fertility rate | 1.51 births per woman | 1.89 births per woman |
| Population density | 340 ppl/mi² | 1,023 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/cape-verde/philippines | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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